美国全球变化数据共享的经历对我国数据共享决策的启示

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2002.01.0151

地球科学进展 ›› 2002, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (1): 151 -157. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2002.01.0151

刘闯，王正兴

中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所全球变化信息研究中心，北京 100101

收稿日期:2001-09-24 修回日期:2001-10-10 出版日期:2002-12-20
通讯作者: 刘闯（1948-），女，辽宁省大连市人，研究员，主要从事全球变化信息研究.E-mail: lchuang@igsnrr.ac.cn E-mail:lchuang@igsnrr.ac.cn

THE EXPERIENCE OF U.S. GLOBAL CHANGE DATA ANDINFORMATION SHARING AND ITS INDICATION TO CHINA

LIU Chuang, WANG Zheng-xing

Global Change Information and Research Center, Institute for Geography and Natural Resources, Beijing 100101,China

Received:2001-09-24 Revised:2001-10-10 Online:2002-12-20 Published:2002-02-01

下载PDF ( 1227 )

美国对国家投资获取的科学数据采取"完全与开放"的共享政策。这一政策分两步落实：第一步侧重于数据中心建设。由NASA在全国优选 9个数据中心组成国家级分布式数据中心群（DAACs）。第二步侧重于法规和网络共享建设。由白宫设立总统长期专项---美国全球变化研究项目（USGCRP），其中包括"全球变化数据信息系统"（GCDIS）。历经十年，建造了世界上最强大的科学数据共享体系：GCDIS。在此过程中，政府主持总体规划，并通过预算、法律法规，以及管理条例使规划得以实施。美国在科学数据共享方面的经验表明：公益性科学数据共享的工作应由国家负责；国家综合使用行政、经济和法律手段执行对该工作的领导；分布式国家级数据中心群是实现科学数据共享经济有效的途径；科学数据与科学研究的结合是科学数据发展的动力。这些对我国科学数据共享工作总体方案的确定和战略方针的选择具有一定的启发和借鉴作用。

关键词: 美国, 全球变化数据, 共享, GCDIS

“Full and Open” sharing of the full suite of federal-funded global data sets for all global change researchers is a fundamental objectives of US Global Change Data Management Policy. This concept has been fostered by many international organizations for many years, but finally implemented in the United States in last ten years. US Government has played a leading role in achieving the full and open sharing of scientific data and information, because the data- or information-based products are associated with what economists call “public goods” and also with “externalities”. US Government has enforced this policy by two steps. First, form a national level “Distributed Active Archive Centers-DAACs”; the selected centers represent a wide range of Earth scientific disciplines. The responsibility of DAACs are processing, archiving, and distributing EOS data and related data, and providing a full range of user support. Second, under the framework of US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), broaden the DAACs to Global Change Data and Information System (GCDIS). The GCDIS will provide the infrastructure of the global change data and information management program. This is a priority-driven system composed of individual agency systems made interoperable by the use of common standards and approaches, technology sharing, and data policy coordination. The GCDIS functions include setting priorities for individual data and information sets, identifying and/or developing those sets, and incorporating them and the necessary related services in GCDIS. The success of GCDIS may indicate that Central Government should play a more active and leading role in order to establish a cost-effective global change data and information system in China.

Key words: Global change , data, Full and open policy, GCDIS.

中图分类号:

