地球科学进展 ›› 2009, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (1): 11 -24. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2009.01.0011

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

生物土壤结皮研究:进展、前沿与展望
李新荣 1,张元明 2,赵允格 3   
  1. 1.中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所, 甘肃 兰州 730000;  2.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011; 3.中国科学院、水利部水土保持研究所, 陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2008-11-21 修回日期:2008-12-18 出版日期:2009-01-10
  • 通讯作者: 李新荣 E-mail:lxinrong@lzb.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:

    国家杰出青年科学基金项目“干旱沙区土壤—植被系统修复的生态水文学机理”(编号: 40825001)资助.

A Study of Biological Soil Crusts: Recent Development, Trend and  Prospect

Li Xinrong 1,Zhang Yuanming 2,Zhao Yunge 3   

  1. 1. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China;
    2. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS, Urumuq 830011, China;
    3. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
  • Received:2008-11-21 Revised:2008-12-18 Online:2009-01-10 Published:2009-01-10

生物土壤结皮是由隐花植物和相关土壤微小生物与表层土壤颗粒胶结而形成的复合体,与维管束植物覆盖一样,它是干旱区地表的重要覆盖类型(其盖度达40%)。生物土壤结皮是荒漠生态系统组成和地表景观的重要特征,在不同生物气候区的荒漠景观过程、土壤生态过程、土壤水文过程、土壤生物过程和地球化学循环过程,以及干旱半干旱地区生态修复过程中发挥着重要作用。关于生物土壤结皮的研究是地学和生物学学科交叉的前沿研究领域,已成为国际干旱区地表过程研究的重要核心科学问题之一。综述了国内外该领域最新研究进展,分析了研究的趋势,讨论了其前沿科学问题和未来研究的重点,以期促进我国生物土壤结皮的研究,加深对我国干旱半干旱区地表过程的认识。

Biological soil crusts are complex organic integrities of cyanobacteria, green algae, lichens and mosses, fungi as well as soil microorganism, cementing with surface soil fine particles by their exude mucilaginous material. They are common cryptogamic communities in various arid and semi-arid regions of the world. As vascular plant cover, BSCs cover is one of most important earth surface cover types as BSCs occupies 40% of the total area of the arid lands, which are significant compositions and features of desert ecosystems and arid landscapes. Therefore, the vital roles of BSCs in the processes of desert landscapes, soil ecological, soil hydrological, soil biological and geochemical processes, as well as in the practice of ecological rehabilitation for arid and semiarid regions have been widely emphasized. With regards to BSCs, up to now, it not only becomes one of international key scientific issues for earth surface processes in arid regions, but also cross highlight between geographical and biological knowledge. In this paper, the new advances and trends for BSCs studies have been reviewed. Based on this, we discuss the future research emphases, and hope these reviews will be benefited to BSCs study in China, and will enhance the understanding for earth surface processes in arid and semiarid regions of China.

 

中图分类号: 

