Research on Air-sea Flux and Influencing Factors of Methane in a Typical Mariculture Along the Southeastern Coast of China: the Sansha Bay

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2024.088

Advances in Earth Science ›› 2024, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (11): 1156-1168.DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2024.088

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Research on Air-sea Flux and Influencing Factors of Methane in a Typical Mariculture Along the Southeastern Coast of China: the Sansha Bay

Lingyi LEI¹^,²(), Feipeng WANG², Kunpeng ZANG³, Xiaolong LÜ², Zhi ZHANG², Liyang YANG¹, Jingli MU²()

^1.College of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
^2.Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350122, China
^3.Zhejiang Innovative Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China

Received:2024-09-09 Revised:2024-10-20 Online:2024-11-10 Published:2025-01-17
Contact: Jingli MU
About author:LEI Lingyi, research area includes marine environmental science. E-mail: 996337587@qq.com
Supported by:
the Special Fund for Promoting High-Quality Development of Marine and Fisheries Industries in Fujian Province(FJHJF-TH-2023-3);Guidance Project of Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Program(2023N01010293)

中国东南沿海典型养殖海湾：三沙湾海—气界面甲烷扩散通量及影响因素研究

雷灵逸¹^,²(), 王飞鹏², 臧昆鹏³, 吕小龙², 张智², 杨丽阳¹, 穆景利²()

^1.福州大学环境与安全工程学院，福建福州 350108
^2.闽江学院地理与海洋学院福建省海洋生物多样性保护与永续利用重点实验室，福建福州 350122
^3.浙江工业大学浙江碳中和创新研究院，浙江杭州 310014

通讯作者: 穆景利
作者简介:雷灵逸，主要从事海洋环境科学研究. E-mail：996337587@qq.com
基金资助:
福建省促进海洋与渔业产业高质量发展专项资金(FJHJF-TH-2023-3);福建省科技计划项目引导性项目(2023N01010293)

Abstract

Abstract:

Evaluating the distribution and sea-air fluxes of dissolved methane (CH₄) in mariculture areas is important for understanding how aquaculture contributes to regional CH₄ emissions into the atmosphere. Seasonal field surveys conducted in 2023 were used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of CH₄ concentrations in surface water and CH₄ air-sea flux in a typical aquaculture system in Sansha Bay, Fujian Province. The results showed that dissolved CH₄ concentrations ranged from 9.91 to 609.22 nmol/L, with corresponding air-sea fluxes between 3.46 to 1 188.15 μmol/ (m²·d). Temporally, the CH₄ air-sea fluxes were higher in summer and autumn compared to spring and winter. Spatially, CH₄ concentrations and air-sea fluxes decreased consistently from the estuary to the bay mouth, with the highest values in the estuarine aquaculture area and the lowest in the bay mouth aquaculture area. Correlation analysis showed that aquacultural activities and terrestrial runoff inputs contributed to the spatiotemporal distribution of CH₄ concentrations within the bay. In the macroalgae cultivation zones, CH₄ production and emissions during farming periods were significantly lower than during non-farming periods. Additionally, the residual feed and feces generated by fish in cages may result in increased CH₄ emissions. Notably, CH₄ emissions peaked in summer, due to enhanced aquaculture activities and runoff inputs during the wet season. Future work should focus on investigating CH₄ air-sea fluxes in mariculture areas to provide scientific support for CH₄ control and emission reduction in aquaculture.

Key words: Sansha Bay, Dissolved methane, Air-sea flux, Aquaculture, Spatio-temporal distribution, Environmental factors

摘要：

科学评估海湾养殖区的溶存甲烷（CH₄）和海—气扩散通量分布对于认识渔业养殖活动对大气CH₄的区域性贡献具有重要意义。基于2023年4个季度现场考察，研究了福建省典型养殖海湾——三沙湾各季度、不同养殖区域表层海水的溶存CH₄浓度、海—气扩散通量分布特征及影响因素，评估了海湾渔业养殖活动对大气CH₄浓度变化的贡献。结果表明，海湾表层水体溶存CH₄浓度为9.91~609.22 nmol/L，海—气扩散通量为3.46~1 188.15 μmol/（m²·d），CH₄海—气扩散通量表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。三沙湾内溶存CH₄浓度及海—气扩散通量空间分布趋势一致，总体呈现由河口向湾口降低的趋势，CH₄高值区域出现在养殖活动频繁的河口养殖区站位，其次为中部养殖区和东部养殖区，湾口养殖区为监测最低值区域。对三沙湾养殖区域的表层海水溶存CH₄浓度、海—气扩散通量的时空分布特征及环境因素相关性分析表明，渔业养殖活动及陆源径流输入共同调控着海湾内CH₄的时空分布格局。大型藻类养殖期间，养殖区域水体溶存CH₄浓度、通量低于非大型藻类养殖期；夏季是CH₄释放的高峰，这与鱼类养殖活动增多和丰水期径流输入密切相关。养殖海域的溶存CH₄浓度及海—气扩散通量研究可为养殖业CH₄控制减排提供科学支撑。

关键词: 三沙湾, 溶存甲烷, 海—气扩散通量, 水产养殖, 时空分布, 环境因子

CLC Number:

Lingyi LEI, Feipeng WANG, Kunpeng ZANG, Xiaolong LÜ, Zhi ZHANG, Liyang YANG, Jingli MU. Research on Air-sea Flux and Influencing Factors of Methane in a Typical Mariculture Along the Southeastern Coast of China: the Sansha Bay[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2024, 39(11): 1156-1168.

