Mountain glacier ecosystems contain diverse habitats, including ice, snow, meltwater, cryoconite, sediment, debris, and soil. These habitats harbor unique biomes that are dominated by cold-tolerant microbes. Mountain glaciers have responded strongly to climate change and have considerably shrunk in size over recent decades. Mountain glacier ecosystem was divided into supraglacial zone, englacial zone, subglacial zone, and proglacial zone, according to the vertical stratifications, horizontal locations, environmental characteristics, and trophic types of colonized microbes. This study reviewed research focused on the physiological characteristics, community composition, and diversity of the microbial community and ecological factors driving their distributions in these four zones. The studies (2010-2022) about the microbial communities in mountain glacier ecosystems that were reviewed mainly investigated the following: \mathrm{①} isolation and culture of psychrotrophs and psychrophiles; \mathrm{②} characteristics of microbial community composition and diversity; \mathrm{③} microbial community assemblage and succession processes; \mathrm{④} biogeochemical cycles driven by the microbes; and \mathrm{⑤} interactions between ecological factors and the microbial community. Most of the studies were conducted in the proglacial and supraglacial zones and mainly focused on the composition and diversity of the bacterial community. In future studies, all zones should be considered as an integrated system to conduct long-term monitoring and investigation of multiple microbial communities in different habitats. They should also focus on microbial interactions and functions. This study improves understanding about the ecological processes mediated by microbes and their ecological roles in extreme environments, both of which have implications for maintaining the stability of glaciers and surrounding ecosystems.