地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (7): 734 -748. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.053   cstr: 32269.14.adearth.CN62-1091/P.2026.053.

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风光新能源地理空间智能建模与中国屋顶光伏应用
姜侯1(), 姚凌2(), 刘唐1, 刘昱君3, 秦军4   
  1. 1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 地理信息科学与技术全国重点实验室,北京 100101
    2.中国 科学院大学 资源与环境学院,北京 101408
    3.南京师范大学 气候系统预测与变化应对全国 重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
    4.云南师范大学 地理学部,云南 昆明 650500
  • 收稿日期:2026-05-02 修回日期:2026-06-25 出版日期:2026-07-10
  • 通讯作者: 姚凌 E-mail:jianghou@igsnrr.ac.cn;yaoling@lreis.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目(42571482);地理信息科学与技术全国重点实验室自主创新项目(YKPI501)

Geospatial Intelligent Modeling Framework for Wind and Solar Energy and Its Application to Rooftop Photovoltaics in China

Hou Jiang1(), Ling Yao2(), Tang Liu1, Yujun Liu3, Jun Qin4   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    2.College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
    3.State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
    4.Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
  • Received:2026-05-02 Revised:2026-06-25 Online:2026-07-10 Published:2026-09-23
  • Contact: Ling Yao E-mail:jianghou@igsnrr.ac.cn;yaoling@lreis.ac.cn
  • About author:Jiang Hou, research areas include new energy geographic intelligent modeling and big data coupling analysis. E-mail: jianghou@igsnrr.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42571482);Innovation Project of LREIS(YKPI501)

高比例风光新能源接入使源端资源、网端输电、荷端需求和储端调节(源网荷储)之间的时空错配日益突出。针对能源系统约束与地理过程分析相对分离的问题,构建了风光新能源地理空间智能建模框架,梳理资源感知、潜力评估、电力调度、源网荷储协同优化和布局决策等方法,并以中国屋顶光伏为例开展应用验证。结果表明,中国屋顶资源丰富区与容量因子高值区存在空间错配;在90%电网灵活性和相当于平均负荷8小时的储能容量下,屋顶光伏发电并网可实现约4 471.2 MtCO2的碳减排。屋顶光伏的开发规模需权衡渗透率、弃电率、储能配置与跨区输电能力,空间布局需优化县域组合以维持区域供需平衡。该框架将地理空间智能与源网荷储协同分析结合,可推动风光新能源潜力评估转向可消纳、可减排和可实施的空间决策。

The large-scale integration of wind and solar energy has intensified spatiotemporal mismatches among source-side generation, grid-side transmission, load-side demand and storage-side flexibility. To address the separation between energy-system constraints and geographic process analysis, this study proposes a geo-intelligent modeling framework for wind and solar energy planning. The framework integrates resource sensing, potential assessment, power-system dispatch, source-grid-load-storage coordination, and spatial layout optimization, and is demonstrated through a case study of rooftop photovoltaics in China. The results show a spatial mismatch between rooftop-rich regions and areas with high photovoltaic capacity factors. Under a scenario of 90% grid flexibility and a storage capacity equivalent to 8 hours of average load, grid-connected rooftop photovoltaic generation could achieve a carbon reduction of approximately 4 471.2 MtCO2. The optimization results reveal that rooftop photovoltaic development requires trade-offs among penetration improvement, curtailment control, storage allocation and interregional power transmission, while spatial deployment should optimize county-level combinations to maintain regional supply-demand balance. By integrating geospatial intelligence with source-grid-load-storage coordination, the proposed framework can support the transition of wind and solar potential assessment from static resource evaluation toward spatial decisions that are grid-integrable, carbon-mitigating and implementable.

中图分类号: 

