草原农垦区土地沙质荒漠化过程的生物学机制

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2003.02.0257

以沙质荒漠化正处在发展过程的河北坝上地区和沙质荒漠化严重的科尔沁沙地流沙治理区为例，结合国内外已有的研究成果，探讨草原沙质荒漠化的主要生物学机制。指出在草原农垦区开垦和过度放牧引起的土壤细颗粒物质、养分损失，促进了灌木侵入。灌木侵入又加剧了土壤养分、水分空间格局的改变，在灌丛周围形成一个包括微生物在内的土壤肥力富集区，即灌丛"土壤肥岛"，而在丛间发生土壤风蚀和水蚀，导致斑块状流沙甚至大面积流沙的出现。诱发荒漠化的不合理耕作、灌溉、盐渍化、过度放牧等过程同样影响菌根菌的密度和接种成功率，从而降低草地生产力。在草原地区的流沙上建立各种固沙植被不仅使流沙地土壤养分、水分异质性加强，而且使沙地景观异质性增加。还提出用土壤颗粒分形维数来表征土地沙质荒漠化的程度，以空间上不同样点土壤属性变异系数（方差与平均值之比）作为沙质荒漠化土壤属性异质性的测度。

关键词: 草原农垦区, 沙质荒漠化, 灌木侵入, 菌根, 空间异质性

Grassland comprises an important part of land resource in North China. In recent decades, grassland desertification is more and more serious and becomes one of the most serious environmental and social-economic problems in North China. Thus, a better understanding on the biological mechanism of grassland desertification is required for combating grassland desertification and for appropriate management and conservation of environment. We exploited the results of desertification research obtained from Bashang area as a typical district of slight to moderate desertification area and Korqin sandy land as the typical of severe desertification district, respectively, in combination with previous relevant research achievements, to alleviate the biological mechanism of grassland desertification. It is illustrated that desertification results in invasion of shrub which is adapted to desert environment, and thus, increase of spatial heterogeneity in soil resource and mycorrhizae. It was pointed out that shrub invasion occurs during the process of conversion of farmland to grassland and overgrazing. Shrub invasion into grassland facilitate the development of “islands of soil resource” with soil nutrients and moisture accumulated under shrub canopy. Meanwhile, the occurrence of shifting sand patches accelerated soil erosion by wind and water. Improper cultivation, irrigation,saltanization, as well as overgrazing reduce the density and inoculation rate and decrease grassland productivity. Spatial heterogeneity of soil resource and landscape on sandy land enhance with the shrub establishment and development. It is proposed that soil particle fractal characteristics could be used as an indicator of desertification, and variation coefficient as reflected by ratio of variation to average, could be used as an index of heterogeneity of soil resources.

Key words: Sandy desertification, Grassland reclamation area, Shrub invasion, Mycorrhizae, Spatial heterogeneity.

中图分类号:

S154

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摘要

BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF SANDY DESERTIFICATION IN GRASSLAND RECLAMATION AREA IN NORTH CHINA