In the global subduction systems, the subduction input includes normal oceanic slabs and some buoyant oceanic plateaus. Both of them will exert different geological effects on the subduction zone. Thus, performing the study on the interaction of oceanic plateau and subduction zone will be significant for understand the subduction zone geodynamics and the lateral accretion processes of continental crust. This study summarized the geological and geophysical characteristics of some typical oceanic plateaus that are currently closing to a subduction zone. These, combined with geological and geophysical features of adjacent subduction zones and some recent numerical simulation data, have been used to discuss the geological effects of the interaction between oceanic plateau and subduction zone. In the aspects of kinematics and geometry, buoyant oceanic plateaus can generally resist subduction, lead to subduction retreatment and reversal of subduction polarity, and thereby form a new subduction zone. The subduction process in some subduction zones will be terminated due to the arrival of oceanic plateaus, and the plateaus finally accrete to the mature arc/crustal margins and become part of continental crust. However, recent studies have shown that part of oceanic plateaus does not lead to the termination of the subduction process, but rather contribute to the occurrence of flat subduction, thereby result in tectonic shortening and thickening of the overlying plate in the subduction zone area, and the gradual migration of magmatic activity toward intraplate setting. Geochemically, these oceanic plateaus with enriched compositions will not only affect subduction zone lava geochemistry and the formation of hydrothermal deposits, but possibly contribute to the formation of mantle heterogeneity. Finally, this study put forward some key scientific issues on the interaction of oceanic plateaus with subduction zones, including the detailed crust/mantle structure of subduction zone, the geological and geochemical response of the island arc and backarc basin to the new subduction tectonic framework of “Oceanic plateau-Trench”, and quantitative correlations between the factors controlling whether plateaus are accreted or subducted remain unclear.

Previous sequence stratigraphy research mainly focuses on the two-dimensional seismic interpretation in its dipping direction, while the variations of sequence architectures in vertical provenance direction is the focus and difficulty of current research. This study takes the Late Pleistocene (0.125 Ma to today) shelf margin stratigraphic successions of the Qiongdongdong Basin as an typical example. The internal structure and combination characteristics of the systems tract units are established and identified, according the methods of typical stratal terminations, stratal stacking patterns, and shelf-edge migration trajectory. The systems tract in the studied sequence are classified from bottom to top, including the lowstand systems tract (LST), the transgressive systems tract (TST), the highstand systems tract (HST), and the falling stage systems tract (FSST). Among them, the part of the interface within the falling stage systems tract (WSTS) divides the FSST into early and late phases. The WSTS interface is the transitional surface for the positive to negative angle of the migration trajectory of the shelf-edge and for the stratal stacking transition from progradation to degradation. The stabilized and collapsed types of shelf-edge sequence architectures have developed in the Upper Pleistocene of the western part of the eastern Qiongdongnan Basin. With the change of relative sea-level, the stabilized shelf-edge mainly develops multi-phase shelf margin deltaic and deep-water fan deposits, while the collapsed shelf-edge mainly develops large-scale canyons and mass transport deposits. In response to the a short sea-level rising but a prominent falling cycle, the late Pleistocene shelf-edge sequences are composed of thin or undeveloped LST and TST units, and a thick FSST unit, whereas the active faults in the outer shelf locations increase the proportion of the HST unit in sequences. The pre-existing slope break geomorphology, fault activities and asymmetric sea-level fluctuation coevally lead to a diverse of the sequence architectures in the study area. The quantitative exploration of highfrequency sequence stratigraphic driving mechanisms is the future development trend of the Pleistocene stratigraphy, and this study provides a potential reference significance for the standardization of 3D sequence stratigraphic investigations.

