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  • Genxing Pan, Yuanjun Ding, Shuotong Chen, Jingling Sun, Xiao Feng, Chen Zhang, Doross Marios, Jufeng Zheng, Xuhui Zhang, Kun Cheng, Xiaoyu Liu, Rongjun Bian, Lianqing Li
    Advances in Earth Science. 2019, 34(5): 451-470. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.05.0451

    In this review, the evolution of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) research was traced back to outline the main achievement of understanding SOM in relation to its ecological functioning, particularly of carbon sequestration against climate change. The short-coming of soil humus theory, knowledge of SOM protection and stabilization, framework of newly emerged Humeomics as well as the increasingly active study of molecular organics in soils were analyzed and discussed, highlighting the importance of re-visiting SOM in term of structure-property-functions for the main mission of modern soil science. There were limitations of soil forming conditions, fraction separation procedure and single molecule identification for understanding the huge complex humus of larger sized synthesized molecules. Thanks to the ever-active studies of soil (organic) carbon sequestration and stabilization focusing on the association status of SOM with soil components, SOM has been increasingly recognized as an assemblage of metabolites from life activities on or in soil, with different allocation or protected in mineral/organic complex phases, which could be traced by biomarker molecules. Using such biomarker molecules as a target (like primer in molecular microbiology), all the molecules of SOM could be digested and isolated for qualitative or quantitative identification with GC/MS high resolution technologies. Such development has emerged a new paradigm of molecular SOM study, finally as SOMics as a modern soil science frontier. The functioning of SOM for stabilizing soil structure, enhancing reactivity and promoting biological resistance could be correlated to the paradigm of abundance, composition, structure and functions rather than the content and recalcitrance of SOM. This may deserve urgent studies to quantify and parameterize the defined paradigm based on the molecular composition of SOM. Again, such theory and technology development could provide a tool to manage SOM in term of carbon sequestration but revalorizing bioactivity in ecosystems, especially in agroecosystems. We believe such studies could rather depict the nature of SOM and of soil in relation to its ecological services and functioning, which will be the focus of soil science in serving the sustainable development of human society.

  • Yu Liu,Jun Wang,Hui Li,Nuwen Xu,Juan Feng,Zijun Dong,Ziyan Li,Li Ji,Xiaoming Guo
    Advances in Earth Science. 2020, 35(11): 1171-1188.

    We analyzed the submissions, acceptances, reviews and grant awarding of various projects in environmental geosciences in 2020, pointed out the problems we found in the submission and review processes, and summarized the project conclusions the environmental geosciences at the end of 2019, the completion of the projects and the main research progresses made in this direction.

  • Articles
    Advances in Earth Science. 2005, 20(1): 120-138. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2005.01.0120
  • Articles
    Jiang Weimei,Miao Shiguang,Zhang Ning,Liu Hongnian,Hu Fei,Li Lei,Wang Yongwei
    Advances in Earth Science. 2010, 25(5): 463-473. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2010.05.0463

     The current research status of numerical simulations on urban meteorology and boundary layer is reviewed in this paper, including research on urban climate, urban surface energy balance, urban heat island and urban canopy modeling. Based on researchers′ experience, suggestion and discussion are given on some cutting edge problems and opinions. The state-of-art methods used in this field are discussed as well. Recommendations are also suggested in this paper: ①Observations and simulations on urban climate, urban surface energy balance, urban heat island are in great need facing the different climate zone and different cities; ②More and deeper researches on urban observation methods and rules, observation instruments and observation net design are needed; ③Prediction method of urban heat island based on synoptic conditions and urban surface characteristics should be improved; ④Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models can be used as tools to bridge the gap between mesoscale and microscale numerical modeling, and to evaluate and improve current mesoscale urban climate simulations.

  • Heping SUN, Wenke SUN, Wenbin SHEN, Chongyang SHEN, Yiqing ZHU, Guangyu FU, Shuqing WU, Xiaoming CUI, Xiaodong CHEN
    Advances in Earth Science. 2021, 36(5): 445-460. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.032

    Earth's gravity field and its application in geosciences is one of the important contents in the fields of Earth sciences. It plays an irreplaceable role in national basic surveying and mapping, disaster monitoring, resource exploration, surface layer coupling, aerospace and other aspects. In recent years, with the continuous innovation of gravity field observation technology, gravity measurement and the corresponding theory, methods and applications have developed rapidly, and fruitful research results have been achieved. The gravity topics of the annual meeting of Chinese Geoscience Union in 2020 are the concentrated display of these achievements (including 42 oral reports and 10 posters). Based on the reports on this annual meeting, this paper summarizes the latest research progress in the Earth's gravity field and its geoscience application in China in recent years.

  • Articles
    Sun He,Xiao Yilin
    Advances in Earth Science. 2009, 24(10): 1105-1121. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2009.10.1105

           Fluids are aubiquitous transport medium for heat and matter in most geological process. The presence of fluids in rocks may affect the chemical and physical properties, mineral reaction velocity and heat budget of geological systems, Direct sample of geological fluids could be preserved only in fluid inclusions that were trapped during the growth of their host mineral. Fluid inclusions can provide us unique information for the presence and composition of ancient fluids which can not be obtained by other geochemical methods (e.g. the component and evolution of diagenetic fluid; process of fluid-rock interaction; migration of trace elements in fluid). The study of fluid inclusions thus has become one of the “hottest” fields in earth sciences, and plays an important role in studies correlated with geological processes. Starting with a general introduction to the fluid inclusion properties and a summarization about the classification of primary- and secondary-fluid inclusions, this paper reveiws the most recent development in analytical methods in the fluid inclusion research field. We also review the current application of fluid inclusions to various fields in earth sciences (e.g. metamorphic fluid, ore-deposit, petroleum geology and biomarker) in the paper. Finally, we give a short outlook on potential future research topics about fluid inclusion studies.