[1] West N E. Structure and function of microphytic soil crusts in wildland ecosystems of arid to semi-arid regions[J].Advances in Ecological Research,1990,20:179-223.
[2] Eldridge D J, Greene R S B. Microbiotic soil crusts: A view of their roles in soil and ecological processes in the rangelands of Australia[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research,1994, 32: 389-415.
[3] Belnap J, Lange O L. Biological soil crusts: Structure, function, and management[M]. Germany, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2001.
[4] Patrick E. Researching crusting soils: Themes, trends, recent developments and implications for managing soil and water resources in dry areas[J]. Progress in Physical Geography, 2002, 26: 442-461.
[5] Li X R, Chen Y W, Yang L W. Cryptogam diversity and formation of soil crusts in temperate desert[J].Annals of Arid Zone,2004, 43: 335-353.
[6] Bowker M A. Biological soil crust rehabilitation in theory and practice: An underexploited opportunity[J].Restoration Ecology, 2007, 15: 13-23.
[7] Vies H. Understanding dryland landscape dynamics: Do biological crusts hold the key?[J].Geography Compass,2008,(2/3): 899-919.
[8] Byers J E. Using ecosystem engineers to restore ecological systems[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2006, 21: 493-500.
[9] Gilad E. Ecosystem engineers: From pattern formation to habitat creation[J].Physical Review Letters,2004, 93, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.098105.
[10] Belnap J, Phillips S L, Miller M E. Response of desert biological soil crusts to alterations in precipitation frequency[J]. Oecologia,2004, 141: 306-316.
[11] Kidron G J, Barzilay E, Sachs E. Microclimate control upon sand microbiotic crusts, western Negev desert, Israel[J]. Geomorphology, 2000, 36: 1-18.
[12] Campbell S E, Seeler J, Golubic S. Desert crust formation and soil stabilization[J].Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, 1989,3:217-288.
[13] Li X R, Zhou H Y, Wang X P, et al. The effects of sand stabilization and revegetation on cryptogam species diversity and soil fertility in Tengger desert, northern China[J]. Plant and Soil,2003, 251:237-245.
[14] Fearnehough W, Fullen M A, Mitchen Trueman D J I C, et al. Aeolian deposition and its effect on soil and vegetation changes on stabilized desert dunes in northern China[J].Geomorphology,1998, 23:171-182.
[15] Fullen M A, Mitchell D J. Desertification and reclamation in north-central China[J]. AMBIO, 1994, 23: 131-135.
[16] Malam Issa O. Morphology and microstructure of microbiotic soil crusts on a tiger bush sequence (Niger) Sahel[J].Catena, 1999, 37: 175-196.
[17] Li X J, Li X R, Song W M, et al. Effects of crust and shrub patches on runoff, sedimentation, and related nutrient (C, N) redistribution in the desertified steppe zone of the Tengger desert, northern China[J].Geomorphlogy,2008,96: 221-232.
[18] Greene R S B, Tongway D J. The significance of (surface) physical and chemical properties in determining soil surface condition of red-earths in rangelands[J].Australian Journal Soil Research,1989, 27: 213-225.
[19] Chartres C J. Soil Crusting in Australia[C]//Sumner M E, Stewart B A, eds. Soil Crusting: Chemical and Physical Processes, Florida: Lewis Publishers, 1992:339-365.
[20] Johansen J R. Impacts of fire on biological soil crusts[C]//Belnap J, Lange O L, eds. Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function and Management. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2001:385-397.
[21] Bowker M A. Wildfire-resistant biological soil crusts and fire-induced loss of soil stability in Palouse prairies, USA[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2004, 26: 41-52.
[22] Belnap J, Gillette D A. Disturbance of biological soil crusts: Impacts on potential wind erodibility of sandy desert soils in southeastern Utah[J].Land Degradation and Development,1997, 8: 355-362.
[23] Belnap J. Impacts of off-road vehicles on nitrogen cycles in biological soil crusts: Resistance in different US deserts[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2002, 52:155-165.
[24] Belnap J, Eldridge D. Disturbance and recovery of biological soil crusts[C]//Belnap J, Lange O L, eds. Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function and Management. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003:363-383.
[25] Lalley J S, Viles H A. Do vehicle track disturbances affect the productivity of soil-growing lichens in a fog desert?[J]. Functional Ecology,2006, 20: 548-556.