The development of mountainous towns is limited by terrain and landforms, resulting in an urban expansion model dominated by new city construction. The geographical spatial manifestation of this model is that the construction of new cities is far from the main urban area, and the urban construction land gradually expands towards higher slopes (i.e., the gradient expansion of construction land). Although gradient expansion solves the problem of land resource scarcity in mountainous towns, it also increases the risk of geological disasters such as land subsidence. Exploring the law of gradient expansion and identifying disaster risks are paramount. The study selected three new cities with severe gradient expansion as typical case areas and used DEM to obtain the gradient expansion areas of the new areas from 2017 to 2022. Based on Sentinel-1A SAR data from 2016 to 2020, SBAS InSAR technology was used to obtain surface deformation information, revealing the spatial correlation between gradient expansion and land subsidence in the new areas. ① The results show that from 2017 to 2022, the gradient expansion phenomenon in Yan’an New Area, Liangjiang New Area, and Lanzhou New Area was significant, with gradient expansion areas accounting for 53.5%, 51.0%, and 45.2%, respectively. Yan'an New Area, which is most severely affected by terrain, has the highest proportion of gradient expansion areas, and the gradient expansion speed is consistent with the urban expansion speed trend. ② The maximum settlement velocities in Yan’an New Area, Liangjiang New Area, and Lanzhou New Area are 28mm/a, 30mm/a, and 29 mm/a, respectively. Settlement mostly occurs at the front of the expansion of the new area, and there are different scale gradient expansion areas around the settlement area. ③ The intensity of gradient expansion is positively correlated with the rate of land subsidence, and the clustering distribution of areas with high gradient expansion intensity and high ground subsidence rate indicates that urban gradient expansion accelerates the occurrence of land subsidence in the expansion area. The study has positive significance in exploring the correlation between urban gradient expansion and land subsidence and promoting sustainable development of mountainous cities.

Abstract：Ice thickness and storage are the prerequisites for glaciological studies such as predicting future glacier changes, estimating available freshwater resources, and assessing potential sea level rise. Based on ground-penetrating radar (GPR) thickness data from 31 glaciers in western China, parameters of the GlabTop 2 (Glacier Bed Topography) model was calibrated and optimized. The simulation of ice thickness on the Qiangtang Plateau and the assessment of the total amount of glacier water resources reveal the following results: ①The average ice thickness simulated by the GlabTop2 model closely matches the measured average thickness, with a correlation of 0.87 and an RMSE of 18.2 m. Overestimation and underestimation of ice thickness by the model are 9% and -17% respectively. The ice thickness distribution along flow is better captured than the distribution across flow; ②The GlabTop2 model estimates that the ice storage of glaciers on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in 2022 is (177.6±26.6) km3, with an average ice thickness of (88.2±12.3) m. The glacier volume is mainly distributed between 5 600 and 6 200 m, amounting to (148.28±22.24) km3, which accounts for 84.4% of the total glacier volume of the Qiangtang Plateau. The glacier volume in other elevation bands is relatively small.

Abstract： The occurrence of fire events is closely related to climate change and vegetation changes. A systematic study of the spatial and temporal evolutionary patterns of Holocene fire activities enables a clearer comprehension of the association between fire activity mechanisms and regional climate and vegetation changes, and contributes to the prediction of future fire evolutionary trends simultaneously. In order to comprehend the fire evolution and potential driving factors in the surrounding areas of the Andaman Sea, charcoal analysis was conducted on core ADM-C1 in the southern Andaman Sea to reconstruct its Holocene fire record. Additionally, five other charcoal records were synthesized to reconstruct Holocene fire activities in the surrounding areas of the Andaman Sea in this study. Although the nature of the changes of ignition, fire weather, and vegetation composition varied from place to place, leading to regional and local variations in fire frequency, the changes of fire event frequency around the Andaman Sea were widely synchronized under broader climate change during the Holocene. The frequency of fire activity around the Andaman Sea during the Holocene was influenced by regional variations in vegetation and precipitation, and ultimately by changes in the intensity of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Compared to the last deglaciation, our findings indicate that during 12-9 ka BP period, there was a decrease in the frequency of fire activities in the surrounding areas of the Andaman Sea, reflecting a gradual increase in Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation and woody plant abundance within this region. During 9-5 ka BP period, regional fire activity was constrained by higher Indian summer monsoon precipitation and woody plants. After 5 ka BP, an increase in regional fire activity primarily reflected a decrease in Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation. Furthermore, our research suggests that changes in El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) intensity, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phase and the location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) were related to fire activity frequency around Andaman Sea during the Holocene.