  • Yang HU, Ziwei WANG, Hongmao JIANG, Youchao CHEN, Qiao LIU, Baoli DUAN, Xuyang LU
    Advances in Earth Science. 2022, 37(9): 899-914. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2022.058

    Mountain glacier ecosystems contain diverse habitats, including ice, snow, meltwater, cryoconite, sediment, debris, and soil. These habitats harbor unique biomes that are dominated by cold-tolerant microbes. Mountain glaciers have responded strongly to climate change and have considerably shrunk in size over recent decades. Mountain glacier ecosystem was divided into supraglacial zone, englacial zone, subglacial zone, and proglacial zone, according to the vertical stratifications, horizontal locations, environmental characteristics, and trophic types of colonized microbes. This study reviewed research focused on the physiological characteristics, community composition, and diversity of the microbial community and ecological factors driving their distributions in these four zones. The studies (2010-2022) about the microbial communities in mountain glacier ecosystems that were reviewed mainly investigated the following: isolation and culture of psychrotrophs and psychrophiles; characteristics of microbial community composition and diversity; microbial community assemblage and succession processes; biogeochemical cycles driven by the microbes; and interactions between ecological factors and the microbial community. Most of the studies were conducted in the proglacial and supraglacial zones and mainly focused on the composition and diversity of the bacterial community. In future studies, all zones should be considered as an integrated system to conduct long-term monitoring and investigation of multiple microbial communities in different habitats. They should also focus on microbial interactions and functions. This study improves understanding about the ecological processes mediated by microbes and their ecological roles in extreme environments, both of which have implications for maintaining the stability of glaciers and surrounding ecosystems.

  • Shichao JIA,Tingjun ZHANG,Chengyan FAN,Lin LIU,Wanwan SHAO
    Advances in Earth Science. 2021, 36(7): 694-711. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.055

    Permafrost is gradually degraded with climate warming, which seriously affects the stability of engineering construction in permafrost regions. Therefore, real-time and accurate monitoring of permafrost changes is urgent. Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR), as a new type of earth observation technology, can monitor the surface of permafrost regions on a large scale at all times and in all weather, and become an effective monitoring method. This paper aims to introduce the research progress and future development trends of InSAR technology in permafrost regions in the past two decades. Firstly, the basic principle of InSAR technology and SAR system are introduced. Then, based on the development of InSAR technology, the application of D-InSAR and multi-temporal InSAR in permafrost regions is outlined. It also summarizes the currently developed freeze-thaw models and analyzes the influencing factors of surface deformation in permafrost regions. Finally, look forward to the future development trend and main problems of InSAR technology in permafrost monitoring, in order to provide scientific research personnel with a systematic application introduction.

  • Orginal Article
    Feng Zhao, Kuidong Xu
    Advances in Earth Science. 2014, 29(5): 551-558. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.05.0551

    Microbial eukaryotes are quantitatively predominant, highly diverse and functionally important groups of eukaryotes in the deep oceans. Investigations on the microbial eukaryotic diversity provide not only the base for elucidating the structure of deepsea ecosystems but also high support for better understanding the microbial diversity and their geographic distribution. So far, the biodiversity research on microbial eukaryotes obviously lags behind that of prokaryotes. Our knowledge of their morphological diversity mainly comes from groups (e.g. foraminiferans) that need not cultivate and are easily identified with external morphology. The application of molecular methods greatly extended our knowledge of the microbial eukaryotic diversity in deep sea, uncovering a much higher molecular than morphological diversity. More and more undescribed taxa and even novel evolutionary lineages of eukaryotes have been discovered from deep sea. By reviewing and summarizing literature data, the authors present the research progress and existing problems in the biodiversity of microbial eukaryotes in deep sea, and propose possible solutions and key issues for future research.

  • Weidong YANG, Lianbo ZENG, Xiang LI
    Advances in Earth Science. 2023, 38(2): 151-167. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2023.004

    Carbon neutrality has become a topic of global consensus. To achieve carbon neutrality, it is also important to enhance carbon sequestration and sink capabilities, apart from the development of new energy to minimize carbon emissions. Carbon sinks can be divided into marine and terrestrial types. The marine carbon sink is mainly composed of three parts: the coastal ecological carbon sink mainly formed by the carbon sequestration effect of coastal vegetation and coastal sediment load, and the marine ecological carbon sink mainly formed by dissolution and microbial pumps in the ocean. Both are directly related to monsoon oceanic current conditions, terrestrial organic inputs, coastal geographical conditions, and human activity. The feasibility of an artificial oceanic carbon sink depends on its impact on marine ecology. In terrestrial carbon sinks, vegetation carbon sinks are formed by organic carbon generated by the photosynthesis of terrestrial plants, including forest, grassland, and wetland vegetation. The influencing factors include temperature and precipitation, atmospheric composition, land use and its changes, and natural disturbance effects. Natural geological carbon sinks mostly consist of soil and karst carbon sinks. Soil carbon sinks are affected by regional vegetation, climatic conditions, soil utilization, and other factors. Karst carbon sinks are mainly produced by weathering between carbonate and silicate rocks absorbing atmospheric CO2, which is affected by temperature, precipitation, rock type, hydrological conditions, and human activity. An artificial geological carbon sink was formed because the captured CO2 was injected into the designated area underground for storage. The storage capacity depends on the evaluation of geological characteristics, reservoir conditions, oil distribution, and production. For the future, it is necessary to act decisively in climatic, natural resources, the social economy, and other aspects to fix carbon, enhance carbon sequestration, and achieve carbon neutrality.

  • Articles
    Ding Wenlong,Xu Changchun,Jiu Kai,Li Chao,Zeng Weite,Wu Liming
    Advances in Earth Science. 2011, 26(2): 135-144. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2011.02.0135

    Discovery of numbers of fractured reservoirs in shale around the world and recent great progress of North American shale gas exploration shows the study of the fractures in shale is quite important. On the basis of the literature research of shale fractures research findings around the world, shale reservoir with strong plasticity has common and specificity, compared with other types of rock, on fractures type and origin, identification method, parameter estimation, and distribution prediction. The shale reservoir fractures can de classified into two groups of fracture according to their origin, structural and non-structural fracture, and 12 sub-classes. Different class of fractures has different characteristics and origin. Structural fractures, including high-angle shear fracture, Tensile and shear fractures and low-angle slip fracture, belong to ductile shear fracture. Non-structural fracture in shale, more developed than other types of lithology, such as shrinkage fractures, stylolites, over-pressured fractures and weathered fracture, resulted from diagenesis, drying crack, over-ressure, mineral phase transformation, recrystallization, and pressure-solution. Then we summarize the methods of fracture identification, parameter estimation, fracture reservoir distribution prediction using geological, seismic, drilling and logging and structural stress, and then propose current problems and trend of study on shale fracture reservoir nowadays.

