冰川流域径流估算方法探索——以科其喀尔巴西冰川为例

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2008.09.0942

地球科学进展 ›› 2008, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (9): 942 -951. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2008.09.0942

陈仁升,刘时银,康尔泗,韩海东,卿文武,王建

中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所，甘肃兰州 730000

收稿日期:2008-04-11 修回日期:2008-06-25 出版日期:2008-09-10
通讯作者: 陈仁升 E-mail:crs2008@lzb.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目“流域冰川径流估算方法研究”(编号：KZCX2-YW-301-3)；国家自然科学基金项目“黑河源区高山寒漠带水文过程观测试验研究”(编号：40771045)和“黑河流域生态—水文过程研究集成”(编号：90702001-2); 国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“近50年冰冻圈变化时空特征及未来趋势预估”(编号：2007CB411506)资助.

Daily Glacier Runoff Estimation Methods—A Case Study of Koxkar Glacier

Chen Rensheng,Liu Shiyin,Kang Ersi,Han Haidong,Qing Wenwu,Wang Jian

Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China

Received:2008-04-11 Revised:2008-06-25 Online:2008-09-10 Published:2008-09-10

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利用科其喀尔巴西冰川2005年6月至2006年5月水文、气象资料，并结合15 m融合TM、1:50000地形图、FY-2C数值产品和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等，构建了10个简单、具有一定自主创新意义的分布式冰川融水径流模型（空间分辨率60 m），较好地模拟了研究冰川流域的日平均流量。结果表明，利用FY-2C总云量资料并结合辐射传输参数化方案能够较好地估算流域太阳入射短波辐射；单独利用总辐射有直接估算大型冰川流域某段时期融水径流的可能。气温与冰川末端流量呈指数关系，度日因子模型更适合于消融季节；提出的基于单元格气温和海拔的简单消融模型有望改进度日因子模型。在气温指数模型中加入太阳辐射调整系数，能够更好地估算冰川融水径流。简化分布式能量平衡模型能够反映大型冰川融水径流的变化；单层汇流方案在一定程度上能够概化托木尔型冰川的汇流过程。

关键词: 冰川融水, 径流估算, 风云卫星, 分布式水文模型

Using hydrometeorological data from June 1, 2005 to May 31, 2006 obtained by several automatic stations of Koxkar Glacier (total drainage area is 117.6km² among which 83.6km²is covered glacier), and combining it with 1:50 000 topographic map, TM, FY-2C and NCEP/NCAR data, the authors have created total 10 different distributed runoff models with 60m×60m spatial resolution and 1d time-step. All the models simulate the daily mean runoff well, and they are better than the statistical models. Using FY-2C total cloud cover data and solar radiation parameterized methods could calculate the solar radiation well in China, and it may use global radiation to estimate glacier runoff in some period well. In a year, the relationship between air temperature and glacier runoff is exponential, while in the ablation season, it is linear. That is, the degree-day method is more suitable in the ablation season. In such large glacier basin (glacier coverage is about 71%) as Koxkar watershed, the precipitation measurements neglected in the past in China is very important. With direct or global radiation being added, the temperature-index ice melting model will simulate the glacier runoff better. The authors also for the first time have given 3 simple energy-balanced models in China to estimate the glacier runoff, and the models all estimate the daily mean runoff well. In the Koxkar glacier watershed, improvment should be made for the research on evapotranspiration, sublimation, coagulation and refreezing, especially the runoff concentration processes which are very complex due to its melting Kast in the glacier. Many instruments were installed on the glacier in July, 2007, such as the eddy covariance system, a 10m meteorological tower and two automatic stations, etc. In the next few years, more glacier runoff estimation methods in different glacier with different character and size need to be found.

Key words: Glaciermelt runoff, Runoff estimation, FY series satellite, Distributed hydrological models

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