［1］DAAC Yearbook 1994［M］. NSIDC Communications Group, National Snow and Ice Data Center.1994.
［2］DAAC Yearbook 1995［M］. NSIDC Communications Group, National Snow and Ice Data Center.,1995.
［3］DAAC Yearbook 1996［M］. NSIDC Communications Group, National Snow and Ice Data Center,1996.
［4］DAAC Yearbook 1997［M］.NSIDC Communications Group, National Snow and Ice Data Center,1997.
［5］DAAC Yearbook 1998［M］.NSIDC Communications Group, National Snow and Ice Data Center,1998.
［6］Our Changing Planet, THE FY 1994, US Global Change Research Program［R］.1994.
［7］Our Changing Planet, THE FY 1995，US Global Change Research Program［R］.1995.
［8］Our Changing Planet, THE FY 1996, US Global Change Research Program［R］.1996.
［9］Our Changing Planet, THE FY 1997, US Global Change Research Program［R］.1997.
［10］Our Changing Planet, THE FY 1998, US Global Change Research Program［R］.1998.
［11］Our Changing Planet, THE FY 1999, US Global Change Research Program［R］.1999.
［12］Our Changing Planet, THE FY 2000, US Global Change Research Program［R］.2000.
［13］Our Changing Planet, THE FY 2001, US Global Change Research Program.
［14］1991 EOS Reference Handbook［M］. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,1991.
［15］1993 EOS Reference Handbook［M］. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,1991.
［16］1995 MTPE/EOS Reference Handbook［M］. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,1995.
［17］1997 MTPE/EOS Reference Handbook［M］. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,1997.
［18］1999 EOS Reference Handbook［M］. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,1999.
［19］GCDIS Implementation, Volume I - Interagency Implementation, Data Management Working Group, Subcommittee on Global Change Research, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources Research, 1995.
［20］GCDIS Implementation, Volume II - Agency Implementation, Data Management Working Group, Subcommittee on Global Change Research, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources Research, 1995.
［21］Finding the Forest in the Trees, The Challenge of Combining Diverse Environmental Data. National Research Council, US National Committee for CODATA Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1995.
［22］A Question of Balance, Private Rights and the Public Interest in scientific and Technical Databases, Committee for a Study on Promoting Access to Scientific and Technical Data for the Public Interest, National Research Council, Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1999.
［23］Preserving Scientific Data on Our Physical Universe. A New Strategy for Archiving the Nation's Scientific Information Resources, Steering Committee for the Study on the Long-term Retention of Selected Scientific and Technical Records of the Federal Government, National Research Council, Washington, D C: National Academy Press, 1995.

[1]	王卷乐,石蕾,王玉洁,高孟绪,徐波,王超,王明明,王艳杰,周业智. 科学数据汇聚的模式分析及对我国的发展建议[J]. 地球科学进展, 2020, 35(8): 839-847.
[2]	王卷乐,王明明,石蕾,高孟绪,陈明奇,郑晓欢,王超,王玉洁. 科学数据管理态势及其对我国地球科学领域的启示[J]. 地球科学进展, 2019, 34(3): 306-315.
[3]	潘留杰, 张宏芳. NEX-BCC模式对秦岭及周边地区气候变化的模拟及预估[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(9): 933-944.
[4]	葛人峰, 侍茂崇. “船时共享航次计划”——国家自然科学基金委员会的重大创建[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(4): 428-435.
[5]	王效科, 欧阳志云, 任玉芬, 张红星. 中美城市生态系统长期监测的内容和方法[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(5): 617-623.
[6]	王卷乐, 林海, 冉盈盈, 周玉洁, 宋佳, 杜佳. 面向数据共享的地球系统科学数据分类探讨[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(2): 265-274.
[7]	WuGuoxiong,LinHai,ZouXiaolei,LiuBoqi,HeBian. 全球气候变化研究与科学数据[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(1): 15-22.
[8]	范锦龙. 地球观测数据卫星分发系统发展综述[J]. 地球科学进展, 2012, 27(7): 712-716.
[9]	诸云强，孙九林，宋佳，张金区，冯敏，尹芳，杜佳，曹俊. 地学e-Science研究与实践[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011, 26(1): 66-74.
[10]	安培浚,张志强. 美国科学基金会地球科学远景报告介绍[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010, 25(3): 327-334.
[11]	郭华东. 数字地球：10年发展与前瞻[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(9): 955-962.
[12]	王卷乐,杨雅萍,诸云强,宋佳,朱华忠,冯敏. "973"计划资源环境领域数据汇交进展与数据分析[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(8): 947-953.
[13]	王卷乐,孙九林. 世界数据中心（WDC）回顾、变革与展望[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(6): 612-620.
[14]	吴殿廷，吴巧新，刘睿文，宋金平. 中美地理学近百年发展脉络的比较研究——基于《地理学报》和Annals of the Association of American Geographers 学术论文的统计分析[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(6): 553-561.
[15]	李新，南卓铜，吴立宗，冉有华，王建，潘小多，王亮绪，李红星，祝忠明. 中国西部环境与生态科学数据中心：面向西部环境与生态科学的数据集成与共享[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(6): 628-637.

阅读次数

全文

摘要