我国城市规划中气候信息应用回顾与展望

doi:10.1167/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.04.0445

城市规划中气候信息的应用经历了从早期的风玫瑰图利用到考虑风、温、湿、压等要素的气候适宜性分析以及目前关注城市通风环境、热环境以及污染敏感区的城市环境气候图技术的历程。气候信息获得的途径也从数量极为有限的基本气象观测站资料到空间加密的自动气象站资料、更精细的气象数值模式以及精细化地理信息技术的应用。同时,细化的技术导则和规范的建立以及不同行业间的联合发文有力推动了气候信息的实际应用。此外,研究展示了近年开展的伊犁、深圳、北京实际案例主要内容。最后,针对未来我国将根据大气环流特征和生态环境承载能力、走优化城镇空间布局和城镇规模结构的新型城镇化道路,从工作层面和技术层面给出了需要不断完善并深入研究的几个重点。

关键词: 气候信息, 城市规划, 通风, 热环境

The climate information application in urban planning in China has gone through several stages. In the early stage, climate information application only focused on wind rose diagram and climatic suitability analysis of more climate elements has been recently developed,such as wind, temperature, humidity, pressure, etc. The research of urban climatic map has been spread rapidly, which puts more attention to urban ventilation environment, thermal environment and pollution sensitive areas. Nowadays, the way of climate information obtained has transferred from limited basic meteorological station data to large numbers of intensive automatic meteorological station data, and to the application of meteorological numerical model of higher resolution and geographical information technology, which could help researchers to capture more accurate information. This paper pointed out that the formulation of relevant standards is equally important besides the technology advance, and gave some examples about the compiling of industrial and local standards. In addition, intersectional collaboration also had more favorable advantages in promoting the practical application of climate information. Meanwhile, this study also demonstrated several actual cases of Yili, Shenzhen and Beijing in recent years. Finally, based on the atmospheric circulation characteristics and ecological capacity, new urbanization will focus on optimizing the urbanization spatial layout and urbanscale structure. This paper also gave several key issues which need to be constantly improved and studied in working and technical levels, respectively.

Key words: Climate information, Urban planning, Ventilation, Thermal environment.

中图分类号:

P963

图1 北京市气象观测站分布示意 (a) 1997年前的20个国家级气象观测站;(b)截止到2014年7月的328个气象观测站

Fig.1 Distribution of weather observation stations in Beijing (a) 20 stations before 1997; (b) 328 stations as of July 2014

图2 流场模拟结果示意 (a)西北风下北京市域的流场分布;(b)西北风下二环内的流场分布,阴影为风速大小(单位：m/s),白色为建筑物区

Fig. 2 Numerical simulation of wind field (a) Wind field in Beijing under north-west wind; (b) Wind field within the second ring road of Beijing, white areas are buildings

图3 1970—2010年深圳市年平均气温变化趋势

Fig.3 The annual average temperature of Shenzhen changed from 1970 to 2010

图4 深圳市细网格气候信息平台提供的逐网格风玫瑰数据

Fig.4 wind rose data by grid fine-grid climate information platform of Shenzhen

图5 冬季(1月)模拟范围内的10米高度上的风速和流场分布图中填色表示风速,单位m/s,箭头矢量表示风的方向和大小,白色的为伊犁河谷的行政边界示意,土黄色点为现状污染源位置,菱形红色为规划污染源位置

Fig.5 Numerical simulation of wind speed and air flow field at 10m height in winter (January) Coloring of graph stands for wind speed(unit: m/s),vector stands for wind direction and speed,white line is the administrative boundary of Yili,yellow points are present pollution sources,red points are planning pollution sources

图6 伊犁地区的大气分级管控方案

Fig.6 Atmospheric hierarchical control scheme for Yili

图7 研究区位示意

Fig.7 Location of study area

表1 通风潜力等级划分表

Table1 Classifications of ventilation potential

通风潜力类型	一级	二级	三级	四级	五级
粗糙度长度	>0.5	0.1-0.5	≤0.1	0.1-0.5	≤0.1
天空开阔度	-	0.75-0.90	0.75-0.90	≥0.9	≥0.9
含义	无	一般	较高	高	很高

表1 通风潜力等级划分表

Table1 Classifications of ventilation potential

通风潜力类型	一级	二级	三级	四级	五级
粗糙度长度	>0.5	0.1-0.5	≤0.1	0.1-0.5	≤0.1
天空开阔度	-	0.75-0.90	0.75-0.90	≥0.9	≥0.9
含义	无	一般	较高	高	很高

图8 北京雁栖湖周边地区现状通风潜力(a)及规划通风潜力预测(b)

Fig.8 Different grades of ventilation potential of present (a) and planning (b) around Yanqi Lake in Beijing estimated by remote sensing and GIS

表2 热岛强度等级划分依据

Table2 Classifications of urban heat island intensity

类别	热岛强度范围(℃,日)	热岛强度范围(℃,月和季)	热岛强度等级
1	≤–7.0	≤–5.0	强冷岛
2	-7.0~-5.0	-5.0~-3.0	较强冷岛
3	-5.0~-3.0	-3.0~-1.0	弱冷岛
4	-3.0~3.0	-1.0~1.0	无热岛
5	3.0~5.0	1.0~3.0	弱热岛
6	5.0~7.0	3.0~5.0	较强热岛
7	>7.0	>5.0	强热岛

表2 热岛强度等级划分依据

Table2 Classifications of urban heat island intensity

类别	热岛强度范围(℃,日)	热岛强度范围(℃,月和季)	热岛强度等级
1	≤–7.0	≤–5.0	强冷岛
2	-7.0~-5.0	-5.0~-3.0	较强冷岛
3	-5.0~-3.0	-3.0~-1.0	弱冷岛
4	-3.0~3.0	-1.0~1.0	无热岛
5	3.0~5.0	1.0~3.0	弱热岛
6	5.0~7.0	3.0~5.0	较强热岛
7	>7.0	>5.0	强热岛

图9 雁栖湖地区城市热岛监测及规划方案实施后的热岛强度预测

Fig.9 Monitoring of present urban heat island and forecasting of urban heat island planning

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摘要

The Application of Climate Information in Urban Planning in China: Retrospect and Future Prospect