With the rapid improvement of high-performance computational resources recently, the horizontal resolution of models is gradually refined. Convection-permitting (≤4 km) models (CPMs) have become one of the main directions in the development and application of regional climate models. This paper reviewed four CPMs modeling methods, added value of CPMs compared to regional climate models with traditional resolution, and future climate projections based on a comprehensive literature review. CPMs can explicitly represent deep convection processes without using convective parameterization schemes, which significantly improves the ability to represent complex topography and surface forcing. CPMs have added value in simulating characteristics of precipitation (precipitation diurnal cycle, duration, precipitation intensity at subdaily scale, intensity of extreme precipitation with short duration), characteristics of snow (snow depth, coverage), characteristics of mesoscale convective systems (number, duration), characteristics of tropical cyclone (intensity, track), patterns of urban heat island and effects of urbanization on precipitation. There are still some challenges and uncertainties in CPMs, and in the future, higher-resolution datasets, improved cloud microphysical processes and boundary layer parameterization schemes, higher-performance computational resources can be used to further improve the ability of convection permitting regional climate simulation and application.

Abstract： The high sequestration efficiency and strong sequestration potential of land-sea interaction regions are important nature-based, long-term solutions to climate change and the achievement of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”. In order to reveal the sources and forms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the land-sea interaction stratigraphy along the south coast of Laizhou Bay, and to enrich the understanding of carbon sources and sinks in the land-sea interaction region, the interstitial water from drill core was collected from November to December 2021 and analyzed for UV-visible absorption spectra and three-dimensional fluorescence spectral signatures of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The analyses showed that dissolved organic carbon and a(320) are both characterized by large and high concentrations after the second transgression. The difference in dissolved organic matter composition and properties of terrestrial-phase interstitial water is greater than that of marine-phase interstitial water. Of the five fluorescence components identified by parallel factor analysis and matched by OpenFlour, the humus-like components contributed 77% of the total fluorescence intensity, except for the bottom stratum. The fluorescence index and biogenic index show that the core interstitial water chromophoric dissolved organic matter is dominated by the contribution of microbial reproduction activities, and the longer the burial, the more significant the microbial contribution, and there is no significant difference between the terrestrial and marine phases. The results of principal component analysis show that the compositions have some differences in different sedimentary stages, but the composition and properties of the interstitial water dissolved organic matter gradually converge as the sedimentary process occurs. The humus is highly matured in long time scales.

Seafloor methane seepage is an important source of methane and affects the global carbon cycle and extreme environmental biogeochemical cycles. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to identify modern and ancient seafloor methane seepage. During methane leakage activities, Sulfate-Driven Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (SD-AOM) is commonly developed, which changes the geochemical characteristics of pore water and leads to the formation of authigenic minerals. Among them, authigenic pyrite is one of the typical authigenic minerals of SD-AOM and can be used as a good indicator for recording methane leakage activities. This paper summarizes the geochemical and morphological characteristics of SD-AOM-derived authigenic pyrite and evaluates its potential for tracing and reconstructing seabed (paleo- ) methane leakage activities. The results show that the sulfur and iron isotopes, as well as in-situ trace elements and isotopes of authigenic pyrite, can effectively identify the SD-AOM process. In addition, there are significant differences in the morphology and content of authigenic pyrite in sediments in methane leakage environments compared with normal marine sediments, highlighting the great potential of authigenic pyrite in tracing and reconstructing seabed (paleo- ) methane leakage events.

