西南天山柯坪推覆系西段全新世构造活动特征和古地震

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.04.0377.

地球科学进展 ›› 2016, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4): 377 -390. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.04.0377.

李安 ¹(

), 冉勇康 ², 刘华国 ³, 徐良鑫 ⁴

1.中国地震局地壳应力研究所地壳动力学重点实验室,北京 100085
2.中国地震局地质研究所活动构造与活动火山重点实验室,北京 100029
3.中国地震灾害防御中心,北京 100029
4.陕西省地震局,陕西西安 710068

收稿日期:2016-02-18 修回日期:2016-03-17 出版日期:2016-04-20
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“冲积扇形态发育对逆断层—褶皱带构造活动的地貌响应”(编号:41402185);中国地震局地壳应力研究所中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项资助项目“祁连山北缘玉门断裂带晚第四纪构造活动的地貌响应”(编号:ZDJ2014-12)资助

Active Characteristics and Paleoearthquakes in the West Kalpin Nappe Since the Holocene, SW Tianshan Mountain

An Li ¹( ), Yongkang Ran ², Huaguo Liu ³, Liangxin Xu ⁴

1.Key Laboratory of Crustal Dynamics, Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100085, China
2.Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcano, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029,China
3.China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing 100029, China
4.Earthquake Administration of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710068, China

Received:2016-02-18 Revised:2016-03-17 Online:2016-04-20 Published:2016-04-10
About author:
First author:Li An (1983- ), male, Changsha City, Hu’nan Province, Research assistant.Research areas include the active tectonic and paleoseismology.E-mail:antares_lee@163.com
Supported by:
Project supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China “The topography of alluvial fans and their geomorphic response of the structure activity of the thrust fault-fold belt” (No.41402185);The Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration Research Fund “the Geomorphic response of the structure activity of the Yumen fault belt since the late Quaternary in the north Qilian Mountains ” (No.ZDJ2014-12)

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柯坪推覆系是南天山重要的多排逆断裂推覆系,研究其活动性对讨论天山新生代构造具有重要意义。讨论柯坪推覆系全新世以来的活动特征和古地震情况可以对其最新活动性特点做出评价。通过对柯坪推覆系西段三排褶皱冲断带山前地貌面上断层陡坎的精确测量和典型地点的古地震探槽研究,并通过¹⁰Be宇宙成因核素方法确定地貌面时代和古地震发生时间。获得的结果表明全新世以来柯坪推覆系西段的西柯坪塔格断裂、奥兹塔格断裂和托克塔格断裂的活动速率分别为1.45(+1.68/-0.44)mm/a,0.81(+0.35/-0.19)mm/a和(0.3±0.05)mm/a。表现出天山多排逆断层前展模式中活动强度由后排构造向前排构造转移的特点;古地震的位移量和复发周期特点与活动速率相似,前排古地震活动性强于后排,产生较大地表破裂的强震多出现在第一排的柯坪塔格断裂上。其中第一排西柯坪塔格断裂2次地震复发间隔约4 ka,单次地震位移量约3 m;第二排奥兹塔格断裂4次地震复发间隔约2 ka,单次地震位移量约1 m;第三排托克塔格断裂7 ka来仅发生过1次地震。皮羌捩断层是柯坪推覆系东西段前展推覆速率差异的构造结果。推覆系西段的变形速率明显强于东段,造成推覆系统整体沿皮羌捩断层撕裂。同时由于前展模式的构造特点,目前皮羌断裂两侧的后排断层已经存在近20 km的巨大错距,而随着活动速率向前排的转移,前排两侧4 km左右的错距正在增大。

关键词: 柯坪推覆系, 古地震, 活动速率, 天山

the Kalpin nappe is an important multiple thrust system. It is important to study the Cenozoic tectonic of the Tianshan Mountain. Holocene active characteristics and paleoearthquake of the Kalpin nappe can be used to evaluate the neotectonic of this area. In this paper, we accurately measured the fault scarp in the front of three thrust-fold faults and analyzed paleoearthquake events in the trenches of the Kalpin nappe. Using the ¹⁰Be exposure age, we obtained those geomorphic surface ages and paleoearthquake times. The result showed that the slip rates of the west Kalpintag fault, aozitag fault and the tuoketag fault were 1.45(+1.68/-0.44) mm/a, 0.81(+0.35/-0.19) mm/a and (0.3±0.05) mm/a, respectively since the Holocene. The slip rate indicated that the increased activity transferred from back-row fault to front-row fault and accorded with the piggy-back propagation model in the Tianshan Mountain. Displacements and recurrence intervals of paleoearthquakes was similar to the slip rate characteristics. It also showed paleoearthquakes in the front row fault were stronger than paleoearthquakes of the back row fault. The strong paleoearthquake which caused the highest surface rupture happened in the Kalpintag fault. The interval of paleoearthquakes was about 4 ka and the displacement of every paleoearthquake was about 3 m in the west Kalpintag fault; the interval of paleoearthquakes was about 2 ka and the displacement of every paleoearthquake was about 1m in the aozitag fault; the tuoketag fault ruptured only one paleoearthquake since 7 ka. The Piqiang tear fault was the tectonic result of different shortening rate between the west Kalpin system and the east Kalpin system. The shortening rate of west Kalpin system was obviously stronger than the east Kalpin system. The huge separation distance was near 20 km between the east and the west back-row fault. Because the slip rate of system transferred to the front-row fault in the piggy-back propagation model, the separation distance (~4 km) between the east and the west front-row fault was increasing.

