地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4): 343 -359. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.032   cstr: 32269.14.adearth.CN62-1091/P.2026.032

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

低空急流与云降水系统耦合机制研究综述:观测、模拟与前沿挑战
邱玉珺1,2(), 陆春松2   
  1. 1.江苏海洋大学,江苏省海洋气象防灾减灾重点实验室,江苏 连云港 222005
    2.南京信息 工程大学,中国气象局气溶胶与云降水重点开放实验室,江苏 南京 210044
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-25 修回日期:2026-02-16 出版日期:2026-04-10
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目(42575084);国家自然科学基金杰出青年科学基金项目(42325503)

A Review of the Coupling Mechanisms Between Low-Level Jets and Cloud-Precipitation Systems: Observations, Modeling, Frontiers and Challenges

Yujun Qiu1,2(), Chunsong Lu2   

  1. 1.Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Marine Meteorology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang Jiangsu 222005, China
    2.Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • Received:2025-12-25 Revised:2026-02-16 Online:2026-04-10 Published:2026-06-09
  • About author:Qiu Yujun, research areas include cloud and precipitation processes, along with data fusion and applications for mesoscale and microscale severe weather events. E-mail: qyj@nuist.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42575084)

低空急流与云降水系统之间的耦合是连接边界层过程与中尺度天气系统的重要纽带,也是极端降水形成与可预测性研究的关键问题。已有研究表明,低空急流通过增强低层水汽通量与辐合、调制垂直风切变与不稳定能量,并改变边界层湍流混合与动量传输,在云系触发、组织化演变及降水效率中发挥“水汽通道—动力引擎”的双重作用;与此同时,云和降水过程释放的潜热又可通过调整温压场与次级环流,改变位涡与涡度收支,进一步调制急流强度、位置与垂直结构,从而形成多尺度双向反馈,而复杂地形在这一过程中起到了重要的调制作用。系统梳理了多源协同观测体系,阐明了其对低空急流动力结构、水汽输送及垂直微物理过程的精细化捕捉能力;同时评述了对流分辨率区域模式与资料同化技术在再现急流日变化、量化水汽辐合与切变等动力诊断量方面的关键进展。然而,多源协同仍面临垂直指向探测中垂直气流与粒子下落速度耦合、风切变导致谱展宽等反演不确定性难题;数值模拟仍需结合原位校核与人工智能技术以进一步提升对复杂非线性耦合机制的解析水平。最后指出,未来需要面向“过程闭合”的高分辨率三维组网观测、多源数据深度融合与同化、跨尺度高分辨率模式与不确定性量化以及可解释人工智能辅助诊断,以提升低空急流—云降水耦合机理认知水平与预测能力。

The dynamic coupling between the Low-Level Jet (LLJ) and cloud-precipitation systems acts as a vital nexus linking boundary layer processes with mesoscale weather systems, representing a central challenge in understanding extreme precipitation generation and predictability. Previous studies demonstrate that LLJs function as a “moisture conduit and dynamic engine,” critically governing cloud initiation, organization, and precipitation efficiency. This is accomplished by amplifying low-level moisture flux and convergence, modulating vertical wind shear and instability energy, and altering boundary layer turbulent mixing and momentum transport. Conversely, cloud and precipitation processes release latent heat that substantially adjusts thermal and pressure gradients and secondary circulations, while modifying moisture loading and surface flux budgets. These interactions further modulate the jet’s intensity, position, and vertical structure, establishing a multi-scale bidirectional feedback loop in which complex topography exerts a significant modulating influence.This study systematically reviews multi-source coordinated observation systems, elucidating their potential to resolve the dynamic structure, moisture transport, and vertical microphysical processes of LLJs with high fidelity. It also discusses key advancements in convection-resolving regional models and data assimilation techniques regarding the realistic simulation of LLJ diurnal cycles and the quantitative characterization of the thermodynamic environment, including moisture convergence and shear. Despite these advances, multi-source coordination faces persistent challenges related to retrieval uncertainties—particularly the coupling of vertical air motion with particle fall speed in vertically pointing measurements and spectral broadening induced by wind shear, as well as ambiguities in interpreting radar reflectivity within complex microphysical contexts. Meanwhile, numerical simulation necessitates tighter integration with in-situ calibration and artificial intelligence to advance the systematic synthesis of complex non-linear coupling mechanisms. Finally, it is recommended that future research prioritize high-resolution three-dimensional network observations oriented towards “process closure,” deep fusion of cross-platform datasets for optimized parameterizations, cross-scale high-resolution modeling with explicit uncertainty quantification, and interpretable AI-assisted diagnosis. Collectively, these strategies aim to deepen the mechanistic understanding and enhance predictive capabilities regarding the complex interactions between LLJs and cloud-precipitation systems.