  • Chen Shulin, Liu Yuanbo, Wen Zuomin

    Soil moisture is a key variable influencing a variety of land surface processes. Accurate estimation of spatio-temporally distributed soil moisture is one of the challenging issues in quantitative remote sensing. This paper briefly describes the major algorithms for retrieving soil moisture using optical, passive-microwave and active-microwave remote sensing, or their combinations. The optical algorithms have relatively low accuracy of retrieval, but good spatial and temporal resolutions. The typical algorithms include the Index-based approach and the soil thermal inertia-based approach. The passive-microwave algorithms have relative high accuracy but low spatial resolutions. It can be grouped into the retrieval approaches for soil moisture only and the approaches for relevant parameters in addition to soil moisture. The active-microwave algorithms have generally high accuracy with a high spatial resolution. The algorithms can be divided into three classes: empirical, physical and semi-empirical approaches. In addition, a number of algorithms have been proposed, which combines in particular optical, passivemicrowave, or active-microwave data. Because the algorithms often combine the advantages of the multi-sensors, they can achieve a high accuracy with a good spatial resolution. With the achievement of retrieval techniques, several global soil moisture data sets have been generated. The widely used data sets include the European Remote Sensing satellites/ Meteorological Operational satellite programme (ERS/MetOp) data sets, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) data sets, and the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) data sets. The ERS/MetOp data sets provides global soil moisture data with a spatial resolution of 25-km so far since July, 1991, retrieved from the TU-Wien approach using C-band microwave data. The AMSR-E data sets provides global soil moisture data with a spatial resolution of 25-km for the period from June, 2002 to September, 2011, retrieved from the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) using C-band and X-band microwave data. The SMOS data sets provides global soil moisture data with a spatial resolution of 40-km so far since November, 2009, retrieved from the L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere model (LMEB) using L-band microwave data. To improve retrieval accuracy of soil moisture, the new satellite sensors are scheduled to be launched into space, for example, the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR2) in 2013 and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) in 2014.

  • Articles
    Jiang Chongya, Fang Hongliang, Wei Shanshan
    Advances in Earth Science. 2012, 27(3): 292-303. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2012.03.0292

    Roughness, reflecting the smooth degree of the surface, is a key factor of many land surface processes. There are various methods of parameterization, but questions still exist since the characterization of land surface system has far from been fully understood. This paper reviews the research progress on land surface roughness characterization from three aspects, including land surface measurement techniques, roughness parameters, and remote sensing researches. So far, pin profiler and laser profiler are still main-stream land surface measurement approaches, while 3D laser scan and photogrammetry techniques have shown their potentials. Parameters defined by statistical methods and fractal theories are quite distinct from each other, but it is hard to describe land surface using either category of parameters due to the the complexity of its multi-scaled feature. As for remote sensing researches, both optical and microwave techniques have broad prospects, and the former needs to do better in match with classical parameterization, while the latter has to make improvement on techniques and methods for next generation remote sensing platform. Many key problems encountered in roughness parameterization study, such as comparison and transformation of parameters between different scales, heterogeneity and anisotropy of land surface, as well as roughness parameterization based on 3D surface data, have also been discussed.

  • Articles
    DONG Xiaofeng;SHI Yulong;ZHANG Zhiqiang;LI Xiaoying
    Advances in Earth Science. 2005, 20(10): 1067-1074. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2005.10.1067

    The Metropolitan region is an international model of the spatial organization for the modern Urban Agglomeration. The first part of this paper focuses on the national and international study about analysis conceptions, development tendencies and characteristics of metropolitan region. The development of research and practice about metropolitan region in the world was recognized. Based on the analysis, we made an analysis of the development of the research and the practice about metropolitan region in China. The author summed up the understanding about Metropolitan Region from Chinese scholars and packed up the practices in China in order to further understand the connotation of this conception. Then, we built up the development theory system of Metropolitan Region, including the conception and standards of Metropolitan Region which is seasoned with the situation of our country and the tendencies of development, the nature of metropolitan region which is a development pattern as well as a phenomenon, the spatial structure which circles from inside to outside, the effect, the phase of metropolitan region development and discussed how to manage this region. Lastly, we summed up the content of the metropolitan region development planning. The importance of incorporation and habitation conception for the development of Metropolitan Region was emphasized. As a kind of urban development model, Metropolitan Region is vital for the construction of urban area which has conditions to develop this model and the development of regional economy.

  • Articles
    Zhao Tianbao,Fu Congbin,Ke Zongjian,Guo Weidong
    Advances in Earth Science. 2010, 25(3): 241-254. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2010.03.0241

    During the last decades, reanalysis of past meteorological observations using modern data assimilation technique and restructure the long-term and consistent gridded data products have been made great progress. Such datasets provide us the most primary research tools to identify the state and evolution of atmosphere, and understand the climate change and variability at different spatial-temporal scales. In this paper, the current research status and advances in the global reanalysis datasets including some of international global atmosphere reanalysis projects and the corresponding reanalyzed products, the important applications of reanalyzed products in some research fields of the atmospheric science, the validation and evaluation of the reanalysis datasets,and some quality problems represented by the reanalyzed products in climate change studies are systematically reviewed. Moreover,the prospects of the studies on atmospheric reanalysis in the future are also discussed in this paper.

  • Articles
    Zhang Yunguo, Zhou Chaoxian
    Advances in Earth Science. 2011, 26(11): 1173-1190. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2011.11.1173

    Porphyry copper deposit as the largest source of Cu is one of the most important deposits in the world. Porphyry Copper Deposit not only occured in Circum-Pacific ore-forming region, but also occured in Tethys ore-forming region and Middle-Asian(Paleo-Asian Oceanic) oreforming region. The mineralization materials derived from the deep. Porphyry forms through four stages: “Oceanic Crust-Mantle Lava Flow”,“Original Magma”,“Shallow Ore Magma”,“Crystallization of Magma-Minerali-zation”. In the stage of “Original Magma”, much metallogenic materials and energy gather through the process of “MASH”. Ore-forming fluids are high-grade fliuds of gas-liquid phase, which are of fluid-rich, high temperature, high pressure, high salinity, strong oxidizing, high oxygen fugacity. The characteristics of ore-forming fluids are favorable for metallogenic materials to gather from magmas to fluids in the process of magma-hydrothermal separation. The copper is transported and migrated in form of Cl-complexes. With the ascent of ore-forming fluids, lowering of temperature and pressure is the main factors resulting in copper precipitation. The crystallization of magnetite resulting from lowering temperature and pressure provides much of S2- and  plays an important role in the formation of porphyry copper ore. From the inner to the outside, the alteration zones,in general,are composed of quartz zone,potassic zone,SCC zone and  argillic zone.The proposed genesis models which are commonly accepted,up to now, include the classical model, the system model and the model of polyphasal overprinting events.

