Abstract：Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an effective Earth observation method that uses the analysis of navigation satellite reflection signals to invert surface parameters. Historical research has shown that traditional GNSS-R systems mainly adopt a single polarization configuration (righthanded circularly polarized (RHCP) transmission and left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) reception, hereinafter referred to as LR polarization), and the study of scattering characteristics of other polarization combinations is relatively weak. With the advancement of technology, the scheme of using RHCP antenna to receive surface reflection signals has gradually gained attention. Meanwhile, the traditional Delay Doppler Map (DDM) processing mode of GNSS-R has low efficiency in utilizing scattering features under different observation geometries. In this context, the development of GNSS based Synthetic Aperture Radar (GNSS-SAR) technology that can effectively receive surface scattering signals across geometric configurations has become a promising research direction. This study focuses on the remote sensing exploration of the fusion technology of reduced polarization GNSS-R and synthetic aperture radar (GNSS ReSAR: GNSS Reflectometry and Synthetic Aperture Radar). Based on the dual polarization (LR and RR (RHCP launch and RHCP reception) data obtained from the Spanish airborne GLORI experiment, soil moisture inversion research was carried out, and the dual polarization GNSS-R data from the Chinese Tianmu (TM) commercial satellite was synchronously used for comparative verification. Both experiments consistently showed that the reflectance of RR polarization was about 10 dB lower than that of LR polarization, but the accuracy of soil moisture inversion based on the two polarizations was comparable. Due to the limited ability to obtain simplified polarization data, this study uses the LAGRS (Land Surface GNSS Reflection Simulator) model constructed based on radiative transfer theory to analyze other scattering characteristics of simplified polarization. By systematically analyzing the scattering mechanism and development trend of GNSS ReSAR mode, it provides theoretical reference for the evolution of the new generation GNSS-R technology to a certain extent.

Abstract：This paper analyzed the application, acceptance, and review funding overview of Marine Science and Polar Science (Application Code: D06) in 2025, summarized the project completion in 2024, and sorted out and proposed the problems found in the project management process. Overall, the number of applications for General Program, Less Developed Regions Fund, and Youth Science Fund Projects (Category C) continued to grow in 2025, with a total of 3 528 proposals and an increase of 337 proposals compared with 2024. The number of applying institutions was 497 with an increase of 98 compared with 2024. Regarding the completed projects, the standardization of the completion reports for projects completed at the end of 2024 has improved, but some projects still have problems such as inconsistent content between the published achievements and the research goals in the proposal, and insufficient condensation of major achievements.

Abstract: This paper systematically analyzes the application, acceptance, evaluation, and funding of the projects managed by the Geochemistry Discipline (Application Code: D03) in the Earth Science Department, National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2025, and analyzes the project completion and precautions in 2024. The number of applications for the General Program, Young Scientists Fund (Type C), and Fund for the Less Developed Regions in the Geochemistry discipline showed a fluctuating upward trend respectively during the 2020-2025. For two consecutive years, the number of applications for the Young Scientists Fund (Type C) has been significantly lower than that of the General Program. In the past five years, the total number of support organizations applying for projects has kept increasing continuously, and Earth’s surface geochemistry (D0310) has become a new growth point of the discipline. The General Program and Young Scientists Fund (Type C) are mainly based on “Free-exploration basic research”, while the Key Programs in the field of “Resource and energy formation theory and supply potential” are mainly based on “Goal-oriented basic research”. In 2025, four projects in the geochemistry discipline were not accepted due to reasons such as failure to provide supporting materials, recommendation letters, supervisors' consent letters, ethics committee certificates as required, and missing items in the application forms. In 2025, the review submission rates of the General Program, Young Scientists Fund (Type C), and Less Developed Regions of Geochemistry discipline were 154.7%, 154.7%, and 141.7%, respectively. The funding rates were 17.9%, 18.4%, and 11.1%, respectively. The average funding amounts were 531,000 yuan per project, 300,000 yuan per project, and 309,000 yuan per project, respectively. The funding achievements and first-labeled achievements of the General Program, Young Scientists Fund Program (Type B and Type C), and Fund for the Less Developed Regions completed at the end of 2024 need to be improved. Hereby, it is recommended that the Principal Investigator of uncompleted geochemistry projects must further understand and follow the management guidelines of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and ensure the standardization of achievements labeling, especially for the high-level achievements. In recent years, the geochemistry discipline has remained characterized by a relatively small number of applications and slow growth. In the future, on the basis of maintaining the advantageous directions of the geochemistry discipline, efforts should be made to strengthen the in-depth integration of basic research with goal orientation and national needs, and to promote interdisciplinary research, cross-disciplinary research, and transdisciplinary research to expand the depth and breadth of geochemistry research.

Abstract：Lunar and Planetary Sciences, as a core supporting discipline for deep space exploration, plays a crucial role in uncovering the evolutionary laws of the solar system, understanding the essential nature of Earth's origin, and promoting interdisciplinary integration and innovation. This article presents an overview of the application and funding of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) programs for the Lunar and Planetary Sciences Discipline, Department of Earth Sciences, in the year of 2025. Lunar and Planetary Sciences Discipline received a total of 388 proposals from 130 supporting institutions during the centralized acceptance period. In terms of research contents, approximately 70% of the proposed studies focused on the Moon and Mars, and 63.5% of the proposals exhibited a characteristic of interdisciplinary research. Furthermore, young applicants with ages from 26 to 40 formed the dominant group, constituting 72.4% of all applicants. Twenty-three projects funded from previous cycles have been concluded by the end of 2024. These projects achieved important advancements in many planetary science fields, including planetary geology, planetary space physics, and planetary atmospheres.

Abstract： As a water conservation area in the Horqin agro-pastoral ecotone, Naiman Banner boasts strontium and metasilicic acid-rich groundwater, which provides opportunities for groundwater health research and mineral water development. This study selected the southern mountainous area of Naiman Banner, Inner Mongolia, as the target area. Based on hydrogeological surveys and test data from 37 groups of groundwater samples, hydrogeochemical analysis methods were employed to reveal the spatial differentiation patterns and formation mechanisms of strontium-rich and metasilicic acid groundwater. Results indicated that the groundwater in the study area is neutral weak alkaline, with HCO3-Ca as the main hydrochemical type. The strontium content ranges from 0.24 to 1.83 mg/L, and the metasilicic acid content ranges from 14.9 to 29.9 mg/L. The strontium rich metasilicic acid composite groundwater is distributed around the Maifanshi mining area in the area. The weathering and dissolution of carbonate rocks and silicate rocks, as well as the alternating adsorption of cations, promote the enrichment of strontium in groundwater. Indoor experiments have shown that the leaching of vermiculite is beneficial for the formation of metasilicic groundwater. The study also indicates that the pore fissure aquifer in the area has the potential for industrialized development of strontium and metasilicic acid-rich mineral water, providing scientific basis for rural revitalization and coordinated utilization of geological resources.