Key words: Kalpin nappe, Slip rate, Paleoearthquake, Tianshan Mountains.

中图分类号:

P542

图1 柯坪褶皱冲断带地貌、地质及典型构造剖面图 ^{[

20
~

22
]}
F1.东柯坪塔格断裂;F2.西柯坪塔格断裂;F3.萨尔干塔格断裂;F4.奥兹塔格断裂;F5.托克塔格断裂;F6.皮羌断裂;F7.满古特断裂;F8.卡拉布克塞断裂

Fig.1 Geological map of Kalpin thrust tectonics ^{[

20
~

22
]}
F1.East Kalpintag fault; F2.West Kalpintag fault; F3.Saergan fault; F4.Aozitag fault; F5.Tuoketag fault;F6.Piqiang fault; F7.Mangute fault; F8.Kalabukesai fault

图2 断层滑动速率计算 ^{[

23
]}

Fig.2 Calculation of the fault slip rate ^{[

23
]}

表1 ¹⁰Be宇成核素测年结果

Table 1 The result of ¹⁰Be cosmogenic nuclide dating

样品名称	地貌面期次	粒径 /mm	纬度 /°	经度 /°	海拔 /m	石英量 /g	¹⁰Be产率 /(atom/a)	¹⁰Be 含量 /(10⁶atom/g)	¹⁰Be年龄 /ka
A0	T₀	10~30	39.817	77.400	1 147	69.06752	10.36	0.027±0.001	/
A1	T₁	10~30	39.817	77.400	1 150	40.22151	10.36	0.086±0.003	7.9±0.74
A4	T₄	10~30	39.817	77.400	1 191	30.10865	10.33	0.380±0.012	36.2±3.4
G0	T₀	10~30	39.987	77.722	1 508	32.44647	13.56	0.019±0.002	/
G2	T₁	10~30	39.986	77.723	1 509	32.67561	13.57	0.036±0.003	2.6±0.30
G3	T₂	10~30	39.986	77.724	1 511	40.98254	13.59	0.128±0.004	9.2±0.85

表1 ¹⁰Be宇成核素测年结果

Table 1 The result of ¹⁰Be cosmogenic nuclide dating

样品名称	地貌面期次	粒径 /mm	纬度 /°	经度 /°	海拔 /m	石英量 /g	¹⁰Be产率 /(atom/a)	¹⁰Be 含量 /(10⁶atom/g)	¹⁰Be年龄 /ka
A0	T₀	10~30	39.817	77.400	1 147	69.06752	10.36	0.027±0.001	/
A1	T₁	10~30	39.817	77.400	1 150	40.22151	10.36	0.086±0.003	7.9±0.74
A4	T₄	10~30	39.817	77.400	1 191	30.10865	10.33	0.380±0.012	36.2±3.4
G0	T₀	10~30	39.987	77.722	1 508	32.44647	13.56	0.019±0.002	/
G2	T₁	10~30	39.986	77.723	1 509	32.67561	13.57	0.036±0.003	2.6±0.30
G3	T₂	10~30	39.986	77.724	1 511	40.98254	13.59	0.128±0.004	9.2±0.85

图3 西柯坪塔格断裂探槽点
(a)探槽点照片;(b)实测地形;(c)&(d)实测地形剖面

Fig.3 Trench site of the west Kalpintag fault
(a)The site photograph; (b)The measurement topography; (c)&(d)The topography profile

图4 奥兹塔格断裂探槽点
(a)地貌照片(镜向北);(b)实测地形;(c)&(d)断层陡坎测量剖面

Fig.4 Trench site of the Aozitag fault
(a)The Geomorphic photograph (directionto north); (b)The measurement topography; (c)&(d)The topography profile of the fault scarp

图5 西柯坪塔格断裂TC1探槽

Fig.5 TC1 trench of the west Kalpintag fault

图6 西柯坪塔格断裂滑动速率计算和古地震位移

Fig.6 The slip rate and paleoearthquake displacements of the west Kalpintag fault

图7 奥兹塔格断裂的TC2探槽
黄线:F1断层U2变形量;绿线:F1断层U3变形量;粉红线:F2断层U2层位移量;橙线:F2断层U4变形量;蓝线:F2断层U5变形量

Fig.7 TC2 trench of the aozitag fault
Yellow line: The U2 displacement in F1 fault; Green line: The U3 displacement in F1 fault; Pink line: The U2 displacement in F2 fault;Orange line: The U4 displacement in F2 fault; Blue line: The U5 displacement in F2 fault

图8 奥兹塔格滑动速率和古地震位移

Fig.8 The slip rate and paleoearthquake displacements of the Aozitag fault

图9 托克塔格断裂照片和地貌测量

Fig.9 The photograph and the measurement topograhy of the Tuoketag fault

图10 托克塔格古地震探槽照片和解译

Fig.10 The trench profile of the Tuoketag fault

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