  • Articles
    Ma Jianwen, Qin Sixian
    Advances in Earth Science. 2012, 27(7): 747-757. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2012.07.0747

    ]In recent years, global environmental change has more and more affected the survival of human beings. In order to enhance the observation of the landatmospheric-ocean, the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) and Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) have been proposed. Data assimilation, the key connection between observation data and model simulations, also gets rapid development. The most significant signs are the continuous introductions of new mathematical achievements into the data assimilation fields. Under the background of the “National Airborne Remote Sensing System—The Earth Science Data Processing Software System”, we review the development of the data assimilation algorithms so as to determine the technical route and major contents of this project and promote the research on data assimilation theory and the development of the software.

  • Orginal Article
    Yu Wu, Gang Xu, Yingchun Lü, Hongbo Shao
    Advances in Earth Science. 2014, 29(1): 68-79. https://doi.org/1001-8166(2014)01-0068-12

    Biochar is an organic material with high carbon content, most aromatic structure and great stability resulting from high temperature thermal conversion (usually < 700 ℃) of organic materials under the completely or in part anoxic condition. Due to its stable chemical properties, biochar has received widely attention as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, biochar shows great potential in soil improvement and environmental pollution remediation, and provides a comprehensive solution for the global climate change, food crisis and ecological pollution remediation. Biochar is a carbon rich material, in association with porous characteristics and high surface area which are favorable to accumulating soil moisture, to increasing the porosity, to reducing density and bulk density, and to promoting the formation of soil aggregation. All the above soil physical improvement can provide a good environment for the growth of plants. Furthermore, biochar is an ideal acidic soil amendment which can improve the pH of acidic soil. It contains nutrient element which can be directly released into soil, and its surface charge and functional groups are conducive to soil nutrient retention, such as the reduced leaching of NH+4 and NO-3, PO3-4, therefore improve the efficiency of nutrient elements. However, the effect of biochar amendments highly influenced by raw materials and pyrolysis conditions is of inconsistent and sometimes even contrast results can be concluded. In this paper, we summarize the current status and knowledge gaps about the effect of biochar amendments on soil physical and chemical properties and some suggestions are also strengthened. Finally, some possible negative impacts of biochar application and research suggestions are discussed in order to better use of biochar in agriculture.

  • Ling Zhang, Ping Wang, Xiyun Chen, Yong Yin
    Advances in Earth Science. 2020, 35(4): 414-430. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.030

    The U-Pb chronology of detritus zircon is an important method to explore sediment provenance, which is widely used in sedimentology, geotectonics, geomorphology and other fields. This paper reviewed the recent progress of the U-Pb chronology of detrital zircon from three aspects: data acquisition, analysis and comparison. In terms of data acquisition, the sample preparation method, isotope age data selection and test quantity were expounded from the basic principle; In terms of data analysis, the data visualization methods of Probability Density Plot (PDP), Kernel Density Estimate (KDE) and Cumulative Age Distribution (CAD) were compared; In terms of data comparison, the basic algorithm and application advantages of quantitative comparison were analyzed with examples, including (dis)similarity measures based on non-parametric hypothesis tests (K-S test), (dis)similarity measures based on age spectrum comparison (Cross-correlation coefficients) and (dis)similarity measures based on Multi-Dimensional Scali (MDS). Finally, three commonly used software tools were introduced. Suggestions were given in terms of data acquisition, analysis and comparison for future research.

  • Yongchui ZHANG, Shiyao CHEN, Ning WANG, Haodi WANG, Lin ZHOU, Benhong WANG
    Advances in Earth Science. 2022, 37(4): 344-357. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2022.014

    The global operational ocean forecasting system is a comprehensive application with numerical ocean models as the key, ocean observation as the basis, and supercomputer comprehensive application capabilities as the tool, providing a full range of forecast services for ocean disaster reduction and prevention, navigation safety, ecosystem protection, search and rescue, etc. It briefly introduces the countries/organizations implementing marine operational forecasting services and their atmospheric forecasting systems. Sea surface winds are the source of driving waves; therefore, wave forecasting is generally carried out in conjunction with the atmosphere. The parameter configurations of the global ocean wave forecasting system were constructed based on WW3 (WAVEWATCH III?) and WAM (Wave Model) numerical ocean wave models. It focuses on the composition and parameter configurations of the global ocean circulation forecasting system based on HYCOM (HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model), NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean), and MOM(Modular Ocean Model). An overview of the operational sea ice forecasting system based on the CICE(Community Ice CodE) and LIM sea ice models coupled with the ocean circulation forecast system is provided. Finally, the conclusions and development directions of the global operational ocean forecasting system are summarized.

  • Articles
    Jia Zhenzhen, Liu Shaomin, Mao Defa, Wang Zhiliang,Xu Ziwei, Zhang Ru
    Advances in Earth Science. 2010, 25(11): 1248-1260. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2010.11.1248

    A comprehensive validation method of remotely sensed Evapotranspiration (ET) based on observation data was proposed to ensure the accuracy of estimated ET. Thus, an observation system was equipped with a large aperture scintillometer, an eddy covariance system and an automatic weather station, and then an observation network was established at Miyun, Guantao, Daxing and Xiaotangshan sites in Hai river  basin, which were set up from 2002 for ET and correlative parameters measurements at different satellite pixel scales. On this basis, rigorous data process and quality control were executed to ensure the high quality of observations. Meanwhile, a validation procedure of remotely sensed ET based on ground measurements was presented, and the method of selecting validation pixels and evaluation index were investigated intensively. According to this method, validation of remote sensing ET was performed in Beijing. Based on the LAS measurements at Miyun and Daxing sites in 2008, regional ET in Beijing area estimated by MODIS data was validated. The results demonstrated  that  the proposed validation method based on LAS observation data was feasible. The RMSE and MRE of estimated monthly and daily ET were  13.75、0.91 mm and 22.79%、18.61% respectively.