Abstract：The farming-pastoral zone in Naiman Banner is located in the hinterland of of Horqin Sandy Land. The research on the formation mechanism and background value of groundwater hydrochemistry supports the allocation of water resources and the green development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Based on hydrogeological survey and hydrogeochemical analysis, combined with self-organizing map neural network (SOM) and K-means clustering hybrid algorithm, this study revealed the characteristics of groundwater chemical composition, main controlling factors and environmental background values. Results indicated significant spatial heterogeneity in groundwater chemistry, with HCO3-Ca·Mg as the predominant hydrochemical type and weakly alkaline characteristics. Groundwater chemical evolution is primarily driven by dissolution-precipitation of carbonate minerals and weathering of silicate minerals, and controlled by alternating positive cation adsorption. The apparent background values of Total Fe (TFe), F- , TDS and NO3-N, key indicators affecting the quality of groundwater in Naiman Banner, were 0.42~0.56 mg/L, 0.34~0.38 mg/L, 181~188 mg/L and 0.22~1.58 mg/L, respectively, which were estimated by using a coupled approach of hydrogeochemical graphic method, Grubbs test and SOM. The high background of TFe may be related to siderite dissolution, while the F- enrichment is controlled by fluorite dissolution and alternating positive cation adsorption. This research elucidates the groundwater background values and hydrochemical formation mechanisms in the farming-pastoral zone of Naiman Banner, providing scientific support for the optimization management of regional water resource, pollution prevention, and ecological conservation.

Abstract：Cold-arid regions cover more than half of China's land area, but their climatic and environmental conditions have long constrained agricultural development. To fully exploit the advantages of agroclimatic resources, expand the endowment of climatic resources, and explore localized agricultural development pathways, it is essential to scientifically understand the distribution characteristics of agroclimatic resources and study the intrinsic traits of climatic resources in China’s cold-arid regions. Based on 4 km resolution meteorological data from 2000 to 2020, this study constructed a Cold-Arid Synergy Index (CASI), integrating the dual dimensions of thermal limitation (Thermal Restriction Index, TRI) and moisture stress (Hydrological Stress Index, HSI). This index quantifies the spatial differentiation pattern of cold-arid interactive stress and analyzes the contribution mechanisms of its dominant factors. The research found that cold-arid agroclimatic zones in China account for 16.42% of the national land area, exhibiting a northeast-southwest belt-shaped distribution. CASI-based zoning revealed a five-category gradient: Grade I zones (extreme stress) are primarily located on the Tibetan Plateau; Grades II and III zones (Hexi Corridor, Inner Mongolia Plateau) form the main body of the agropastoral ecotone; Grades IV and V zones (Northeast Plain to Central Gansu) have optimal hydrothermal matching and are suitable for large-scale agricultural production. At the provincial scale, provinces such as Gansu and Inner Mongolia have over 40% of their area classified as cold-arid, with CASI standard deviations reaching 0.10–0.18, highlighting the climatic sensitivity of transition zones. LISA spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated that 28.52% of the cold-arid area comprises Low-Low clusters (LL-type), representing core advantageous production areas; 28.24% belongs to High-High clusters areas (HH-type), forming agroclimatic high-risk islands requiring targeted enhancement of climate resilience. Dominant factor analysis revealed that aridity-dominant zones account for 73%, while cold-dominant zones account for 27%, with the contribution of cold stress significantly increasing with elevation. The CASI index system constructed in this study provides a novel methodology for cold-arid agroclimatic zoning, while the zoning results offer a scientific basis for optimizing agricultural spatial layout, enabling precision resource allocation, and developing specialized industries within cold-arid regions under the context of climate change.

Abstract：Anthropogenic activities and global warming have amplified the likelihood of both heatwave and precipitation extremes. Particularly, rather than the individual extreme events, the compound heatwaves and precipitation extremes, pose severe threats to public health, socio-economics, and ecosystems. Based on the daily temperature and precipitation data from ERA5 reanalysis in the period of 1979 to 2024, this study introduced a classification of dry and moist heatwaves to analyze the frequency, magnitude, and temporal evolution of compound heatwave and precipitation extremes over China in the warm season (from May to September). The results reveal a rapid increase in the occurrence and spatial extent of such events nationwide, with an accelerated trend observed after 2000. The heatwave magnitude of temperature and precipitation extreme magnitude were found to be significantly higher than that of individual extremes, with the enhanced extremeness after 2000 than before. For comparison, the moist heatwave compound extremes were found to be concentrated in frequent occurrence regions such as the Hexi Corridor and the Sichuan Basin, while the dry heatwave compound extremes showed a nearly uniform distribution across the country. Over the past 46 years, a persistent increase has been observed in the proportion of moist heatwave-compound events. Moreover, the heatwave magnitude of temperature in moist heatwave compound extremes was demonstrated to be stronger than that in dry heatwave compound extremes, suggesting a higher risk of damage compared to individual extremes or dry heatwave compound extremes. This potential risk is projected to further escalate with ongoing global warming, which requires sustained attention and monitoring.

Abstract：The Qiangtang block, separated into North Qiangtang Block (NQB) and South Qiangtang block (SQB) by Longmuco-Shuanghu suture zone, was originated from the northern margin of Gondwana and splitting from it in the Paleozoic subsequently drifting northward to collide with Laurasia in the Mesozoic. Its drift history is particularly important to understanding the evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Tethyan geodynamics. In this paper, we compiled reliable paleomagnetic data from SQB and NQB, establishing an epoch-level Apparent Polar Wander Path (APWP) for the NQB and a paleolatitude evolution curve for the SQB during the Late Carboniferous to Late Triassic. The NQB occupied lower-middle latitudes (~20°~30°S) in the Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian, while the SQB connected with Gondwana until the Early Permian. The SQB spalled from the northern margin of Gondwana and drifted may have begun in the late Early Permian. By the Middle Permian, its paleolatitude converged to a similar position as the NQB. Subsequently, they drifted coherently northward at an average rate of 16 cm/a until early Late Triassic. The drift rate slowed during the Late Triassic. Using palaeomagnetic result together with other paleomagnetic data and geologic observations, we argue that the main domain of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean was located between the NQB and the Tarim-North China Block (i. e., Jinshajiang Ocean) during the Late Paleozoic. The Neo-Tethys Ocean opened between the late Early Permian and the Middle Permian and had a width of ~2 000 km at ~265 Ma. In late Middle Triassic to early Late Triassic time, the Paleo-Tethys Ocean is limited expanse (~1 000 km) and finally completely closed at around ~230 Ma. More specifically, using paleomagnetic data to precisely characterize the kinematic evolution of the Qiangtang block can provide important constraints on key scientific issues such as the evolutionary history of the Paleo –Neo- Tethys Ocean.