The climate system properties influence the asymmetry in global surface air temperature evolution under changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, but it remains unclear which properties contribute relatively more significantly. Due to the insufficient samples from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) experiments, present study utilized output of 45 CMIP6 models and constructed 391 sets of experiments using a two-layer energy balance model that is both rapid and reproducible. The experimental results demonstrate that Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS), ocean heat capacity, and coefficient of vertical heat exchange in the ocean play primary roles in the asymmetry of Global Surface Air Temperature (GSAT) evolution under fixed CO ₂ concentration rise and fall. They mainly achieve this by altering the cooling rate after the peak of GSAT during the CO ₂ concentration decline period. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the climate system’s ECS, ocean heat capacity, and coefficient of vertical heat exchange in the ocean may facilitate a more scientifically realistic achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement.

The soil is currently facing serious pollution, erosion, and degradation in the background of global change, which is threatening the ecosystem stability and food security of China. Quantifying soil formation and evolution (time and rate, etc.) is a critical scientific issue in Earth sciences. Meteoric radioactive isotope 10Be (hereinafter referred to as meteoric 10Be) serves as a natural tracer, with its inventory in soil controlled by soil age, surface erosion, and chemical weathering processes. Therefore, meteoric 10Be is an effective tool for quantitatively tracing the soil formation and evolution over ten million years and has a broad application prospect. Firstly, this article summarizes and reviews the latest progress on the production, delivery, and deposition of meteoric 10Be in the Earth's atmosphere, as well as its accumulation and migration in the soil profile. The reasonable estimation of the long-term deposition rate of meteoric 10Be and its migration in the weathering zones are important challenges that urgently need to be resolved in this field. Secondly, this article introduces the main methods used by meteoric 10Be to estimate soil formation (residence) age, and formation rate, indicating soil erosion and transportation on hill slopes. The key premise for applying meteoric 10Be technology is based on an understanding of geological and environmental processes in the study area and making a rational assessment of the calculation model. With the rapid development of accelerator mass spectrometry analysis capabilities in China will effectively promote the widespread application of meteoric 10Be technology in quantitative research on soil evolution, helping to solve problems such as predicting environmental ecosystem evolution and soil conservation in arable land.

The paper summarizes recent progress in the observation, mechanism and model of landatmosphere interaction, and pointed out that the existing observational studies have not taken into account the effects of both the changes of terrestrial ecophysiology and atmospheric boundary layer on land-atmosphere fluxes. As a result, they restrict the parameterization of land surface process, parameter inversion from satellite remote sensing, and the operational application of land surface process model. In order to realize comprehensive understanding of land-atmosphere interaction and the development of land surface process models, it is pointed out that the studies on the effects of changes in terrestrial ecophysiology and atmospheric boundary layer on landatmosphere interactions and the operational application of land-surface process models are needed to be emphasized in the future, the main tasks to be concerned include: (1) three-dimensional observation of the landatmosphere interaction across the boundary layer, (2) application of multi-source data in the land-atmosphere interaction across the boundary layer, (3) development and operational application of land surface process model.

The island arc model and the oceanic plateau model of mantle plume are two popular models for the origin of crust. In contrast to the island arc model, the oceanic plateau model can well account for most of features of the Archean crust but meets fundamental challenge in explaining the water-rich feature of the magma source of the Archean crust. The recent water-induced mantle overturn model can well account for not only the water-rich feature but also several puzzling phenomena in the Archean. The whole-mantle magma ocean (MO) will separate into an outer MO and a basal MO because the crystalized mantles float at the middle mantle. The water-induced mantle overturn model shows that with the crystallization, the basal MO becomes increasingly enriched in water because the lower-mantle minerals can only contain very limited water. Since water reduces the density of the basal MO. The basal MO will eventually become less dense than the overlying solid mantle and become gravitationally unstable because of the enrichment of water. The triggered mantle overturns transport a large amount of water to the shallow part of the Earth and result in large pulses of the crust and thick subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) generations. Therefore, the Archean crust is the result of the evolution of the basal MO. Once the mantle overturns run out of the basal MO, the Archean-type crust will no longer form. Thus the water-induced mantle overturn model can well account for the global change at the end of the Archean. Similarly, the water-induced mantle overturn model can also explain other puzzling phenomena. For example, why are tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) and thick SCLM rare in Hadean, why does the source of Archean basalts remain to be the primitive mantle from ca 4.0 to 2.5 Ga, and why does only Earth have continental crust ?