  • Articles
    Wang Xiaojun, Ma Hao
    Advances in Earth Science. 2011, 26(11): 1191-1199. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2011.11.1191

    With the development of mesoscale atmospheric model, the next generation mesoscale Weather Research and Forecast Model is widely used at home and abroad, primarily because of its complete openness, easy portability, and fast update. The application of WRF model in China in recent decade is introduced from three aspects: the physical parameterization scheme, real-time simulation and comparison with MM5, which indicates the usefulness and advantage of WRF model in mesoscale simulation. Furthermore, two main prospects of WRF model in the near future are proposed: one is to develop Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting Model(CWRF), aiming to simulate and predict both weather and climate at mesoscale level, and the other is to couple WRF model with regional ocean model and construct a regional coupled model with high resolution. It is hoped that our summary can provide some necessary helps for the users of WRF model.

  • Yanlong Guo,Zefang Zhao,Huijie Qiao,Ran Wang,Haiyan Wei,Lukun Wang,Wei Gu,Xin Li
    Advances in Earth Science. 2020, 35(12): 1292-1305. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.110

    Species Distribution Models (SDMs) are numerical tools that combine observations of species occurrence or abundance with environmental variables database. SDMs tend to be used to simulate the potential distribution of species in a larger scale, under the confirming modeling conditions, which can be extrapolated in space and time. SDMs are now widely used in the fields of climate change biology, landscape ecology and conservation biology, and they are one of the most important tools in current biophysics research. This paper systematically discusses the current challenges and future development of species distribution model from two aspects: i.e., model building and model application. The development status and prospect of species distribution models in China are reviewed. The main viewpoints and conclusions are as follows: In the modeling practice of species distribution model, the rationality and accuracy of model results depend on many factors, including the choice of environmental variables and model algorithms, spatial and temporal scale, the interaction between environmental and geographical factors and the model extrapolation degree. Hence, researchers should understand the theoretical basis of the model, attach importance to the standardization of statistics in the process of modeling, choose and design a reasonable model algorithm. In future research, we need to consider the historical and geographical reasons for the current distribution pattern and the possible impacts of species niche shift, as well as the principles of landscape genetics and phylogeography, which should be effectively incorporated into the model framework. Meanwhile, how to use geoscience big data (remote sensing data) effectively is also one of the challenges for the development of the models.

  • Yongchui Zhang, Ning Wang, Lin Zhou, Kefeng Liu, Haodi Wang
    Advances in Earth Science. 2020, 35(6): 568-580. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.050

    Mesoscale eddies, which are widely found in the oceans, play a vital role in momentum, energy, heat and mass transport. The Euler method for identifying mesoscale eddies using satellite altimeter data was presented in detail, including closed SLA contours, OW numbers, Winding-Angle and flow vector methods. The results show that mesoscale eddies are almost nonlinear and solid-body rotation. The long-lived eddies with lifetimes ≥16 weeks have an average lifetime of 32 weeks and an average propagation distance of 550 km. Their mean amplitude and a speed-based radius scale as defined by the automated procedure are 8 cm and 90 km, respectively. The method combining with SLA and Argo profiles to composite the three-dimensional structure were addressed. Due to the different temperature and salt structure in the various oceans of the world, the eddies in different oceans show different three-dimensional structures, which are influenced by both the generation and local temperature and salinity. Two special types of eddies were introduced from the perspective of generation, evolution and dissipation processes, namely the Loop Current Ring in the Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean eddy in the Atlantic Ocean. Finally, issues including submesoscale processes, dissipation of eddies and subthermocline eddies were discussed, and some future research directions were proposed.

  • Articles
    Zhong Lingzhi, Liu Liping, Ge Runsheng
    Advances in Earth Science. 2009, 24(4): 383-391. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2009.04.0383

           With the recent emphasis on understanding the role of clouds in the global radiation budget, cloud detection becomes more and more important. Although there are optical remote sensing techniques (e.g., satellite lidar, ceilometer, etc.) to measure cloud properties, optical signals cannot penetrate into thick cloud to observe the cloud′s horizontal and vertical dimensions and its internal structure. The scope of radar meteorology has expanded to include measurements of cloud properties and structure for radar′s wavelength is close to cloud′s diameter. Millimeter-wavelength radar is recognized as having the potential to provide a more sensitive probe of cloud particles ranging from a few micrometers in diameter to precipitation drops. Since the backscatter cross section of tiny drops (i.e., several tens of micrometers in diameter) increases in proportion to λ-4, where  λ is the radar wavelength, cloud drops are more easily detected by radars of millimeter rather than centimeter wavelengths. On the other hand, attenuation of millimeter waves is much stronger, and the λ-4 advantage gained using millimeter waves is offset by the strong attenuation these waves experience. The 10-cm-wavelength radar, used principally for storm warnings, cannot detect weak and no precipitation clouds well, compared with the mm radars. Compared to normal weather radar, millimeter wavelength radar has following superiorities in observing clouds: ①strong capability in detecting small particles like cloud, fog and dust; ②better resolution and precision of Doppler velocity; ③high special resolution result from its narrow beamwidth. In this paper, the status about cloud radar in and abroad about radars′ technology and application on clouds′ micro and macrophysics research, airports safe flight are introduced. Also present is a prospect on millimeter-wavelength radar.

  • Shanshan PANG, Xidong WANG, Hailong LIU, Caixia SHAO
    Advances in Earth Science. 2021, 36(2): 139-153. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.022

    In the vertical, the isothermal layer and mixed layer are two parameters governing the upper ocean structure. High salinity stratification in the surface layer often limits the mixed layer depth and thus results in the interlayer called the barrier layer between the base of mixed layer and the top of the thermocline. The barrier layer acts as a "barrier" for the transfer of heat, monmentum, mass, and nutrient fluxes between the mixed layer and the thermocline, affecting the heat budget of the surface mixed layer and resultant air-sea interaction. Owing to the implementation of global ocean observation programs, scientists have gradually realized the importance of oceanic salinity in ocean circulation and climate change in the past two decades. Thus, the role of barrier layer caused by salinity in heat balance of upper ocean is the present hotspot in physical oceanography field. Focusing on the key scientific issues centered at the barrier layer variations and its climatic impacts, three aspects of it are introduced under the review:Spatial structures and multi-scale variations of barrier layer in the world ocean; roles of oceanic and atmospheric processes in barrier layer variations; key processes and mechanisms of interactions between barrier layer and weather, climate and biology. We mainly emphasize the ocean-atmosphere interactions associated with the barrier layer variations and their cliamtic impacts. Finally, we propose several issues that remian to be solved were proposed.