Abstract：The differential filling characteristics of pores and fractures in karst reservoirs serve as a critical indicator for reconstructing paleo-karst hydrogeological systems. The mobility and retention degree of karst water control the dissolution and filling processes in carbonate reservoirs, ultimately governing reservoir quality. Based on the tectonic and sedimentary background of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Daniudi Gas Field, Ordos Basin, this study integrates core observations, cast thin-section analysis, geochemical data (including elemental and isotopic compositions), and petrographic techniques to systematically investigate the vertical zonation of karst features and the patterns of pore-fracture filling. The implications of differential filling for tracing paleo-karst water flow pathways are also discussed. Key findings are summarized as follows:First, the Majiagou Formation is divided into two vertical karst zones: a weathering crust karst zone (sub-members Ma-5₁– Ma-5₅) and a stratabound karst zone (sub-member Ma-5₆). The weathering crust karst zone is characterized by vertical seepage fractures and horizontal subsurface flow dissolution pores, strongly influenced by paleotopography. In contrast, the stratabound karst zone is dominated by downward-infiltrating karst water,forming dissolution caves and breccias.Second, the coupling between dissolution pores and fractures in the karst reservoir is evident. Four distinct filling patterns are identified: ① both pores and fractures fully filled; ② pores unfilled but fractures fully filled; ③ pores fully filled but fractures unfilled; and ④ both pores and fractures unfilled. These patterns reflect differences in karst water saturation and mineral precipitation processes. The filling heterogeneity indicates variations in fluid chemistry and hydrodynamic conditions during diagenesis.Third, petrographic analysis reveals that fault systems acted as primary conduits for karst water flow. Geochemical parameters further constrain the fluid behavior: the weathering crust karst zone shows high Fe/Mn ratios (averaging 51.30) and significantly negative carbon-oxygen isotopic values, suggesting intense dissolution under oxidizing conditions. In the stratabound karst zone, Fe/Mn ratios vary widely (20.78~92.47), and strontium isotopic ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.711 034) exceed those of contemporaneous seawater, indicating prolonged water retention and reduced dissolution intensity during lateral flow. Fourth, the distribution of pore-fracture filling correlates with paleo-karst geomorphology. In transition areas between karst highlands and slopes (e. g., well S401), limited vertical seepage led to complete filling of pores and fractures, degrading reservoir effectiveness. In contrast, transition zones between slopes and grooves (e.g., well D126) maintained semi-open fluid systems with minimal mineral precipitation, preserving effective storage space.This study demonstrates that differential filling features of pores and fractures, when combined with paleo-karst geomorphology, fault distribution, and geochemical proxies, can effectively reconstruct karst water flow pathways and retention states. The results provide a scientific basis for evaluating karst reservoir heterogeneity and guiding hydrocarbon exploration in similar geological settings.

Abstract： Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) are one of the most critical strategic resources in the world today. However, the intensive exploitation and supply of conventional rare metal deposits—primarily those associated with alkaline igneous rocks and ion-adsorption clays, have led to mounting challenges for the rare earth industry, including declining resource security and increasing environmental pressure. This situation underscores the urgent need to seek alternative rare earth resources. Sedimentary phosphate rocks and deep sea REY-rich sediments have emerged as promising alternatives. They are widely distributed, possess large reserves, and are enriched in heavy rare earth elements. In recent years, considerable research have focused on the REY resource potential and mineralization mechanism of these two deposits. They found that there are several economically valuable the mineral concentrated area, distributing globally. Several studies have established mining and utilization models and developed REY extraction strategies. In terms of the ore formation mechanism, current knowledge suggests that the enrichment of REY in deep-sea sediments and phosphorus deposits is closely tied to phosphorus-enrichment, although these deposits have certain differences in terms of occurrence form, mineralization environment, and rare earth source, etc. Sorption at mineral-solution interface along with early diagenesis, are considered as the key processes to REY enrichment. However, Most of these studies were published in the past 15 years, and their systematicness and depth still fall short. For example, despite their potential, commercial development remains constrained by technical, environmental, and economic challenges— including mining equipment limitations, ecological risks, and uncertain market revenues. As a result, large-scale industrial extraction from deep-sea sediments has yet to be realized. Additionally, REY enrichment mechanisms is poorly understood. In the future, multidisciplinary collaboration will be essential. Collaborative research involving multiple disciplines and multiple technical methods will enable more precise estimation of resource reserves and contribute to the metallogenic enrichment theories. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the understanding of the rare earth resource replacement potential and offers perspectives for future research directions in this field.

Abstract：Urban tunnel excavation has caused frequent incidents of surface building damage, which has attracted interests from the academic community. However, there lacks case studies of surface building damage caused by deep tunnel excavation. Therefore, it is imperative to study the impacting mechanism of deep tunnel construction on surface buildings in the vicinity, the building response modes, and formulate measures for protecting surface buildings. In recent years, excessive deformations, cracks and other damage occurred in the buildings of a village in the southwest of the Loess Plateau, below which a tunnel was constructed at a depth of 210 m. Taking this tunnel as an example, the paper explores the impact of tunnel construction on surface buildings through on-site investigations, surveying and mapping, mathematical statistics, geophysical exploration, and model analysis. Crack mapping and statistical results show that building deformation, cracking and tunnel excavation exhibit a high spatiotemporal consistency. Temporally, the occurrence and development of building cracks are almost synchronous with deep tunnel construction, and crack development lags slightly behind. Spatially, the degree of development of building cracks, building settlement, and the displacement vector of building cracks are all closely related to the tunnel. Building cracks mainly develop within three times the tunnel diameter on either side of the tunnel axes in the plane. Building type has a significant impact on the response to tunnel construction which unengineered civil structures are more sensitive to tunnel construction than masonryconcrete structures, and are more prone to severe damage. The geophysical survey results indicated that when the surrounding rock stability was poor, the vibration during deep tunnel excavation would damage the original structure of the rock and soil mass, forming a channel for underground water infiltration, and leading the groundwater table drop rapidly. Saturated loess lost water and consolidated unevenly under building loads, which was the fundamental cause of ground surface building cracking. To avoid surface building cracking induced by deep tunnel construction, it is necessary to conduct detailed engineering geological exploration before tunnel construction to identify engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions, develop a reasonable construction excavation and support and underground water seepage prevention plan. It is also important to conduct long-term safety monitoring of surface buildings.