[26] Whitford W. Ecology of Desert Systems[M]. San Diego: Academic Press, 2002.
[27] Li X R, Wang X P, Li T, et al. Microbiotic soil crust and its effect on vegetation and habitat on artificially stabilized desert dunes in Tengger desert, North China[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2002, 35: 147-154.
[28] Metting B. Biological surface features of semiarid lands and deserts[C]//Skujins J, eds. Semiarid Lands and Deserts: Soil Resource and Reclamation. New York: MarcelDekker, 1991:275-293.
[29] Grondin A E, Johansen J R. Seasonal succession in a soil algal community associated with a beech-maple forest in northeastern Ohio, USA[J]. Nova Hedwigia,1995, 60: 1-12.
[30] Johansen J R, St Clair L L, Webb B L, et al. Recovery patterns of cryptogamic soil crusts in desert rangelands following fire disturbance[J].Bryologist,1984, 87: 238-243.
[31] Li X R, Kong D S, Tan H J, et al. Changes in soil and in vegetation following stabilisation of dune in southeastern fringe of the Tengger desert, China[J].Plant and Soil, 2007, 300: 221-231.
[32] Zhang Y M. The spatial distribution patterns of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert, Northern Xinjiang, China[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2007, 68: 599-610.
[33] Hu C, Liu Y. Extracellular carbohydrate polymers from five desert soil algae with different cohesion in the stabilization of fine sand grain[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2003, 54: 33-42.
[34] Zhang Y M. The microstructure and formation of biological soil crusts in their early developmental stage[J].Chinese Science Bulletin, 2005, 50: 117-121.
[35] Westoby M, Walker B, Noy-Meir I. Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium[J].Journal of Range Management,1989, 42: 266-274.
[36] Gretarsdottir J, Aradottir A L, Vandvik V, et al. Long-term effects of reclamation treatments on plant succession in Iceland[J]. Restoration Ecology,2004, 12:268-278.
[37] Briske D D, Fuhlendorf S D, Smeins F E. A unified framework for assessment and application of ecological thresholds[J]. Rangeland Ecology and Management,2006, 59: 225-236.
[38] Williams J D, Dobrowolski J P, Gillette D A, et al. The Role of Microphytic Crusts on Wind Induced Erosion[M].Proceeding 46th Annual Meeting Society of Range Management, Albuquerque: New Mexico, USA, 1993.
[39] Tisdall, J M, Oades J M. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils[J].Journal of Soil Science,1982,33:146-163.
[40] Greene R S B, Chartres C J. The effect of fire on the soil of the degraded semiarid woodland. I. Cryptogam cover and physical micromorphological properties[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,1990,28:755-777.
[41] Rogers R W. Blue-green algae in southern Australian rangeland soils[J].Australian Rangeland Journal,1989, 11: 67-73.
[42] Chen R Y, Zhang Y M, Li Y, et al. The variation of morphological features and mineralogical components of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut desert of Northwestern China[J]. Environmental Geology, 2008, doi:10.1007/s00254-008-1410-1.
[43] Belnap J. The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrological cycles[J].Hydrological Processes, 2006, 20: 3159-3178.
[44] Li T, Xiao H L, Li X R. Modeling the effects of crust on rain infiltration in vegetated sand dunes in arid desert[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2001,15:41-48.
[45] Li Xinrong, Jia Yukui, Long Liqun. Advances in microbiotic soil crust research and its ecological significant in arid and semiarid regions[J].Journal of Desert Research,2001, 21: 4-11.[李新荣, 贾玉奎, 龙力群.干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物结皮的生态学意义及若干研究进展[J]. 中国沙漠,2001, 21:4-11.]
[46] Li X R, Xiao H L, He M Z. Sand barriers of straw checkerboards for habitant restoration in extremely arid desert regions[J]. Ecological Engineering,2006,28:149-157.
[47] Bowker M A, Belnap J, Davidson D W, et al. Evidence for micronutrient limitation of biological soil crusts: Importance to arid-land restoration[J]. Ecological Applications,2005,15: 1 941-1 951.
[48] Harper K T, Pendleton R L. Cyanobacteria and cyanolichens: Can they enhance availability of essential minerals for higher plants?[J]. Great Basin Naturalist,1993,53:59-72.
[49] Maestre F T. Infiltration, penetration resistance and microphytic crust composition in contrasted microsites within a Mediterranean semi-arid steppe[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2002, 34: 895-898.