  • Articles
    Fan Wei, Zhang Guangxin, Li Ranran
    Advances in Earth Science. 2012, 27(4): 413-423. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2012.04.0413

    Surface Water-Ground Water (SW-GW) interactions constitute an important link in wetland hydrologic processes, and consequently are of significance for eco-environmental evolution. Thus the interaction has important implications for the effective protection and management of the high environmental values usually attached to wetland habits. This article reviews the current knowledge of the SW-GW interactions and  the mechanisms, impact factors, interfaces effects, analysis methodologies and numerical models are synthesized and exemplified. The key findings are as follow: the SW-GW interactions are controlled by both the basic geological/hydro-geological conditions and the variations of hydrological regimes. However, its responses to the changing world should be emphasized in future due to the high sensitivity. Changes in global climate are expected to have impacts on hydrological and water supply regimes, which will in turn impose additional pressures on wetland. Subsequently the interactions among multi-interfaces integrating physical, chemical and biological processes will be enhanced for better understanding under changing conditions, and it is supposed to be counteractive to the SW-GW system extensively indeed. Concerted efforts from multidisciplinary approaches must be encouraged to elucidate the different interfaces effects, which help to understand the eco-environmental response to SW-GW interactions and provide insight into the research methodologies in return, because the interfaces effects display a function of fingerprinting to the characteristics of the interactions. Finally, the SW-GW interactions models are reviewed, and it is important to note that the models of SW-GW interactions coupling the water quantity and quality should be constructed based upon the understanding of hydrologic characteristics in wetland. To identify the information on different scales, coupling  several mechanisms and verifying  the parameters in the model are the key points in future study. Overall, the SW-GW interactions strongly influence the spatial/ temporal availability of the water resources and the structure/ function of the wetland ecosystem. Therefore, further study will be necessary to help water resources managers to deal with such issues as fiood mitigation, groundwater exploitation, and biodiversity conservation in a more integrated and sustainable manner.

  • Song Changqing,Wu Jinshui,Lu Yahai,Shen Qirong,He Jizheng,Huang Qiaoyun,Jia Zhongjun,Leng Shuying,Zhu Yongguan
    Advances in Earth Science. 2013, 28(10): 1087-1105. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2013.10.1087

    Soils are fundamental to preservation and sustainability of life-support system on Earth. Soils develop as the most dynamic and complex interface linking atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Soils harbor enormous diversities of microbial communities as the primary driving forces for global exchanges of matter and energy on our planet. Despite of its profound importance, the invisible soil microbes have for long been underappreciated. In the early 2000s, there has been growing awareness that soil microbiology has attracted huge interest from nonsoil scientists due to the introduction of threedomain phylogeny. It is also known as tree of life theory which is widely recognized as the most accurate reflection of the relatedness of all organisms and provides us with a tool to classify and elucidate the largely untapped resource of soil microbial communities. In January 2005, the Department of Earth Sciences of National Natural Science Foundation of China organized a workshop of ‘Soil Biology and Soil Processes’ with focused discussion on soil microbiology research frontiers. The workshop outlined research priorities, crossdisciplinary research opportunities, technological needs and potential breakthroughs within soil microbiology. This workshop has witnessed the rapid advances of soil microbiology in soil nutrient transformation, global environmental changes and environmental remediation over the last decade in China. This article will give a brief review on soil microbial researches in the past decade in China, present the status quo of funding system and highlight the challenge and opportunities for future soil microbiology in China.

  • Articles
    Liu Yuanbo, Fu Qiaoni, Song Ping, Zhao Xiaosong, Dou Cuicui
    Advances in Earth Science. 2011, 26(11): 1162-1172. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2011.11.1162

    Precipitation is a fundamental component of the global water cycle. It is a key hydrologic variable of the water cycle in meteorology, climatology and hydrology. Accurate observation of precipitation and its regional, global distributions has long been a challenging scientific goal. With five-decade development of space-borne sensors, the approaches to retrieving precipitation appear mature. This paper briefly describes the principles and the main types of retrieval algorithms of precipitation using visible/infrared (VIS/IR), passive-microwave (PMW), precipitation radar (PR) data, or their combinations. The VIS/IR algorithms generally had relatively low retrieval accuracy, but it could provide better long-term retrieval due to better temporal sampling of geostationary data. The PMW algorithms were more accurate but more complicated than the VIS/IR algorithms in retrieval of instantaneous precipitation, and the PMW data had low spatial and temporal resolution. Among all the PMW algorithms, the Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF) is the most widely applied one. The PR algorithm enabled capture of three-dimensional precipitation structure over the ocean and land. While the PR retrievals had accuracy on the order of ground-radar data, it had limited coverage of the Earth’s surface. The deficiencies of a single sensor algorithm were alleviated with the combination use of multi-sensors. A number of algorithms have been proposed with a particular combination of VIS/IR, PMW, and/or PR data. The commonly used algorithms include the Climate Prediction Center Morphing (CMORPH) algorithm, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) algorithm and the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) algorithm. Currently, scientific efforts have been made to compare and evaluate the existing algorithms, for example, the Program to Evaluate High-Resolution Precipitation Products (PEHRPP). With the development of instruments and algorithms of precipitation, there are produced many regional and global data sets dedicated to precipitation monitoring. The widely spread global precipitation datasets include TRMM, GSMaP and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). Each data set had its unique features in terms of spatial and temporal resolutions, typically in 3-hour and 0.25 degree. For future development, the launch of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission will improve and extend the TRMM measurements to higher latitudes, with a more frequent sampling, and a higher sensitivity to light and heavy rainfalls. Furthermore, combination of observations at different wavelengths and from both low and geostationary-orbit satellites is a promising way to produce global precipitation. The International Precipitation Working Group (IPWG) is providing a focus on the study of satellite-based quantitative precipitation measurements. With the international efforts, we are approaching to a unique retrieval of a consistent global precipitation cross multi-sensors. 

  • Zongxue XU, Chenlei YE, Ruting LIAO
    Advances in Earth Science. 2023, 38(11): 1107-1120. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2023.072

    In urban areas with infrequent rainstorms and rapid flow routing, an integrated approach combining sponge city technology and coordinated hydraulic structure management proves effective in mitigating urban flooding/waterlogging disasters, optimizing urban water resource distribution, and curbing flood cascades. This paper provides a summary of the history and research advancements of sponge city construction in China, along with an analysis of the flood prevention and drainage capabilities of sponge city technology. Subsequently, typical measures and research progress in urban hydraulic structure scheduling are summarized, and the functions of the combined use of sponge city measures and hydraulic structure scheduling in flood prevention and drainage are analyzed. Building upon this analysis and investigation, the study focuses on the downtown area of Fuzhou City to examine the roles played by the integrated use of sponge city technology and hydraulic structure scheduling in urban flooding/waterlogging prevention and mitigation.