Abstract：Fire, as an integral component of Earth's ecosystem, interacts closely with climate, vegetation, and human activities, profoundly influencing ecological environments and societal development. Paleofire research enhances our understanding of the complex relationships between fire, climate, and human activities, providing critical insights for addressing increasing wildfire risks under extreme climate events. Charcoal particles, as direct proxies for paleofire activity, offer critical information through their morphological characteristics for reconstructing fuel sources, fire types, and fire-environment feedback mechanisms. This review synthesized current research on charcoal morphology and summarizes key findings: Simulated combustion experiments reveal significant morphological differences (shape characteristics and parameters) in charcoal particles derived from distinct fuel types (e. g., woody vs. herbaceous vegetation), with length-to-width (L/W) ratio proving effective for distinguishing vegetation types; Comprehensive analysis of simulated combustion data shows that charcoal from herbaceous plants exhibits a significantly larger ratio compared to charcoal from other vegetation types, with herbaceous charcoal typically exceeding ratios of 3~3.5; Although post-depositional processes and combustion temperatures may alter charcoal morphology, the L/W ratio remains a robust indicator for vegetation type identification. Charcoal morphology thus provides a methodological approach for inferring fuel types and fire types. Future efforts should focus on refining experimental protocols that simulate natural fire conditions, quantifying taphonomic biases, and integrating charcoal morphology with other paleoenvironmental proxies (e.g., pollen, stable carbon isotopes) to refine vegetation-fire-climate relationship reconstructions.

Abstract：The accelerated retreat of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau has led to mobilization and downstream transport of accumulated heavy metals, posing a potential risk to downstream ecosystems and human health. However, current research on the distribution and ecological risk of heavy metals in glacier retreat area is still limited. This study targets the monsoonal temperate Midui Glacier in southeastern Xizang and investigates the distribution and ecological risk of typical heavy metals in its debris and soils in retreat area as well as water environment. Results show that soil heavy metal contents range from 144.8 to 520.0 mg/kg, which is dominated by Zn, As and Cr with relatively large spatial variation. The contents of Cd and Hg are at low levels. Soil heavy metal levels progressively increase from the debris to the different stages of retreat area, driven by soil development, vegetation succession, and intensified human activities, with the highest contents observed in the third retreat stage. Most heavy metals (except Cu, Pb, and Hg) exhibit significant differences among the retreat stages, while correlate significantly with soil pH and nutrients. In the glacial meltwater, concentrations of heavy metals from proglacial lakes to downstream rivers vary between 3.76 and 33.37 μg/L, and remain well below Class I water quality standards. Noticeably, elevated levels are detected near the outlet of proglacial lake (Guangxie Cuo) at the Midui Glacier viewpoint and in downstream passing through a village, reflecting strong influence of anthropogenic activities. Ecological risk assessment reveals that heavy metals together pose a moderate potential ecological risk in soils, which is dominated by Cd and As, while there is no risk in water environment. These findings offer critical baseline data and a valuable case for understanding heavy metal biogeochemistry under glacier ecosystem changes on the Tibetan Plateau.

Abstract：Ice clouds are a critical component of the Earth’s weather and climate system. The orientation of ice crystals influences the scattering properties of these clouds, subsequently impacting the accuracy of remote sensing and numerical weather prediction. With the advancement of dedicated satellite programs for ice cloud observation, precise quantification of ice crystal orientation is becoming increasingly important. This review summarizes research progress in the remote sensing of ice crystal orientation. Both active and passive remote sensing techniques are systematically reviewed for their application across various spectral bands. The detection mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages of diverse remote sensing techniques are analyzed, with particular emphasis on the prospects of spaceborne terahertz radiometers. While existing techniques demonstrate some capacity for ice crystal orientation studies, quantitative retrievals remain challenging due to ice crystal complexity, observational constraints, and limitations in retrieval algorithms. Finally, future research directions are discussed, focusing on the development of novel detection instrumentation, accurate calculation of ice crystal scattering properties, optimization of radiative transfer modeling, and the synergistic integration of multi-source remote sensing datasets.

Abstract： In supergene environments, nanosized iron (hydr)oxides and phosphate minerals are widely distributed and exhibit significant sequestration effects on phosphorus (P) and rare earth elements (REEs). Although previous studies have found that both forms of P can be utilized by microorganisms, how microbial activities constrain the geochemical behavior of mineral-bound REEs during P utilization has received little attention thus far. This study investigated the utilization of Nano-mineral bound P by Microcystis aeruginosa and the associated REEs fractionation under weakly alkaline and high CO23- conditions, using ferrihydrite (Fh) and apatite (Ap) loaded with P and REEs as P sources through dialysis methods (isolating cells from minerals). Results demonstrated that M. aeruginosa utilized Nano-mineral bound P at low efficiency, while both dissolved and Nano-mineral bound REEs exhibited moderate toxicity to the cyanobacterium. In REE experiments, all solutions were enriched in heavy REEs (HREEs) after 17 day cultivation. For algal cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), REE fractionation was observed only in experiment with highly dissolved REE concentration (enriched in light REEs, LREEs) and experiment of ferrihydrite + dialysis (enriched in HREEs). Filamentous EPS preferentially accumulated middle REEs (MREEs, particularly Sm, Eu, and Gd), while secondary calcium phosphates and iron (hydr)oxides sequestered MREEs −HREEs. It is considered that: ①The selective adsorption of REE³ ⁺ under weak alkaline conditions by cells and EPS (C&E) consistently enriches HREEs in solutions; ②Cells and EPS enrichment in LREEs occurs when the REE/anion (especially CO₂^3-) ratio in solution is elevated; ③No REE fractionation in cells and EPS when REEs originate from mineral phases; ④ EPSmediated selective REE complexation from minerals may drive HREE enrichment in cells and EPS; ⑤ The preferential accumulation of MREEs−HREEs in EPS and secondary solid phases may be the underlying cause of positive anomalies of these elements in eutrophic waters. Thus, anomalies of MREEs (e. g., Eu) may serve as effective proxies for assessing the degree of aquatic eutrophication.

Abstract：As the climate crisis intensifies, the Earth & Climate System Model as a key numerical simulation tool for predicting and responding to future climate change has become increasingly important. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) aims to promote model development and deepen scientific understanding of the Earth’s climate system, and has become a core platform for international model exchange and application. This paper summarizes China’s participation in the sixth CMIP (CMIP6), and statistically analyzes the citation situation, research overview and characteristics of Chinese models in CMIP6-related studies. The results show that Chinese models are widely used and have a far-reaching impact, but lack highly cited achievements. It is necessary to integrate resources and focus on developing representative models. In addition, this paper briefly introduces the seventh Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7) under preparation, and summarizes the opportunities and challenges China faces in model development. The application prospects of Chinese models are broad, but there is still room for improvement. China should continue to increase investment in research and development, maintain international competitiveness, and be well-prepared for continued in-depth participation in global climate change governance.