[50] Xiao Bo, Zhao Yunge, Shao Ming′an. Effects of biological soil crust on saturated hydraulic conductivity in water-wind erosion crisscross region, North of Shaanxi province, China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2007, 23: 35-40.[肖波, 赵允格, 邵明安. 陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的影响[J]. 农业工程学报,2007, 23: 35-40.]
[51] Perez F L. Microbiotic crusts in the high equatorial Andes, and their influence on Paramo soils[J]. Catena,1997, 31: 173-198.[52] Bisdom E B A, Dekker L W, Schoute J F T. Water repellency of sieve fractions from sandy soils and relationships with organic material and soil structure[J].Geoderma,1993, 56: 105-118.
[53] Danin A.Plants of Desert Dunes[M]. Berlin, New York, Heidelberg:Springer, 1996.
[54] Kidron G J, Yair A. Rainfall-runoff relationship over encrusted dune surfaces, Nizzana western Negev, Israel[J].Earth Surface Processes Landforms,1997, 22:1 169-1 184.
[55] Li X R. Influence of variation of soil spatial heterogeneity on vegetation restoration[J].Science in China (Series D),2005,48:2 020-2 031.
[56] Wang X P, Li X R, Xiao H L. Effects of surface characteristics on infiltration pattern in an arid shrub desert[J].Hydrological Processes,2007, 21: 72-79.
[57] Eldridge D J, Zaady E, Shachak M. Infiltration through three contrasting biological soil crusts in patterned landscapes in the Negev, Israel[J].Catena,2000,40:323-336.
[58] Eldridge D J. Cryptogam cover and soil surface condition: Effects on hydrology in a semi-arid woodland[J].Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation,1993, 7: 203-217. 
[59] Eldridge D J, Tozer M E, Slangen S. Soil hydrology is independent of microphytic crust cover: Further evidence from a wooded semiarid Australian rangeland[J].Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation,1997, 11: 113-126. 
[60] Liu L C, Li S Z, Duan Z H. Effects of microbiotic crusts on dew deposition in the restored vegetation area at shapotou, northwest China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006, 328: 331-337.
[61] Li X R, Xiao H L, Zhang J G, et al. Long-term ecosystem effects of sand-binding vegetation in the Tengger desert, northern China[J].Restoration Ecology,2004, 12: 376-390.
[62] Belnap J. Factors influencing nitrogen fixation and nitrogen release in biological soil crusts[C]//Belnap J, Lange O L, eds. Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function and Management. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003:241-261.
[63] Kershaw K A. Physiological Ecology of Lichens[M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
[64] Nash T H. Lichen Biology[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[65] Bowker M A. Evidence for micronutrient limitation of biological soil crusts: Importance to arid-lands restoration[J].Ecological Applications,2005,15:1 941-1 951.
[66] Rogers S L, Burns R G. Changes in aggregate stability, nutrient status, indigenous microbial populations, and seedling emergence, following inoculation of soil with Nostoc muscorum[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1994, 18: 209-215.
[67] Harper K T, Belnap J. The influence of soil biological crusts on mineral uptake by associated vascular plants[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2001,47:347-357.
[68] Evans R D, Belnap J. Long-term consequences of disturbance on nitrogen dynamics in an arid ecosystem[J]. Ecology,1999,  80:150-160.
[69] Evans R D, Lange O L. Biological soil crusts and ecosystem nitrogen and carbon 918 Understanding dryland landscape dynamics[C]//Belnap J, Lange O L,eds. Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function and Management. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003: 263-279.
[70] Barger N N. NO gas loss from biologically crusted soils in Canyonlands National Park, Utah[J].Biogeochemistry, 2005, 75: 373-391.
[71] Lange O L. Photosynthesis of soil-crust biota as dependent on environmental factors[C]//Belnap J, Lange O L, eds. Biological soil Crusts: Structure, Function and Management. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003:217-240.
[72] Maestre F T, Cortina J. Small-scale spatial variation in soil CO2 efflux in a Mediterranean semiarid steppe[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2003,23: 199 -209.
[73] Garcia-Pichel F,Belnap J. Microenvironments and microscale productivity of cyanobacterial desert crusts[J].Journal of Phycology,1996, 32: 774-782.
[74] Budel B. Ecology and diversity of rock-inhabiting cyanobacteria in tropical regions, European[J].Journal of Phycology, 2000, 34: 361-370.
