古-中生代之交双壳类演变研究进展
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doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.08.0922

古—中生代之交, 伴随着显生宙历史上最大的生物灭绝, 发生了最大的一次生态系结构变革, 软体动物双壳类取代了腕足类在底栖生态系中的主导地位。以中国南方为代表的特提斯地区晚二叠世末至早三叠世良好的地层记录和丰富的双壳类化石材料为该时期双壳类及底栖生态系的演化研究提供了良好条件。通过系统收集和整理全球范围内该时期各地区有关双壳类的研究资料及主要成果, 建立各个地区双壳类带的对比关系, 并对30年来的双壳类生物地层工作做了简要的总结。从分异度和生态特征等角度来说, 双壳类在二叠纪—三叠纪之交的生物危机中表现出了中等程度的灭绝, 并在经历了长时间的迟缓复苏后, 于早三叠世Spathian期进入了一个较快速的复苏阶段, 但是直到中三叠世安尼期才真正进入快速分异辐射。在这漫长的复苏过程中, 以Claraia和Eumorphotis等为代表的双壳类属种广泛分布于各种相区, 这些分子的繁盛与消亡过程和机制仍需要深入探讨。

关键词: 晚二叠世, 早三叠世, 双壳类, 生物灭绝, 生物复苏

The end-Permian mass extinction was the biggest catastrophe during the Phanerozoic history, which induced the great transition of marine ecosystem from articulated brachiopod-dominated Paleozoic Fauna to bivalves-dominated Mesozoic Fauna. The complete end-Permian to Lower Triassic successions with abundant bivalve fossils enhance our further understanding of the evolution of bivalves and benthic ecosystems during this period. The advances in the studies of bivalves from various areas including South China, Southern Alps, Pakistan and West USA, and the Early Triassic bivalve assemblages and evolution are reviewed and summarized. The Pteria ussurica variabilis-Towapteria scythica assemblage zone is the earliest Triassic bivalve assemblage in the aftermath of the endPermian mass extinction, which could be correlated through Southern Alps, Kashmir, and northern Vietnam. The Claraia-dominated and Eumorphotis-dominated assemblages distributed globally during the Griesbachian to Smithian, but there was no distinctive bivalve zones which occurred in Spathian. Bivalves suffered two-phased extinction pattern during the Permian-Triassic crisis, and showed a delayed recovery until the Anisian in Middle Triassic. During the Early Triassic, disaster and opportunistic bivalve taxa dominated the benthic ecosystems with low-complexity and low-diversity.

Key words: End-Permian, Early Triassic, Bivalve, Mass extinction, Biotic recovery.

中图分类号:

图1 克什米尔、南阿尔卑斯、华南和越南北部晚二叠世—早三叠世双壳类生物地层对比图

Fig. 1 Correlation of Late Permian to Early Triassic bivalve zonations in Kashmir, Southern Alps, South China and North Vietnam

表1 晚二叠世长兴期—中三叠世安尼期不同地区双壳类属级分异度

Table 1 Diversity of Late Permian to Middle Triassic bivalves in different regions

时期地区	Changhsingian	Induan		Olenekian		Anisian
时期地区	Changhsingian	Griesbachian	Dienerian	Smithian	Spathian	Anisian
全球^{[ 25 ]}	59	50.5		52.5		76
全球^{[ 84 ]}		57		66		98
华南^{[ 89 ]}	64	21
华南^{[ 88 ]}	58	28
华南^{[ 24 ]}		20	22	22	10	35	67
意大利^{[ 86 ]}		5		12		15	32
美国西部^{[ 91 ]}		9	12	12	11

表1 晚二叠世长兴期—中三叠世安尼期不同地区双壳类属级分异度

Table 1 Diversity of Late Permian to Middle Triassic bivalves in different regions

时期地区	Changhsingian	Induan		Olenekian		Anisian
时期地区	Changhsingian	Griesbachian	Dienerian	Smithian	Spathian	Anisian
全球^{[ 25 ]}	59	50.5		52.5		76
全球^{[ 84 ]}		57		66		98
华南^{[ 89 ]}	64	21
华南^{[ 88 ]}	58	28
华南^{[ 24 ]}		20	22	22	10	35	67
意大利^{[ 86 ]}		5		12		15	32
美国西部^{[ 91 ]}		9	12	12	11

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Advancement of Studies on the Permian-Triassic bivalves