Abstract：The Qilian Shan, the youngest mountain range formed by the northward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau, plays a crucial role in understanding the plateau’s expansion processes, uplift mechanisms, and the evolution of orogenic belts. Drainage system evolution responds rapidly to mountain uplift, making the study of drainage development and evolution a critical approach for investigating the uplift and expansion of the Qilian Shan. Based on chronological and provenance studies of geomorphic records, including erosion surfaces, river terraces, wind gaps and ancient river channels, and Cenozoic sedimentary strata, the current research on drainage system evolution in the Qilian Shan has yielded the following findings and insights: ① The formation and evolution of the upper reaches of the Yellow River in the eastern Qilian Shan involve a process of drainage reorganization driven by tectonic uplift or climate change, characterized by headward erosion and river capture; ② Research on river terraces in the Shiyang River and Heihe River basins of the northern Qilian Shan, as well as in the Lanzhou Basin of the eastern Qilian Shan, indicates climate change and tectonic uplift independently govern the timing (transitions between glacial and interglacial periods, and interglacial periods) and extent of river incision; Since the Holocene, terrace formation has been primarily driven by climate change, with river incision occurred during warm and humid periods; ③ River terraces reliably record the evolution processes of major tributaries of the Yellow River in the eastern Qilian Shan, including the Huangshui River (flow reversal) and the Datong River (river capture); ④ Study of chronology, provenance, and paleohydrology of Cenozoic sedimentary strata in the Yumu Shan of the northern Qilian Shan, as well as the Wulan and Chacha basins of the southern Qilian Shan, has reliably reconstructed the regional drainage evolution history, highlighting the significant potential of sedimentary strata for reconstructing reliable and detailed record of drainage evolution. Simultaneously, numerous critical issues remain unresolved, necessitating further investigation. Future research is expected to prioritize and emphasize in-depth studies on geomorphic surface and sediments dating, the integration of multi-source methods for provenance analysis, continuous exploration of geomorphic features, as well as advancements in numerical simulations and simulation modeling studies.

Abstract： During more than 50 years of continuous research and technological innovation, China's Fengyun Meteorological Satellite System has got significant achievement. 21 Fengyun satellites have been launched. Currently, 9 of them are operating stably in orbit, forming a comprehensive observation system that includes geostationary orbit and sun synchronous polar orbit satellites. By reviewing the development history and current status of Fengyun meteorological satellites and remote sensing instruments, the effectiveness of ground segments in data reception, processing, and operation, as well as the construction and service of application systems, the technical capabilities of Fengyun meteorological satellites, their ground segments and application systems have been analyzed comprehensively. Through comparative analysis with major countries around the world in terms of meteorological satellite network observation, remote sensing instrument technology, and ground segment operation capabilities, it is found that Fengyun Meteorological Satellites not only have a complete orbit layout and remote sensing instrument configuration, but its remote sensing instrument detection capability has reached the international advanced level, although some performance indicators still have room for improvement. The ground segments have established an efficient data reception, processing, and service process, with advanced data pre-processing technology and sub-pixel level geolocation accuracy. The radiometric calibration accuracy is 3% in the visible band and 0.2 K in the infrared band. In addition, the Fengyun Meteorological Satellite System has established a comprehensive and complete quantitative product system for atmospheric, land, marine, and space weather, and has established a radiation correction field for Chinese remote sensing satellites, and carried out authenticity verification of remote sensing products. Fengyun satellite data has been widely used in various fields such as weather forecasting, climate change research, ecological environment monitoring, and natural disaster warning, and its application level is constantly improving. In the future, the Fengyun meteorological satellite observation system aims to evolve towards establishing a hybrid-architecture space observation system, achieving comprehensive and precise perception of observation elements, enabling intelligent and efficient operation of satellite-ground systems, integrating emerging technologies in data processing, expanding remote sensing application scenarios, and fostering international cooperation and sharing.

A new framework for studies of climate change projections and disaster risks oriented towards carbon neutrality was built up, based on a division method of positive emissions period-net zero period-net negative period. Focusing on main Belt and Road regions, future mean and extreme climate change projections and disaster risks oriented towards carbon neutrality were systematically addressed under SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6 sustainable development pathways. It is projected that over global carbon neutrality or net-zero periods, climate change will exhibit new characteristics and patterns, and disaster risks will undergo new changes over the main Belt and Road regions. The newly developed framework provides a new scheme for climate change projections and disaster risks assessment. It is proposed that the seventh assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the other future assessment report on climate change should include climate change projections and disaster risks assessment oriented towards carbon neutrality, which can provide new scientific knowledge for jointly dealing with climate change and achieving sustainable development. In addition, the role and application of Artificial Intelligence in future climate change projections and climate disasters assessment are discussed.

Abstract：Short-duration heavy precipitation is one type of the most important severe convective disaster weather in China, which is prone to cause urban waterlogging and secondary geological disasters such as mountain torrents, mudslides, and landslides. This paper reviews the main progress in short-duration heavy precipitation in China in recent years, and compared the relevant research findings of the United States and Europe briefly, covering the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and diurnal variation characteristics of short-duration heavy precipitation; the atmospheric circulation situation and environmental conditions for the occurrence and development of short-duration heavy precipitation in major regions of China; the radar echo characteristics and raindrop characteristics; the impact of topography and urbanization on short-duration heavy precipitation and its mechanism; and then the application of artificial intelligence in the potential forecasting, short-term forecasting, and nowcasting of short-duration heavy precipitation in China. With global warming, the frequency and intensity of short-duration heavy precipitation are increasing. In the future, it is necessary to further study its formation mechanism and environmental conditions, improve the spatiotemporal resolution of observations, strengthen the application of new observation data, enhance the forecasting capability of highresolution rapid update cycle assimilation numerical weather prediction models through the fusion analysis of multi-source and dense observation data, optimize the deep learning model and algorithm, especially in the development of large deep learning models to enhance the forecasting and early warning capabilities for shortduration heavy precipitation.