[75] Nobel P S. Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology[M].San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1991.
[76] Torgway D J, Ludwig J A. Vegetation and soil patterning in semiarid mulga lands of eastern Australia[J].Australian Journal of Ecology,1990, 15: 23-34.
[77] Shubert L E, Starks T L. Algal succession on orphaned coal mine spoils[C]//Wali M K, ed. Ecology and Coal Resource Development. New York: Pergamon Press, 1979:661-667.
[78] Starks T L, Shubert L E. Colonization and succession of algae and soil-algal interactions associated with disturbed areas[J]. Journal of Phycology,1982, 18: 99-107.
[79] Balezina L E. Effect of concentrated mineral fertilizers on the growth of soil algae[J].Pochvovedeniye,1974, 9: 94-96. 
[80] King J M, Ward C H. Distribution of edaphic algae as related to land usage[J]. Phycologia,1977, 16: 23-30. 
[81] Greene B, Darnall D W. Microbial oxygenic photoautotrophs (cyanobacteria and algae) for metal-ion binding[C]//Ehrlich H L, Brierly C L, eds. Microbial Mineral Recovery. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990:277-302.
[82] Geesey G, Jang L. Extracellular polymers for metal binding[C]//Ehrlich H L, Brierly C L, eds. Microbial Mineral Recovery. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990:223-247.
[83] Gadd G M. Fungi and yeasts for metal accumulation[C]//Ehrlich H L, Brierly C L, eds. Microbial Mineral Recovery. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990:249-275.
[84] Mclean R J G, Beveridge T J. Metal-binding capacity of bacterial surfaces and their ability to form mineralized aggregates[C]//Ehrlich H L, Brierly C L, eds. Microbial Mineral Recovery. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990:185-222.
[85] Pirszel J, Pawlik B, Skowronski T. Cation-exchange capacity of algae and cyanobacteria: A parameter of their metal sorption abilities[J].Journal of Indian Microbiology,1995, 14: 319-322.
[86] Paerl H W. Growth and reproductive strategies of freshwater blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)[C]//Sandgren C D, eds. Freshwater Blue-Green Algal Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
[87] Li X R, Jia X H, Zerb Stefen. Effects of biological soil crusts on seed bank, germination and establishment of two annual plant species in the Tengger desert (N China) [J].Plant and Soil,2005, 277: 375-385.
[88] Su Y G, Li X R, Cheng Y W. Effects of biological soil crusts on emergence of desert vascular plants in North China[J].Plant Ecology,2007, 191:11-19.
[89] Belnap J,Prasse R, Harper K T. Influence of biological soil crusts on soil environments and vascular plants[C]//Belnap J, Lange O L, eds. Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function and Management. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003:281-300.
[90] Johansen J R. Cryptogamic crusts of semiarid and arid lands of North America[J].Journal of Phycology,1993, 29: 140-147.
[91] Anderson D C, Harper K T, Holmgren R C. Factors influencing development of cryptogamic soil crusts in Utah deserts[J]. Journal of Range Management,1982, 35: 180-185.
[92] Jeffries D L, Klopatek J M.Effects of grazing on the vegetation of the blackbrush association[J].Journal of Range Management, 1987, 40: 390. 
[93] Carleton T J. Variation in terricolous bryophyte and macrolichen vegetation along primary gradients in Canadian boreal forests[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,1990, 1: 585-594.
[94] Lesica P, Shelley J S. Effects of cryptogamic soil crust on the population dynamics of Arabis fecunda[J].American Midllde Naturist,1992, 128: 53-60. 
[95] Crisp M D. Long term change in arid zone vegetation at Koonamore, South Australia[Z]. Adelaide:University of South Australia,1975.
[96] Zaady E, Gutterman Y, Boeken B. The germination of mucilaginous seeds of Plantago coronopus, Reboudia pinnata, and Carrichtera annua on cynobacterial soil crust from the Negev desert[J].Plant and Soil,1997,190: 247-252.
[97] Belnap J, Gardner J S. Soil microstructure in soils of the Colorado Plateau: The role of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus[J].Great Basin Naturist,1993, 53: 40-47.
[98] Prasse R, Bornkamm R. Effects of microbiotic soil surface crusts on emergence of vascular plants[J].Plant Ecology,2000, 150: 65-75.
[99] Harper K T, Marble J R. A role for non-vascular plants in management of arid and semi-arid rangelands[C]//Tueller P T, ed. Application of Plant Sciences to Rangeland Management. Amsterdam: Martinus Nijhoff /W. Junk, 1988:135-169.