  • Articles
    Qin Yangmin,Xie Shucheng,Gu Yansheng,Wang Junxia,Zhou Xiugao
    Advances in Earth Science. 2008, 23(8): 803-812. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2008.08.0803

    Testate amoebae (Thecamoebians, Arcellacean) are a kind of worldwide distributed rhizopoda protozoan, which are living in wet and freshwater environments.Due to their narrow niches, short lifecycle and being sensitive to environmental changes, the abundant testate amoebae fossils in sediments might provide high-resolution paleoenvironmental information. Sedimentary testate amoebae are very useful in quantitative reconstruction of sea level changes, paleohydrology, and paleoclimate, which are mainly in the studies of paleolimnology and human activities. Profound researches carried out in European and North American countries have demonstrated that testate amoebae are excellent indicators for paleoenvironmental changes. The large climatic gradient and diversity of habitats in China are ideal for the studies of testate amoebae biogeography, ecology, and paleoenvironmental reconstructions.

  • Yu LIU, Jianqiang SUN, Fengshou ZHANG, Liang TANG, Zijun DONG, Zhiqiang ZHU, Jingfu WANG, Peng SHI, You LI
    Advances in Earth Science. 2021, 36(11): 1180-1192. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.100

    In order to promote the balanced development of Environmental Geosciences, we summarized the relevant projects for this discipline supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2021. Firstly,we introduced the applications, reviews and fundings of General Program, Young Scientists Fund and Fund for Less Developed Regions, Key projects and Scientific Talent Fund projects. the subject distribution, supporting institutions and applicants of various projects were analysised in detail. Secondly, we summarized the principles of project recommendation, funding scheme and evaluation, and pointed out the main problems exposed in the process of application and evaluation, and put forward relevant suggestions. At the end of 2020, the project conclusion, project completion and research progress in the main disciplines of environmental earth science were summarized.

  • Articles
    Bai Jie, Liu Shaomin, Ding Xiaoping, Lu Li
    Advances in Earth Science. 2010, 25(11): 1148-1165. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2010.11.1148

    Sensible/latent heat fluxes can be obtained by Large Aperture Scintillometer (LAS) over several kilometers, which play an significant role in the analysis  of and application to agricultural and forestry, hydrology and meteorology research. Take LAS observations in Miyun and Guantao stations over Hai River Basin in 2008 as an example. The way of data screening and quality control under unstable conditions as well as the effect of different calculation method on sensible heat flux have been discussed. The results showed: the structure parameter of the refractive index (C2n) should be calculated with the variance of the voltage of structure parameter of the refractive index; Humidity correction can be done with daily Bowen ratio; The effective height of LAS can be calculated with spatial averaged function;  The Andreas(1988) function is  used to get reliable sensible heat flux. Meanwhile, the nonlinear regression method and dynamic linear  regression method have been used to fill the 30min and daily missing data  while the 30  min missing data under stable conditions can be set to zero. The correlation relationship between daily ET measured by LAS and EC has been constructed to estimate daily ET when daily Rn<50 W/m2. Based on the above analysis, a set of LAS data processing scheme has been set up, which ensures continuous and high quality sensible/latent data can be obtained over various surfaces and weather conditions.

  • Longzheng ZHOU, Jingong CAI, Xu LI, Jing CHAO, Zheng LI
    Advances in Earth Science. 2022, 37(7): 709-725. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2022.034

    Clarifying the occurrence, form, content, and distribution of water in shale is conducive to further understanding the internal relationship between “oil (gas)-water-rock”. This line of research has implications in guiding the generation, storage, migration, exploration, and development of shale oil and gas. Considering that the current classification of different waters in shale is complex and inconsistent, a classification approach based on the occurrence state of water is proposed combined with existing classification methods. Specifically, it categorizes water into free-state movable water, volume-filled capillary-bound water, surface-adsorbed bound water film, and structured water of ionic state. Irreducible water is the “competitor” of the storage space and an “obstacle” in the transportation channel for oil (gas). The bound water film occupies the effective adsorption sites of shale oil and gas, and the capillary-bound water blocks small pores and throats. Simultaneously, the occurrence state of water changes with changes in the minerals and organic matter, thus affecting the wettability of the reservoir and the exploration and development of shale oil and gas. In addition, the influence of minerals, organic matter, and pore characteristics on the occurrence-related mechanisms of water in shale were discussed, and thermal analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance detection methods were applied to understand the content, location, and microscopic distribution characteristics of different occurrences of water. This was done to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient development of shale oil and gas.

  • Articles
    Cui Xiangbin,Sun Bo,Tian Gang,Jiang Yunyun,Zhang Xiangpei,Guo Jingxue
    Advances in Earth Science. 2009, 24(4): 392-402. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2009.04.0392

           The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest continental ice on the earth and its mass budget and stability has an important influence on global climate change and sea level rise. Ice radar, or radio-echo sounding (RES), constitutes the principal means by which glaciologists investigate the subsurface properties of the Antarctic ice sheet. In the past fifty years, ice radar has been widely applied to measure ice sheet thickness, internal structure and subglacial morphology. These parameters are fundamental for the calculation of ice volume and mass balance as well as the reconstruction of past snow accumulation and melting rates, ice dynamics and deposition process. Now, RES has covered most regions in Antarctica and provided significant understanding of the interactions between ice sheet and global system. We briefly introduced ice radar and its technical development firstly and then mainly reviewed the progress of ice radar in investigating and researching Antarctic ice sheet thickness and subglacial topography, internal reflecting horizons, subglacial lakes and water systems, subglacial bedrock roughness and crystal orientation fabrics(COF). Finally, the prospect of ice radar in investigating and researching Antarctic ice sheet in the future and our present situation was proposed.