图1 风光新能源源网荷储协同的地理空间智能建模框架
Fig. 1 Geo-intelligent modeling framework for source-grid-load-storage coordination of wind and solar energy
图2 晶体硅光伏组件电流—电压( I-V )特性曲线
Fig. 2 Current-VoltageI-Vcharacteristic curve of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules
图3 常用风机功率曲线
Fig. 3 Typical power curves of wind turbines
图4 新能源优先消纳的电力调度示意图
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of power dispatch with priority consumption of renewable electricity
图5 中国内地区域间输电能力与电力流动拓扑
Fig. 5 Inter-regional transmission capacity and power-flow topology in Chinese mainland
图6 中国建筑屋顶资源估算及其空间分布
左侧展示基于高分二号遥感影像提取的江苏省建筑物足迹样例,以及县域尺度屋顶面积与居住区面积的线性关系;右侧展示基于该关系外推得到的中国建筑屋顶面积分布。
Fig. 6 Estimation and spatial distribution of building rooftop resources in China
The left panels show examples of building footprints extracted from Gaofen-2 imagery in Jiangsu Province and the linear relationship between rooftop area and settlement area at the county scale. The right panel shows the estimated rooftop area across China.
图7 中国屋顶光伏发电潜力模拟结果
(a)屋顶光伏最优倾角;(b)年平均容量因子;(c)屋顶光伏年发电潜力;(d)中国电网屋顶光伏年发电潜力。
Fig. 7 Simulation results of rooftop photovoltaic generation potential in China
(a) Optimal tilt angle of rooftop photovoltaic systems; (b) Annual average capacity factor; (c) Spatial distribution of rooftop photovoltaic generation potential; (d) Annual rooftop photovoltaic generation summarized by regional power grids in China.
表1 不同电网灵活性与储能容量情景下各分区电网屋顶光伏碳减排潜力 (MtCO2)
Table 1 Potential carbon reductions of rooftop photovoltaics under different grid flexibility and storage scenarios
区域100%灵活性水平90%灵活性水平80%灵活性水平
4 h8 h12 h4 h8 h12 h4 h8 h12 h
合计4 011.94 715.05 153.13 722.34 471.24 762.13 393.54 091.44 212.7
新疆153.1166.5166.8145.3165.8166.8136.1163.8166.4
西藏4.85.96.64.35.35.63.74.44.5
青海20.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.4
甘肃82.695.696.677.593.996.571.890.894.5
宁夏54.654.654.654.554.654.654.354.654.6
陕西100.6126.0144.591.6117.2128.582.2102.8107.7
北京73.486.889.667.080.583.259.268.870.3
天津56.468.072.351.864.668.546.858.059.7
冀北125.5158.2186.6115.4148.3168.9104.7136.9144.9
冀南172.1214.3245.4156.2197.3213.0139.7171.4176.1
山西162.2196.5208.3150.7188.8204.2138.0178.6188.9
山东341.1428.3504.1309.7396.0442.8277.0354.5367.4
蒙西151.2151.3151.3150.7151.3151.3148.4151.3151.3
蒙东57.671.984.052.266.572.746.759.160.3
黑龙江92.8114.7127.084.6104.7110.976.390.692.8
吉林71.688.898.965.380.886.658.970.272.9
辽宁183.1230.3271.1169.3217.0247.1154.8202.3216.3
四川135.2158.6163.5124.3152.2158.1112.0136.9139.5
重庆48.851.551.545.850.851.241.144.945.1
河南225.7283.2330.4201.5258.5282.1176.3218.9225.9
湖北126.2156.9176.8113.9145.0156.9100.7124.6129.7
湖南105.0131.1149.494.2118.7128.382.999.8103.7
江西86.3108.1125.378.399.7110.070.087.591.1
安徽120.7151.9177.6107.8138.5152.794.2117.6123.0
江苏330.3389.8406.6305.0373.3394.4276.0346.4358.3
上海55.255.455.454.555.455.453.054.955.2
浙江205.7212.0212.5197.9209.1210.0184.4203.4204.4
福建107.8110.7110.8104.5110.4110.699.1109.0109.5
云南91.5114.4130.784.6107.9118.977.499.1102.9
贵州68.373.773.963.972.973.558.267.468.1
广西86.2107.9124.978.499.9109.370.187.789.7
广东299.2310.8311.2286.2306.4307.5265.2297.4299.8
海南16.821.124.615.319.621.813.817.618.2
图8 区域协同下的中国屋顶光伏开发规模控制
左下角表示不同电网灵活性和储能容量情景下的帕累托优化结果;地图展示90%电网灵活性和8 h储能容量情景下的最优开发规模、区域间电力流动以及其他灵活性电源需求。
Fig. 8 Optimized development scales of rooftop photovoltaics in China under regional coordinated dispatch
The inset shows Pareto solutions under different grid flexibilities and storage capacities. The map presents optimal development scales, inter-regional power flows, and external flexible-generation requirements under 90% flexibility and 8-hour storage capacity.
图9 面向2030年的中国整县屋顶光伏优化布局方案
左下角表示多目标优化得到的帕累托前沿及最终选定方案;地图展示2030年情景下新增优选县空间分布。
Fig. 9 Optimized county-level expansion scheme for rooftop photovoltaics toward 2030 in China
The inset shows the Pareto front derived from multi-objective optimization and the selected final solution. The map presents spatial distribution of newly selected counties under the 2030 scenario.
表2 传统屋顶光伏潜力评估与地理空间智能建模框架对比
Table 2 Comparison between traditional rooftop photovoltaic potential assessment and geo-intelligent modeling framework
评估维度传统方法地理空间智能建模框架案例体现
数据获取依赖建设用地面积、区域平均屋顶占比或人口等代理变量估算屋顶资源,空间表达相对粗略结合遥感解译与智能驱动的海量计算,识别空间精细的建筑屋顶承载空间实现米级分辨率的全国屋顶资源调查
过程表达采用年平均容量因子或区域平均发电小时数估算年发电量,难以表达局地气象和时序波动逐像元、逐小时模拟光伏出力,综合考虑太阳辐射、气温、安装倾角和系统损耗等因素将年尺度潜力估算扩展至小时尺度,揭示出力波动性的区域差异
系统模拟通常将技术发电量按比例折算为减排量,对负荷曲线、电网灵活性、储能容量和跨区输电约束考虑不足耦合逐小时光伏出力、分区负荷曲线、电网灵活性和储能情景,评估并网消纳条件下的可实现减排效益量化不同电网灵活性和储能容量组合下可实现的碳减排
决策输出主要输出区域统计量或资源适宜性分区,难以支撑精细化的空间选址与布局刻画局地资源、出力、负荷和消纳约束的时空格局,服务跨区协同调控和位置精细的空间规划面向2030年目标和系统约束,识别出1 456个优选开发县域
综合能力主要回答“理论上能发多少电”,评估链条相对静态形成闭环分析链条,支撑“能否消纳、能否减排、何处优先开发”的综合判断输出资源潜力、发电潜力、减排潜力、布局方案等多维决策信息
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