Abstract： Long-term observations and data analysis of the Earth’s middle and upper atmosphere, an important region for the study of atmospheric processes and even climate change for the study of human activities and climate change, are still sorely lacking. Terahertz limb-sounding technology can obtain atmospheric profiles all day and near all-weather with high vertical resolution (about 1~5 km), and is particularly sensitive to some of the halogen gases associated with ozone depletion which is an important method to measure the Earth's middle and upper atmosphere parameters. The Earth’s middle and upper atmosphere constitutes a crucial region for studying atmospheric processes and even climate change. However, there remains a significant lack of long-term observational data and comprehensive analysis for this atmospheric layer. Terahertz limb sounding technology has emerged as a vital tool for measuring atmospheric parameters in these regions, capable of obtaining atmospheric profiles with relatively high vertical resolution (1~5 km) under near-all-weather conditions with diurnal availability. Particularly sensitive to halogen gases associated with ozone depletion, this technology offers unique advantages. Focusing on terahertz limb sounding technology, this study systematically reviews the technological evolution and current status of terahertz payloads: While existing systems have successfully achieved high vertical resolution measurements of multiple trace gases in the middle and upper atmosphere, current payloads still face challenges such as bulky system configurations and inadequate noise suppression capabilities. Based on newly developed prototype payloads, next-generation terahertz detection systems primarily emphasize advancements in low-noise and miniaturization technologies. Regarding data processing, conventional physical retrieval algorithms suffer from low computational efficiency. The introduction of artificial intelligence technology demonstrates potential to significantly enhance retrieval efficiency while maintaining accuracy. Future development urgently requires breakthroughs in core technologies including terahertz low-noise receivers and high-resolution digital spectrometers, which will further propel the advancement of terahertz limb sounding technology in China.

The Three Rivers Source Region (TRSR) is an important water source and ecological reserve in China, and revealing the changes in the characteristics of its freeze-thaw index can provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the local permafrost environment as well as the response to climate change. In this study, the temporal and spatial characteristics of the Air Freezing and Thawing Indices (AFTI) in the TRSR for the period 1979-2022 were analyzed using the day-by-day air temperature data from a high-resolution near-surface meteorological forcing dataset for the Third Pole region (TPMFD) by means of air freezing and thawing index and other methods. The results show that the mean value of the freezing index in the TRSR over the past 44 years is 1 930.23 °C·d, exhibiting a spatial pattern of gradually decreasing from west to east. In contrast, the thawing index displays an opposite spatial pattern with an average value of 879.25 °C·d. Overall, the freezing index in the TRSR has shown a fluctuating decreasing trend at a rate of -10.01 °C·d/a for the last 44 years with an abrupt change in 2001, while the thawing index has shown a fluctuating increasing trend at a rate of 6.29 °C·d/a with no significant abrupt change. Altitude, as a key factor of freezing and thawing indices in the TRSR, showed a significant correlation, and for every 100 m increase in altitude, the thawing index in the TRSR decreased by about 87 °C·d, and the freezing index increased by about 107 °C·d.

Deep space exploration, serving as a pivotal avenue for uncovering the universe's mysteries and fostering sustainable development, has emerged as the foremost strategic frontier in space technology. After decades of development, this technology has been widely used in the exploration of various celestial bodies in the solar system. In February 2015, the first deep space exploration satellite targeting the Earth, the Deep Space Observatory (DSCOVR), was successfully deployed at the Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 1 (L1), providing new perspectives and data for the study of Earth system science, while also posing new challenges to traditional satellite data research. This paper comprehensively analyzes more than 100 related papers and conference summaries published on the official website of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) since the launch of DSCOVR. From the three levels of basic research, applied research and special research, this paper comprehensively reviews the development status, advantages and future development direction of deep space earth observation. This study reveals that deep space Earth observation can integrate existing satellite-aircraftground systems, establishing a benchmark for multi-source data fusion to create globally comprehensive, highfrequency temporal, and multi-spectral datasets for an integrated Earth observation system. It provides temporally consistent, spatially continuous, and spectrally stable global observation data, showing significant potential in the study of large-scale geophysical phenomena across the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Future advancements in sensor innovation, optimized detection technologies, and diversified observation points are expected to enable all-temporal, all-directional, and all-dimensional Earth observation. This will enhance our understanding of physical, chemical, and biological systems on Earth.

To investigate the evolution of extreme runoff at the regional scale and its climatic driving mechanisms, the Huangshui River Basin, sensitive to climate change, was selected as a case study. Daily average flow data were collected from seven stations within the basin. Mann-Kendall (M-K) trend analysis and mutation tests were used to assess the interannual variation of extreme runoff and its associations with extreme precipitation and extreme high temperatures.The results show that over the past 60 years, the extreme high flow index in the basin has decreased significantly, while the extreme low flow index has increased notably. The frequency index did not show any significant trend, but all indices demonstrated persistence. A mutation in the high flow index occurred around 2000, while mutations in the low flow and frequency indices were noted in 2010. In terms of cycles, a short cycle of approximately three years was observed for all indices. Additionally, the frequency index exhibited a long cycle of 32.5 years. The variations in runoff were significantly related to an overall increase in extreme precipitation intensity, a decrease in precipitation duration, and the intensification of extreme high temperatures in the basin. Extreme high flow was positively correlated with extreme precipitation and negatively correlated with extreme high temperatures. In contrast, extreme low flow showed a primary positive correlation with extreme high temperatures, with a less significant correlation to extreme precipitation. These findings provide important insights for the utilization of water resources and flood disaster reduction in the Huangshui River Basin.

Deriving shape factor in analytical models for flow in double-porosity media is partially empirical. This study proposes a new flow equation and new shape factor for matrixes without empirical derivations in considering the problem of the standard pumping test in double-porosity confined aquifers. For a single fracture-strip matrix medium, a new analytical model incorporating the new flow equation and new shape factor is developed; the analytical solution is derived. For a fracture network-matrix medium, a finite element solution depending on the new flow equation and new shape factor is built without discretizing the space in each matrix. Results show the shape factor for the strip matrix is the reciprocal of the square of the matrix width, for the circular matrix is the reciprocal of the square of the radius, but for other shapes of matrix is an empirical parameter. The relative error of the fracture drawdown predicted by the analytical solution with the new shape factor is less than 5%. The relative error considering existing shape factors is, however, about 99%. When the ratio of the fracture area to the total medium area (defined as fracture density) exceeds 62%, the fracture networkmatrix medium can be regarded as a double-porosity continuous medium. The finite element solution has applied to a field standard pumping test.

It is of great significance to clearly define the mineral deformation and slip system for in-depth analysis of the intrinsic mechanism of mineral response to external stress and temperature, as well as its rheological weakening process. The rapid development of science and technology and its deep integration in the geological field provide an opportunity for detailed analysis of structural deformed behavior and mechanism. This study takes quartz and amphibole in typical naturally deformed rocks as examples. Based on microstructure analysis, the comprehensive analysis was conducted on the massive mineral lattice preferred orientation data accumulated using the Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) probe mounted on the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). Based on microstructural features, EBSD mapping data, dislocation geometry types, and properties, a detailed analysis method for grain boundary trace and misorientation (axes) is elaborated. It is revealed that strain adjustment and grain refinement process of the quartz are mainly through the {m} slip system dominated by subgrain rotational recrystallization mechanism in quartz veins. It is also found that in mylonitic amphibolites, the amphibole porphyroclasts exhibit strong deformation behavior of fine-grained under the dominance of subgrain rotational recrystallization. The amphibole exhibits the interaction of multi-slip systems dominated by the [001] direction through dislocation creep in the banded amphibolites. Therefore, combining the EBSD grain boundary trace with the misorientation axis analysis method and microstructure features can completely count the micro-geological information (composition, shape, grain size, orientation, boundary, strain, etc.) of deformed minerals, and well reveal the orientation evolution law from the grain interior to between grains (or matrix). Moreover, the dominant slip system in the mineral deformation process can be effectively defined and related to the deformation environment, which has important geological significance.