  • Articles
    Zhou Chuangbing, Li Dianqiang
    Advances in Earth Science. 2009, 24(5): 477-487. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2009.05.0477

           Landslides, as a common geo-hazard, can result in huge economic losses and enormous casualties in mountainous regions of the world. Therefore, the assessment of landslide hazard and risk has become a topic of major interest for both geoscientists and engineering professionals. Firstly, the significance of rainfall-induced landslides mechanism, landslides risk assessment and risk mitigation is addressed. Secondly, this paper reviews the recent advances in geo-hazards associated with landslides from the aspects of geomechanics mechanism of rainfall-induced landslides, landslides mechanism, numerical simulation of evolution process of landslides, dynamic risk assessment and risk mitigation associated with landslides. Based on the critical review, problems in the past study of the rainfall-induced landslides are examined, and some challenge issues in rainfall-induced landslides are discussed. Finally, further research directions are suggested. It is recommended that the research on geo-hazards associated with landslides should take the dynamic process of landslides as the main line, take the geomechanics mechanism as the basis, take the landslides mechanism as the key problem, and take the landslides risk assessment as the tool. The final goal is to reduce the landslides risk as low as possible.

  • Qian XU, Cunde XIAO, Yaru FENG, Zhiheng DU, Lei WANG, Zhiqiang WEI
    Advances in Earth Science. 2023, 38(5): 470-482. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2023.016

    As a result of global warming, the melting of ice-rich permafrost causes the ground to collapse, thereby creating thermokarst lakes, while the greenhouse effect caused by the concurrent release of greenhouse gases results in a positive feedback with climate warming. Microorganisms play important roles in various aspects of the carbon cycle. Understanding the mechanisms of microbial regulation of the carbon cycle in thermally melting lakes is of great significance for coping with future climate change. Therefore, by combining previous studies, this paper first elucidates the formation process of thermokarst lakes and the microorganisms inhabiting these special habitats; subsequently, the main microorganisms involved in organic carbon decomposition, methane production, and methane oxidation, and the regulation mechanisms and influencing factors are analyzed in detail. Based on this analysis, we conclude the following: The organic matter in thermokarst lakes originates from the land, while some nutrients, such as phosphates, plant biopolymers, and leucine residues, are also transported from the land to the water. With improvements in temperature and aeration conditions, the availability of most nutrients increases the genetic diversity of microorganisms and promotes their roles in organic carbon decomposition. Changes in temperature, substrate, dissolved oxygen, and microbial community affect the processes of methane production, methane oxidation, and carbon sequestration, thereby affecting the carbon cycle. Some deficiencies in previous studies are summarized, and a new research perspective is proposed to deepen our understanding of microbial involvement in the carbon cycle in thermokarst lakes. With the help of metagenomic technology and incubation, the regulatory mechanisms of microbes for the carbon cycle can be revealed more clearly, and field observations of carbon emissions from thermokarst lakes under different environmental conditions can be strengthened. Exploring the use of microbes for mitigating the negative effects of climate change should be based on the above fundamental research.

  • Jin Jie, Liu Sumei
    Advances in Earth Science. 2013, 28(2): 253-261. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2013.02.0253

    Phosphorus is a necessary nutrient utilized by marine phytoplankton. Responses of marine phytoplankton to phosphorus are closely linked with primary production, carbon cycle and nitrogen fixation. The phosphorus pools utilized by phytoplankton are summarized. Phytoplankton prefers dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and can also utilize Dissolved Organic Phosphorus (DOP) by some enzymes in phosphorus deficient regions. Utilization of various phosphorus forms by different phytoplankton species is then compared. Phytoplankton physiology studies explained differences in phosphorus availability to different phytoplankton species. Strategies of phytoplankton response to phosphorus deficiency are also summarized. Recent studies indicated phosphorus could be adsorbed onto phytoplankton cell surface. Distinguishing cell surface adsorbed phosphorus can help to assess the nutrient limitation on phytoplankton growth more accurately and to better understand phosphorus inventory and its marine biogeochemical cycle. Finally, challenges in further studies are suggested as follows: the mechanism on phytoplankton cell surface adsorbed phosphorus; the mechanism on utilization of different DOP pools by phytoplankton; the feedback and response of phytoplankton to phosphorus marine biogeochemical cycle.

  • Chunlin HUANG, Jinliang HOU, Weide LI, Juan GU, Ying ZHANG, Weixiao HAN, Weizhen WANG, Xiaohu WEN, Gaofeng ZHU
    Advances in Earth Science. 2023, 38(5): 441-452. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2023.022

    Data-driven methods with deep learning as their core have been gradually applied in Earth science; however, challenges remain regarding the interpretability of models and physical consistency. With the background of remote sensing big data, combining deep learning and data assimilation methods to develop new techniques for the simulation and prediction of terrestrial water cycle processes has become an important research direction in Earth science. Τhe progress in deep learning in recent years combines improving the quality of observation data of terrestrial water cycle components and reducing the uncertainty of physical models. Furthermore, the key scientific issues regarding data assimilation in terrestrial hydrology based on deep learning fusing remote sensing big data are classified according to the observations, physical models, and system integration: How can the temporal and spatial representativeness of samples be enhanced when deep learning inverts remote sensing products? How can a new physics-guided deep learning method be developed within the framework of data assimilation? How can the predictability of the terrestrial water cycle be improved through the “data-model” dual drive? Relevant research and exploration should help promote the in-depth application of the “data-model” hybrid modeling method in the field of hydrology and improve the simulation and prediction capacity of the terrestrial water cycle process.

  • Articles
    Du Yan, Fang Guohong
    Advances in Earth Science. 2011, 26(11): 1131-1142. https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2011.11.1131

     This paper reviews the relevant ocean dynamics study of the Indonesian Seas and Indonesian Throughflow in the last 30 years. Centred at the heart of Maritime Contininent, the Indonesian Seas connect the Western Pacific Warm Pool and Indian Ocean Warm Pool, having a direct impact on the large scale atmospheric circulations. The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), weaving through the mutli-straits and passages in the Indonesian Seas, balances the thermal and saline distribution of the world ocean. In a long time scale, ITF has an influence on the structure of general circulation and climate change. Based on the advance of the in situ observation by international cooperation, the global scientific community has a significant advance in the regional oceanography of the Indonesian Seas and ITF. Those studies include two aspects. In the study of the regional oceanography of the Indonesian Seas, this paper reviews the major advance in ocean circulation, wave dynamics, tide and mixing, ocean vertical stratifications and air-sea interactions. In the study of the ITF, which is the only ocean connection of the global conveyer belt in the tropics, this paper review the advance in the ITF pathway, vertical structure, multiscale variations, water mass origin and their influence, heat and saline transport, ITF relationship with the Pacific circulations and Indian Ocean circulations, and its impact on the large scale ocean-atmosphere interactions, etc. This paper categorizes and discusses the relevant study and proposes prospects.