Based on the reanalysis of ship-borne underway continuous data observed in 2012 and 2014, and “bottom-up” and “top-down” approaches, the combustion efficiency and CH ₄ emission rate of flaring equipped on the oil and gas platforms in the Penglai region in the Bohai Sea were studied. Results showed that peak values of approximately 11 ×10 ^-6~20×10 ^-6 and 100 ×10 ^-9~260×10 ^-9 of atmospheric CO ₂ and CH ₄ mixing ratios were observed in the downwind area of flaring. The calculated combustion efficiency of associated gas flaring was (97.8±1.1)%, which was better than most countries around the world. CH ₄ emission rate of flaring equipped on the oil and gas platforms was 3.6~6.1 Gg/a and 1.80~2.68 Gg/a, estimated by using the “bottom-up” and “top-down” approaches, respectively, indicated the flaring was hot spot source of atmospheric CH4. On the other hand, difference of results estimated by the “bottom-up” and “top-down” approaches was still remarkable, mostly due to the limit spatiotemporal representation of emission factors and observation data. This study was beneficial to promote the recycle and re-use of associated gas and reduction of CH ₄ emissions from the marine oil and gas exploitation in China.

Abstract：Understanding the composition and formation conditions of regional airborne pollen is helpful to clarify the environmental significance of different pollen assemblages. The Burkard pollen trap was used to observe airborne pollen on the northern slope of Mount Qomolangma for two consecutive years (2012 and 2013). Based on backward air mass trajectory model and source receptor models, the pathway and potential source of Alnus pollen which is the main component in autumn were discussed. The relationship between Alnus pollen and plant distribution and atmospheric circulation were analyzed as well as its environmental significance. Three main results were obtained. First, the air mass transport pathway during Alnus pollen season mainly came from the southwest direction of the sampling site. Second, the potential source area of Alnus pollen was mainly located in the middle Himalaya region including central and eastern Nepal, southern Tibet, etc, which is basically corresponded with the main air mass transport pathway. Third, the interannual changes of Alnus pollen quantity, transport pathway and potential source area may be related to atmospheric circulation. The southwest air mass influenced by upper westerly had a stronger influence on Alnus pollen. The results provide foundational insights into the climatic significance of exotic pollen on the northern slope of the Mt. Qomolangma region.

Sea-level rise (SLR) directly changes hydrology and salinity in estuarine tidal wetlands, and is one of the primary drivers of global change that significantly impacts ecosystem process. In this paper, various methodologies and experimental facilities (marsh organs, weirs, and flow-through mesocosms) for manipulating SLR are systematically reviewed. The paper provides a comprehensive summary of the effects and mechanisms associated with SLR on the fluxes and production rates of CH ₄ and CO ₂, the pathways and rates of soil organic carbon mineralization from two perspectives of SLR-saltwater intrusion and inundation increase. The saltwater intrusion due to SLR notably decreased the production rates and fluxes of CH ₄. Simultaneously, induced a shift in the pathways of soil organic carbon mineralization, transitioning from CH4 production to microbial SO24- reduction in tidal freshwater marshes. The main mechanism behind the reduction in CH ₄ flux caused by saltwater intrusion is the heightened presence of electron acceptor SO ^2- ₄, which hinders soil CH ₄ production. The impact of SLR through saltwater intrusion on CO2 emissions exhibits distinct uncertainty in tidal freshwater marshes. Due to the inherent challenges in experimentally manipulating SLR in situ, there was a scarcity of reports on the effects of SLR-related inundation increase on the fluxes and production rates of CH4 and CO2. However, some studies suggested that inundation height increase leads to a reduction in CO ₂ emissions. Additionally, the paper consolidates information on electron acceptors and microbe mechanisms associated with SLR that influence the pathways and rates of soil organic carbon mineralization in coastal tidal wetlands. Finally, the paper outlines the specific domains that warrant further exploration in future research on SLR’s impact on the production and emission of carbon greenhouse gases in estuarine tidal marshes.