雷灵逸, 王飞鹏, 臧昆鹏, 吕小龙, 张智, 杨丽阳, 穆景利. 中国东南沿海典型养殖海湾：三沙湾海—气界面甲烷扩散通量及影响因素研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2024, 39(11): 1156-1168.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the location and station layout of the sea area of Sansha Bay， Fujian Province

Table 1 The average of 10 m wind speed （ U ） near the surface

月份	1月	3月	4月	5月	6月	8月	11月
U（m/s）	2.06	2.50	1.00	1.46	1.81	4.93	8.34

Fig. 2 Spatial and temporal variation of CH4 concentration in the surface seawater of Sansha Bay

Fig. 3 Horizontal distributions of CH4 concentration in the Sansha Bay

Table 2 Seasonal variation of water environment parameters in the surface waters of Sansha Bay

水环境参数	春季	夏季	秋季	冬季
T/℃	16.06±0.77	27.33±0.81	24.40±0.46	14.79±0.53
盐度	23.74±5.74	26.41±4.11	26.29±4.19	28.17±2.68
pH	7.92±0.17	7.85±0.09	7.79±0.09	7.70±0.15
DO/（mg/L）	8.54±0.45	5.24±0.39	5.56±0.50	9.60±0.32
TN/（mg/L）	2.43±1.20	3.88±0.85	1.93±1.12	1.51±0.70
TP/（mg/L）	0.10±0.02	0.05±0.03	0.11±0.04	0.11±0.03
C $C H 4$ /（nmol/L）	71.24±68.14	71.85±56.14	43.54±24.57	52.83±26.42
F $C H 4$ / ［μmol/（m²·d）］	44.57±45.28	227.92±195.29	57.05±33.52	43.19±22.63

Table 2 Seasonal variation of water environment parameters in the surface waters of Sansha Bay

水环境参数	春季	夏季	秋季	冬季
T/℃	16.06±0.77	27.33±0.81	24.40±0.46	14.79±0.53
盐度	23.74±5.74	26.41±4.11	26.29±4.19	28.17±2.68
pH	7.92±0.17	7.85±0.09	7.79±0.09	7.70±0.15
DO/（mg/L）	8.54±0.45	5.24±0.39	5.56±0.50	9.60±0.32
TN/（mg/L）	2.43±1.20	3.88±0.85	1.93±1.12	1.51±0.70
TP/（mg/L）	0.10±0.02	0.05±0.03	0.11±0.04	0.11±0.03
C $C H 4$ /（nmol/L）	71.24±68.14	71.85±56.14	43.54±24.57	52.83±26.42
F $C H 4$ / ［μmol/（m²·d）］	44.57±45.28	227.92±195.29	57.05±33.52	43.19±22.63

Fig. 4 Spatial and temporal variations of CH4 air-sea fluxes （FCH4） in the surface seawater of Sansha Bay

Fig. 5 Horizontal distributions of CH4 air-sea fluxes （FCH4） in the Sansha Bay

Table 3 The Pearson correlations of dissolved CH4 concentration （CCH4） and air-sea fluxes （FCH4） with aquatic environmental parameters in surface waters of each aquaculture area

检测指标	养殖区域	温度（T）	盐度	pH	溶解氧浓度（DO）	总磷（TP）	总氮（TN）
$C C H 4$	河口养殖区	0.003	-0.362^**	-0.298^**	-0.044	-0.105	-0.099
	中部限养区	-0.155	-0.405^*	0.192	0.086	-0.210	-0.298
	东部养殖区	0.555^**	0.150	-0.380	0.262	0.539^*	-0.265
	湾口养殖区	0.118	-0.548^*	0.107	-0.138	-0.470	0.254
$F C H 4$	河口养殖区	0.468^**	-0.055	-0.131	-0.417^**	-0.255^*	0.461^**
	中部限养区	0.618^**	0.179	-0.297	-0.475^**	-0.332	0.751^**
	东部养殖区	0.451^*	0.485^*	-0.366	-0.294	0.104	0.795^**
	湾口养殖区	0.632^*	0.240	-0.385	-0.573^*	-0.280	0.936^**

Table 3 The Pearson correlations of dissolved CH4 concentration （CCH4） and air-sea fluxes （FCH4） with aquatic environmental parameters in surface waters of each aquaculture area

