In the global subduction systems, the subduction input includes normal oceanic slabs and some buoyant oceanic plateaus. Both of them will exert different geological effects on the subduction zone. Thus, performing the study on the interaction of oceanic plateau and subduction zone will be significant for understand the subduction zone geodynamics and the lateral accretion processes of continental crust. This study summarized the geological and geophysical characteristics of some typical oceanic plateaus that are currently closing to a subduction zone. These, combined with geological and geophysical features of adjacent subduction zones and some recent numerical simulation data, have been used to discuss the geological effects of the interaction between oceanic plateau and subduction zone. In the aspects of kinematics and geometry, buoyant oceanic plateaus can generally resist subduction, lead to subduction retreatment and reversal of subduction polarity, and thereby form a new subduction zone. The subduction process in some subduction zones will be terminated due to the arrival of oceanic plateaus, and the plateaus finally accrete to the mature arc/crustal margins and become part of continental crust. However, recent studies have shown that part of oceanic plateaus does not lead to the termination of the subduction process, but rather contribute to the occurrence of flat subduction, thereby result in tectonic shortening and thickening of the overlying plate in the subduction zone area, and the gradual migration of magmatic activity toward intraplate setting. Geochemically, these oceanic plateaus with enriched compositions will not only affect subduction zone lava geochemistry and the formation of hydrothermal deposits, but possibly contribute to the formation of mantle heterogeneity. Finally, this study put forward some key scientific issues on the interaction of oceanic plateaus with subduction zones, including the detailed crust/mantle structure of subduction zone, the geological and geochemical response of the island arc and backarc basin to the new subduction tectonic framework of “Oceanic plateau-Trench”, and quantitative correlations between the factors controlling whether plateaus are accreted or subducted remain unclear.