Abstract： The prediction of borehole collapse pressure plays a key role in drilling safety, reducing construction cost and realizing efficient drilling. The fracture development in complex ultra-deep geological conditions has a great influence on the prediction of borehole collapse pressure. The conventional methods are mostly based on finite element simulation for 3D geomechanical modeling and 3D collapse stress prediction. Although the method is highly accurate, it requires huge computing power resources. In order to solve this problem, an efficient and fast in-situ stress modeling method flow driven by seismic data is proposed in this paper, which is then used for 3D collapse pressure prediction. Firstly, combined with multi-scale data of pre-stack seismic and rock mechanics logging, a combined spring model with curvature properties is established to complete the efficient and rapid modeling of three-dimensional in-situ stress field, and is used to calculate threedimensional borehole stress. Secondly, based on the maximum likelihood attribute, the fracture development is obtained from 3D seismic data to provide 3D weak surface attribute parameters for the study area. Finally, the collapse model of sliding along fracture plane is calculated by using Mohr-Coulomb criterion, and the collapse pressure prediction of fractured formation is realized from one-dimensional logging data to three-dimensional working area. The method is applied in the woodworking area of Tari, and the results show that the prediction results of the model are in good agreement with the measured data, reaching 93.79%. The prediction results of collapse pressure are in good agreement with the interpretation results of formation microresistivity scanning imaging, which verifies the feasibility of this method in predicting borehole wall collapse events. This study can realize the rapid modeling of collapse pressure with high precision, and effectively provide an integrated solution of geological engineering for drilling construction in ultra-deep and complex areas.

Abstract：The thermal regime of soil is vital for indicating the presence and thermal stability of permafrost. To investigate the long-term changes in the thermal regime of permafrost in the Headwater Area of the Yellow River (HAYR), we first constructed a mathematical model for soil heat transfer to simulate the dynamics of ground temperatures at six boreholes using the HYDRUS-1D model. The reliability and applicability of the model were confirmed through parameter calibration procedures. Subsequently, the changes in permafrost thermal regime from 1979 to 2018 in the HAYR were simulated using monthly air temperature data extracted from the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD). The model simulations revealed an abrupt change in mean annual ground temperature in the HAYR after 1999. Prior to 1999, the changing rates were from ?0.037 to 0.026 °C/a, whereas after 1999, they ranged from 0.006 to 0.120 °C/a. The abrupt increase in mean annual air temperature in 1998 and the occurrence of extreme climate disasters in 1999 were identified as the primary reasons for the sudden changes in permafrost thermal regime in 1999. The rise in permafrost temperature and the decrease in its thermal stability are expected to have various impacts on the water resources conservation function and biogeochemical cycle. This study can provide scientific and technological support for clarifying the response patterns of plateau permafrost to climate change and for strengthening zoning and control of the ecological environment in the HAYR.

Abstract：To improve the understanding of the formation mechanism and forecast accuracy of severe convective winds（SCWs）, the important achievements of the formation mechanism and forecasting methods of severe convective winds and related convective systems were reviewed. Firstly, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of severe convective wind in the world are briefly introduced. SCWs in China mainly occur in the eastern region, with high-frequency areas in northern North China, central and southern Northeast China, and Guangdong Province. Then, the relationship between the organizational modes and structural features of the parent convective systems that generates SCWs, the influence of atmospheric environmental conditions, forecasting methods are summarized. Squall lines and bow echoes are important convective systems that generate SCWs, especially strong SCWs. The rear inflow jet and meso-γ-scale vortices in squall lines or bow echoes are important structural features that generate SCWs. The environmental conditions and forecasting methods for SCWs are summarized. The environmental thermal and dynamic factors can affect the generation and intensity of SCWs, but the intensity of convective activity mainly depends on the covariant relationship between convective effective potential energy and vertical wind shear. Numerical model forecasting, physics-based methods (ingredients-based method), and deep learning/machine learning methods are currently the main methods used in short-term forecasting operations for SCWs. Finally, it is indicated that the following issues associated with SCWs in China should be studied, including detailed spatiotemporal distribution characteristics, formation mechanisms of SCWs under different environmental conditions, and forecasting methods.

Abstract：The study of source-to-sink systems is an important field of research focused on understanding the entire process of material transport from source areas, such as mountain ranges or other landforms, to sink areas like river basins, lakes, or the ocean. This process involves the weathering of parent rock, the erosion of materials, their transport via various agents (such as wind, water, or ice), and their eventual deposition at sink locations. Analyzing this system helps reveal dynamic surface changes, material cycling mechanisms, and how these processes respond to environmental shifts over time. Understanding these complex processes is crucial for a variety of scientific fields, including geomorphology, environmental science, and natural resource management. Traditional methods used to study these systems, such as field observations and laboratory analyses, often face several limitations. Data availability, low spatial-temporal resolution, and ambiguity in interpretation make it difficult to capture the rapid and dynamic changes occurring in natural systems. Furthermore, these methods are not well-suited for analyzing long-term evolutionary processes or large-scale systems. As a result, numerical modeling has become a critical tool in the study of source-to-sink systems, addressing these traditional limitations by simulating complex processes over varying spatial and temporal scales. These models provide more quantitative insights into the dynamics of erosion, transport, and deposition under different environmental conditions.This paper highlights five key numerical tools commonly used in source-to-sink research: Dionisos, SEDSIM, Landlab, goSPL, and Delft3D. Each tool has specific advantages that make them suitable for different research needs. Dionisos, for instance, is particularly effective for modeling large-scale, long-term basin filling processes, but it may not be as effective for simulating small-scale, dynamic changes. SEDSIM, which is based on hydrodynamic equations, offers highly accurate results, especially in clastic sedimentary processes, though it tends to be slower and more focused on specific types of sediments. Landlab is highly customizable and capable of multi-process simulations, but it requires advanced programming skills for its effective use. goSPL excels at handling global-scale, high-resolution simulations, though it struggles with localized phenomena and demands significant computational resources. Delft3D, meanwhile, is ideal for small-scale, fine-detail simulations, particularly in coastal, riverine, and lacustrine environments, although it faces challenges in large-scale applications.As computational power continues to grow and algorithms improve, future advancements in sourceto- sink modeling are expected. The integration of big data and AI will likely play a key role in driving further developments, enabling more accurate predictions, facilitating multidisciplinary integration, and fostering the intelligent evolution of the field.