：水文水资源监测是对地观测系统的重要任务之一，是支撑新时代水利高质量发展、满足“三 水”共治需求和践行“十六字”治水策略的直接有效途径，而卫星遥感技术提供了一种大范围、快速 和高精度的数据获取渠道。但是现有卫星遥感在水文水资源应用上存在多星同步观测难、应急响 应能力差和易受天气影响等问题，因此美国国家航空航天局于2022 年12 月发射了地表水和海洋地 形卫星（Surface Water and Ocean Topography，SWOT），这是全球第一颗通过多传感器协同观测全球 陆地和海洋水资源的卫星，预期将极大提升水文水资源监测的时空分辨率和精度。系统梳理了水 文水资源监测卫星发展现状、应用和技术难点等概况，并分析了SWOT 卫星的参数、科学任务、算 法流程和应用产品等内容，对我国后续卫星设计规划和数据处理关键技术有一定的参考价值。

There are a large number of rock glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. Because of its unique water storage and climate response, rock glaciers not only affect the potential solid water resources in the region, but also increase the risk of corresponding disasters, which has attracted more and more attention. Currently, there is a lack of study on the identification of rock glaciers, ice volume estimation and simulation of dynamic processes, which results in the inability to accurately assess changes in rock glaciers and their climate response characteristics in regions with no or missing data.This review systematically analyzes the distribution characteristics of rock glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings, and comprehensively investigates the research progress on the identification of rock glaciers, ice volume estimation, and dynamic processes. Due to the lack of observation data and the uncertainty of methods, there still remain many challenges in rock glacier identification, ice volume estimation and dynamic process simulation on the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. In the future, we will deeply understand the interaction mechanism between climate and dynamic processes of rock glaciers, strengthen the multi-level, multi-angle and multi-method monitoring based on Space-Air-Ground, and integrate artificial intelligence and new observation technology into rock glacier identification and ice volume estimation methods. Then, we can accurately evaluate the changes, future trends and impacts of rock glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings under climate change conditions, serving the sustainable social and economic development of the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) comprises a crucial component of terrestrial ecosystem carbon pool because of its larger storage and longer resident time. Smaller changes in the SOC pool will have a significant impact on terrestrial carbon flux and the global climate change. The mechanism of composition, transformation and stability of SOC are mainly controlled by soil microbial properties. Therefore, this paper reviews the research results on the formation, transformation and stabilization of SOC mediated by microorganisms, aiming to further understand the function of soil carbon sequestration. SOC consists of plant-driven carbon and microorganismsdriven carbon. Plant carbon is the main source of SOC. Soil microbial activity is the main driving force for SOC formation, transformation and stabilization. Soil microorganisms decompose plant carbon to form easy turnover soil particulate organic carbon through “ex vivo modification” pathway. Microbial residual carbon (MRC) produced by soil microorganisms through “in vivo turnover” pathway and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) formed by the interaction with soil clay minerals contribute to the stable SOC components, of which, the contribution rate of MRC to stable SOC was 38.74%. The equilibrium between the “priming effect” and the “ongoing buried effect” regulates the storage and stability of SOC. At the global scale, microbial activity mediating SOC change is subject to annual precipitation and soil environmental factors (SOC, TN, pH). In response to global changes, the mechanism of SOC quantity and quality controlled by coupling plant litter, microbial activity and soil matrix should be pay more attention, and Environmental dependence of microbial carbon use efficiency for understanding the carbon sequestration effect from soil microorganisms in the future.

We analyzed the submissions, acceptances, reviews, and grant funding of various projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China in the Environmental Geosciences in 2022 and, pointed out the issues we withfound during the submission and review processes. Moreover, wWe also summarizedd the main research progresseses and outcomes of the completed funding projects byin the Division of Environmental Geosciences completed at the end of 2021.