检测指标	养殖区域	温度（T）	盐度	pH	溶解氧浓度（DO）	总磷（TP）	总氮（TN）
$C C H 4$	河口养殖区	0.003	-0.362^**	-0.298^**	-0.044	-0.105	-0.099
	中部限养区	-0.155	-0.405^*	0.192	0.086	-0.210	-0.298
	东部养殖区	0.555^**	0.150	-0.380	0.262	0.539^*	-0.265
	湾口养殖区	0.118	-0.548^*	0.107	-0.138	-0.470	0.254
$F C H 4$	河口养殖区	0.468^**	-0.055	-0.131	-0.417^**	-0.255^*	0.461^**
	中部限养区	0.618^**	0.179	-0.297	-0.475^**	-0.332	0.751^**
	东部养殖区	0.451^*	0.485^*	-0.366	-0.294	0.104	0.795^**
	湾口养殖区	0.632^*	0.240	-0.385	-0.573^*	-0.280	0.936^**

Fig. 6 Plot of the Canonical Correlation Analysis （CCA） integrating water environmental parameters with CH4 concentration （a） and CH4 sea-air flux （b）

Table 4 The Pearson correlations of dissolved CH4 concentrations and air-sea fluxes in surface waters with water environment parameters in each quarter

观测指标	水环境参数	春季	夏季	秋季	冬季
实测海水溶存CH₄浓度（C $C H 4$ ）	温度	0.017	0.126	-0.246	-0.133
	盐度	-0.446^**	-0.570^**	-0.398	-0.856^**
	pH	-0.545^**	-0.274	-0.523^*	-0.535^*
	DO	-0.065	0.125	-0.018	0.210
	TN	0.093	-0.270	0.373	0.509^*
	TP	0.119	-0.080	0.450^*	-0.078
CH₄海—气扩散通量（F $C H 4$ ）	温度	-0.135	0.347^*	-0.228	0.112
	盐度	-0.094	-0.526^**	-0.383	-0.855^**
	pH	-0.198	-0.558^**	-0.514^*	-0.533^**
	DO	0.286^*	-0.408^*	-0.030	0.208
	TN	-0.014	0.581^**	0.450^*	0.510^**
	TP	0.326^*	0.187	0.364	-0.082

Table 4 The Pearson correlations of dissolved CH4 concentrations and air-sea fluxes in surface waters with water environment parameters in each quarter

观测指标	水环境参数	春季	夏季	秋季	冬季
实测海水溶存CH₄浓度（C $C H 4$ ）	温度	0.017	0.126	-0.246	-0.133
	盐度	-0.446^**	-0.570^**	-0.398	-0.856^**
	pH	-0.545^**	-0.274	-0.523^*	-0.535^*
	DO	-0.065	0.125	-0.018	0.210
	TN	0.093	-0.270	0.373	0.509^*
	TP	0.119	-0.080	0.450^*	-0.078
CH₄海—气扩散通量（F $C H 4$ ）	温度	-0.135	0.347^*	-0.228	0.112
	盐度	-0.094	-0.526^**	-0.383	-0.855^**
	pH	-0.198	-0.558^**	-0.514^*	-0.533^**
	DO	0.286^*	-0.408^*	-0.030	0.208
	TN	-0.014	0.581^**	0.450^*	0.510^**
	TP	0.326^*	0.187	0.364	-0.082

Fig. 7 Potential drivers of CH4 concentrations （a~d） and air-sea fluxes （e~h） in different seasons

Table 5 Comparison of CH4 concentration， saturation and air-sea fluxes in surface waters of China’s coastal aquaculture bays and nearby seas

观测地点	观测时间	溶存CH₄浓度/（nmol/L）	饱和度/%	海—气扩散通量/［μmol/（m²·d）］	参考文献
三沙湾	2023年1月	52.8±26.4	1 848±892	43.2±22.6^c	本文
	2023年3月	69.7±75.2	2 444±2 642	89.9±105.2
	2023年4月	96.3±124.8	3 285±4 069	20.7±28.1
	2023年5月	47.8±13.2	1 851±481	23.0±6.8
	2023年6月	95.08±78.25	4 373±3 549	87.8±75.6
	2023年8月	49.6±42.2	2 347±1 942	345.7±305.2
	2023年11月	43.54±24.57	1 929±1 043	57.0±33.5
桑沟湾	2013年10月	21.5~301.8	2 704±2 532	15.0±26.7^c	［40］
	2014年5月	3.0~24.9	330±276	19.9±21.5
	2015年5月	5.4~43.4	858±417	3.9±4.6
大连湾	2014年7~8月	50.5±40.4	1 878±1 545	172.8±149.3^c	［41］
黄海	2001年3~4月	3.43±0.23	121±5.4	0.81±0.50^a 1.33±0.76	［8］
黄海北部	2006年8月	12.02±5.71	515.2±231.5	11.8±10.2^a 21.1±16.4^b	［42］
东海	2001年4月	3.43±0.23	121±5.4	0.81±0.50^a 1.33±0.76^b	［8］
东海	2013年8月	6.26±4.96	317±263	6.5±7.45^a 11.5±11.9^b	［43］

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Research on Air-sea Flux and Influencing Factors of Methane in a Typical Mariculture Along the Southeastern Coast of China: the Sansha Bay

中国东南沿海典型养殖海湾：三沙湾海—气界面甲烷扩散通量及影响因素研究

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