Abstract：Carbon neutrality is a crucial strategy for combating global warming, and Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) are key to achieving this goal. The ocean, as the largest carbon reservoir on Earth, plays an irreplaceable role in regulating the global carbon cycling and holds significant potential for negative emissions. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is regarded as a highly efficient and ecologically beneficial negative emissions technology. This technology not only increases ocean alkalinity by adding alkaline minerals to seawater, thereby enhancing the absorption of atmospheric CO2, but also improves the buffer capacity to resist the ocean acidification. This study introduces the mechanisms and advancements in ocean alkalinity enhancement research at multiple scales, based on the dissolution theory of carbonates in the ocean. Assessing the potential for negative emissions and associated costs reveals several challenges regarding implementation pathways, environmental impacts and public acceptance. Considering the specific conditions of China's coastal regions and the characteristics of ocean alkalinity enhancement technology, the study proposes the pathway integrated with wastewater treatment plant and coastal engineering. Furthermore, it presents an innovative concept on the application of ocean alkalinity enhancement and enriches the scientific understanding of blue carbon sinks.

阿里地区作为高寒荒漠草原的代表区域，是青藏高原独有的荒漠草原类型。其相对花粉 产量和相关花粉源范围，是基于花粉进行植被和气候定量研究的重要参数之一。基于阿里地区37 个样点的现代表土花粉和植被数据，利用ERV模型的不同子模型，以藜科花粉为参考种，估算了禾 本科、藜科、蒿属、菊科、十字花科和委陵菜属6 种主要花粉类型的相对花粉产量及相关花粉源范围。 结果显示，子模型2 估算结果最为理想，计算得到的研究区相关花粉源范围为1 550 m。主要花粉类 型的相对花粉产量如下：藜科（1.000），蒿属（1.286±0.058），菊科（0.689±0.043），委陵菜属（0.139± 0.008），十字花科（0.763±0.063）和禾本科（0.003±0.006）。留一法和REVEALS 模型检验表明，上述 相对花粉产量和相关花粉源范围结果均较为可信，可应用于区域植被重建。

Abstract： Statistical analysis was conducted on submission, acceptance, review and grant funding of various projects managed by the discipline of Environmental Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2024. Academic achievements of the completed projects in 2023 were partly summarized according to research subjects. This might provide enlightenment for potential project applicants.

Abstract：The application, peer-reviewing and funding statistic data of different types of projects in the Marine and Polar Sciences Division (Code: D06) in the Department of Earth Science at National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in the year of 2024 are analyzed in this article. Issues found in the management of NSFC funds are summarized as well. The information could help researchers to improve the quality of their proposals for NSFC funds and final reports of completed projects. In summary, D06 received proposals in General Program, Youth Science Fund, and Less Developed Regions Fund from 409 institutions in 2024, 46 more than last year. The number of proposals received in D06 raises to a new record of 3 191, 702 more than last year. In terms of final reports of completed projects, more projects added NSFC project number into the acknowledgement of their publications. However, the quality of some final reports could still be improved according to the rules.

Abstract：The DivisionⅤ(Atmospheric Sciences Discipline) of the Department of Earth Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), has successfully completed the application, mail review, panel review, and funding results summaryof 2023 as scheduled. In terms of project applications, the Atmospheric Sciences Discipline received 2 312 applications for General Program, Young Scientists Fund, and Fund for Less Developed Regions in 2024, with an increase of 19.9% compared to 2023. From the perspective of review results, the comprehensive scores of the mail reviews for these three types of projects in 2024 were slightly lower than those in 2023.When determining the priorityprojects for panel review, the discipline layout wasconsidered.Two sections (i. e., the second-level application codes D0509 to D0515) were appropriately tilted toward the Supporting Technology and Development Fields. Under the equal conditions, preference was given to female applicants. After the panel review, the Atmospheric Science Discipline funded a total of 423 projects in the above three types, and successfully completed the funding plan determined by the Earth Science Department.With the aspect of concluding achievements, a total of 337 projects were completed in 2023, with the indicators such asthenumberof publications slightly increased compared to 2022.

Abstract： National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) is the main funding institution of fundamental research in China. Geography (or geographical science), as an important component of Earth sciences, is a fundamental discipline that studies the patterns of spatial differentiation, temporal evolution processes, and interaction mechanisms of natural factors, human elements, geographic information, and geographic complexes. It mainly includes three sub-disciplines: human geography, physical geography, and information geography. The acceptance of grant project application, the review of proposals, and the evaluation of project reports for the geography discipline are centrally managed by the Division of Geography in the Department of Earth Sciences of NSFC. This paper introduces the application and acceptance, review process, deliberation, and funding status of the NSFC projects for the three major sub-disciplines of geography during the 2024 annual centralized acceptance period. A statistical analysis was conducted on the research outcomes of projects completed at the end of 2023, highlighting the main research advancements achieved by some selected projects.

Abstract： This paper systematically analyzes the application, acceptance, evaluation, and funding of the projects managed by the Geochemistry Discipline (Application Code: D03) of the Earth Sciences Department of National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2024, and analyzes the project completion and precautions in 2023. In 2024, the total number of applications for geochemical projects increased by 21% compared to 2023, among which the number of general projects increased by 45.5%. In the past four years, the total number of supporting units applying for projects has kept increasing continuously, and Earth’s surface geochemistry (D0310) has become a new growth point of the discipline. The general projects and youth projects are mainly based on “free-exploration basic research”, while the key projects in the field of “resource and energy formation theory and supply potential” are mainly based on “goal-oriented basic research”. In recent years, geochemistry discipline has remained characterized by a relatively small number of applications and slow growth. In the future, in-depth research and discussions should be conducted on how to maintain the inherent strengths in isotopic theories and technologies within the geochemistry discipline, guide the deep integration of basic research with target orientation and national needs, and promote the deep intersection and integration of geochemistry discipline with other disciplines. While expanding the direction of the field, efforts should be made to create highquality and advantageous disciplinary directions in geochemistry.

Abstract：To better understand the application status of geological science funding projects, improve the quality of proposals and final reports, and identify the current research hotspots in this discipline, this article analyzes the application, review, and funding situation of geological science projects (Code D02) in 2024. It examines issues in the acceptance and review process, and summarizes the completion of the 2023 annual closing projects along with the main research progress across various disciplines. Additionally, using the proposals for the general and young scientists funds related to Earth’s ecosystem evolution and energy fields in 2024 as samples, the word cloud analysis method is employed to statistically analyze the keywords in these proposals. This analysis reveals the research hotspots in this field and each sub-discipline, providing a valuable reference for scientific researchers applying for projects.