[100] Pendleton R L, Warren S D. Effects of cryptobiotic soil crusts and VA mycorrhizal inoculation on growth of five rangeland plant species[C]//West N E, ed. 5th Int Range Congress. Society of Range management, Salt Lake City, UT, 1995:436-437.
[101] Gutterman Y. Strategies of seed dispersal and germination in plants inhibiting desert[J].Botanic Review,1994, 60: 373-416.
[102] Evans R A, Young J A. Microsite requirements for downy brome (Bromus tectorum) infestation and control on sagebrush rangelands[J].Weed Science,1984,13: 13-17.
[103] Boeken B,Sbachak M. Desert plant communities in human-made patches-implication for management[J].Ecological Application,1994, 4: 702-716.
[104] Belnap J, Phillips S L, Troxler T. Soil lichen and moss cover and species richness can be highly dynamic: The effects of invasion by the annual exotic grass Bromus tectorum, precipitation, and temperature on biological soil crusts in SE Utah[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2006, 32: 63-76.
[105] Jia R L, Li X R, Liu L C, et al. Responses of biological soil crusts to sand burial in vegetated area of the Tengger Desert, northern China[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2008, 40: 2 827-2 834.
[106] Baskin C C, Baskin J M. Seeds, Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1998.
[107] Gold W G, Bliss L C. Water limitations and plant community development in a polar desert[J].Ecology,1995, 76: 1 558-1 568.[108] Tielborger K. The vegetation of linear desert dunes in the north-western Negev, Israel[J].Flora,1997, 192: 261-278.
[109] Steinberger Y. Energy and protein budgets of the desert isopod Hemilepistrus reaumuri[J].Acta Oecologia,1989, 10:117-134.[110] Darby B J, Neher D A, Belnap J. Soil nematode communities are ecologically more mature beneath late-than early-successional stage biological soil crusts[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2006, 35: 203-212.
[111] Loria M, Hernstadt J. Moss capsules as food of the harvester ant. Messor[J].Bryologist,1980, 83: 524-525.
[112] Li X R, Chen Y W, Su Y G, et al. Effects of biological soil crust on desert insect diversity: Evidence from the Tengger desert of northern China[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2006,20:1-18.
[113] Li Xinrong, Chen Yingwu, Jia Rongliang. Biological soil crusts: A significant food source for insects in the arid desert ecosystems[J].Journal of Desert Research,2008, 28: 245-248.[李新荣, 陈应武, 贾荣亮. 生物土壤结皮: 荒漠昆虫多样性的重要食物链组成[J]. 中国沙漠,2008, 28: 245-248.]
[114] Reynaud P A, Lumpkin T A. Microalgae of Lanzhou (China) cryptogamic crust[J].Arid. Soil Research and Rehabilitation,1988, 2: 145-155. 
[115] Hong Y, Li Y Y, Li Sh H. Preliminary study on the blue-green algae community of arid soil in Qaidam basin[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,1992, 34 : 161-168.
[116] Zhou Zh G, Cheng Z J, Liu Zh L. Study on the ecology of algae in surface crusts of desert[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1995, 15: 385-391.
[117] Zhang Y M, Cao T, Pan B R. A study on bryophyte associated with formation of soil crust in south fringe of Gurbantunggut desert in Xinjiang[J].Acta Botanica Boreali Occidentalia Sinica,2002, 22: 18-23.
[118] Zhang Y M, Wang H L, Wang X Q, et al. The microstructure of microbiotic crust and its influence on wind erosion for a sandy soil surface in the Gurbantunggut desert of Northwestern China[J].Geoderma,2006, 132: 441-449.
[119] Bai X L, Wang Y, Xu Jie, et al. Characteristics of reproduction and growth of mosses in the soil crust of fixed dunes in Shapotou area[J].Journal of Desert Research,2003, 23: 171-173.
[120] Li X R, Zhang J G, Wang X P. Study on soil microbiotic crust and its influences on sand fixing vegetation in arid desert region[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,2000, 42: 965-970.
[121] Wang Sh D, Bai X L, Yong Sh P. Preliminary research on bryoflora in Shapotou area[J].Journal of Desert Research,2001, 21: 244-249.
[122] Palmqvist K. Carbon economy in lichens[J].New Phytologist,2000, 148: 11-36.

[1] 冯世博,姜玥璐,蔡中华,曾艳华,周进. 海洋环境中铁的来源、微生物作用过程及生态效应[J]. 地球科学进展, 2019, 34(5): 513-522.
[2] 吴金水, 葛体达, 祝贞科. 稻田土壤碳循环关键微生物过程的计量学调控机制探讨[J]. 地球科学进展, 2015, 30(9): 1006-1017.
[3] 苏延桂,李新荣,赵昕,李爱霞,陈应武. 不同类型生物土壤结皮固氮活性及对环境因子的响应研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011, 26(3): 332-338.
[4] 李新荣,何明珠,贾荣亮. 黑河中下游荒漠区植物多样性分布对土壤水分变化的响应[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(7): 685-691.
[5] 王新平,康尔泗,李新荣,张景光. 荒漠地区土壤初始状况对水平入渗的影响[J]. 地球科学进展, 2003, 18(4): 592-596.
[6] 符淙斌. 全球变化学[J]. 地球科学进展, 1991, 6(5): 55-57.
阅读次数
全文


摘要