中图分类号: 

图1 198520057月(a)和1月(b)当地时间0000的平均低空急流指数(NLLJ)(阴影区)3
平均500 m地面以上风(箭头)叠加绘制在NLLJ指数之上。插图中的编号对应为①大平原地区, ②委内瑞拉北部地区,③委内瑞拉马拉开波,④叙利亚,⑤伊朗,⑥中国西藏,⑦中国塔里木盆地,⑧印度,⑨东南亚,⑩中国东南部地区,⑪委内瑞拉,⑫圭亚那,⑬阿根廷,⑭巴西,⑮纳米比亚,⑯博茨瓦纳,⑰埃塞俄比亚,⑱澳大利亚。
Fig. 1 Mean Nocturnal Low-Level JetNLLJindexshadedat 0000 LST in Julyaand Januarybfrom 1985 to 20053
The mean 500 m-AGL winds (arrows) are plotted atop the NLLJ. The numbered items in the inset correspond to ① Great Plains, ② Northern Venezuela, ③ Maracaibo of Venezuela, ④ Syria, ⑤ Iran, ⑥ Xizang of China, ⑦ Tarim Basin of China, ⑧ India, ⑨ South east Asia, ⑩ The southeast of China, ⑪ Venezuela, ⑫ Guyana, ⑬ Argentina, ⑭ Brazil, ⑮ Namibia, ⑯ Botswana, ⑰ Ethiopia, ⑱ Australia.
图2 低空急流(LLJ)与云降水系统的正向耦合机制概念图
Fig. 2 Conceptual diagram of the positive coupling mechanism between Low-Level JetLLJand cloud and precipitation systems
图3 急流/锋面系统次级环流示意图69
细实线表示强直接环流(D),细虚线表示弱次级环流(I),粗实线表示低层锋面位置,“J”表示高层和低层急流位置,双细线表示对流层顶位置,相对湿度大于70%的区域用阴影表示。
Fig. 3 Schematic delineating the secondary circulations across the jet/front system69
The thin solid line depicts the strong direct (D) circulation. The thin dashed line depicts the weak indirect (I) circulation. The heavy solid line shows the low-level frontal position. The “J” indicates the upper-level and low-level jet positions. The double thin line shows the position of the tropopause. Regions with relative humidity greater than 70% are shaded.
图4 复杂地形对低空急流(LLJ)与云降水系统的调控概念图
Fig. 4 Conceptual diagram of the modulation of Low-Level JetLLJand cloud and precipitation systems by complex terrain
表1 低空急流(LLJ)和云降水系统各种探测技术的探测优势和缺陷
Table 1 Detection technologies for Low-Level JetLLJand cloud-precipitation systemsadvantages and disadvantages
探测技术探测优势探测局限
多普勒雷达(Doppler Radar)区域尺度连续获取降水回波与径向风信息,把低空急流背景下的对流触发、风暴组织与降水演变纳入统一动力框架进行诊断104低层受地物杂波和几何盲区影响,以及湍流/风切变导致的谱展宽会降低风场与垂直运动反演的稳健性,进而影响“动力—微物理”归因精度105
双偏振雷达(Dual Polarization Radar)通过偏振参量增强对水凝物类型、融化层与霰化/聚合过程的识别能力,可用于低空急流相关的降水结构变化与微物理相态演变建立对应关系106混合相与融化层中粒子形态/取向与多模态叠加会引入分类歧义,且分类结果对温度先验与规则设定较敏感,需要与多频/云雷达谱信息或同化框架交叉约束106
相控阵雷达(Phased Array Radar)快速体扫显著提升时间分辨率,能够捕捉低空急流触发对流、对流合并与降水回波快速演变等关键相位过程,为“触发—组织—增强”的链条诊断提供观测支撑107-108快速扫描的策略与波束形成会带来新的误差,且在不同扫描模式下风场/涡旋等动力稳定性仍需系统评估与校验108-109
激光测风雷达(Doppler Wind Lidar)可在边界层提供高垂直分辨率的风廓线与切变结构,适合刻画夜间低空急流的急流核高度、强度与日变化及其与云/降水发生的时序关系110-111其信号对气溶胶后向散射依赖强,且云/降水条件下易衰减或产生观测空洞,导致在强降水与厚云背景下需要风廓线雷达或再分析/同化场补充约束110-111
气溶胶/云探测激光雷达(Aerosol/Cloud Lidar)对边界层层结、云底高度与低云/雾滴结构敏感,可用于约束低空急流影响下稳定度变化与低层云的生成/消散过程,并补足热力结构诊断链条112厚云与降水会造成强衰减、对云内微物理与降水粒子定量能力有限,且卫星主动探测在近地低云上存在系统性探测限制,需要与雷达/辐射计联合使用以减少漏检偏差112
微波辐射计(Microwave Radiometer)能连续反演温湿廓线与液水路径等参量,为解释低空急流水汽输送背景下云形成阈值、相态分配与降水效率变化提供关键环境约束113在降水条件下亮温易受雨滴与湿天线罩影响并可能出现液态水路径(Liquid Water Path,LWP)异常跃增/饱和,从而降低过程诊断的可靠性,需进行雨天订正与不确定度评估114
毫米波云雷达(Millimeter Wave Cloud Radar)具有高灵敏度与高时空分辨率,能够解析云的垂直细结构,并利用多普勒谱/谱密度信息直接表征粒子谱形态与微物理演变,把LLJ相关的云生成、相态转化与降水胚胎发展置于可检验的垂直过程框架中115-116在降水条件下(尤其W波段)易受衰减与非瑞利散射影响,且垂直指向速度包含垂直气流分量,使微物理反演与动力归因存在耦合不确定性,需要谱质控/衰减订正与外部风场约束115-116
风廓线雷达(Wind Profiler)可长期连续提供风廓线,适合建立低空急流客观识别样本库并开展气候统计与合成分析,将低空急流的出现频率与强度同降水发生发展进行系统关联19117降水回波污染与低层盲区会影响资料质量与近地急流刻画能力,且垂直速度/湍流相关产品需严格质控与多源对照验证117
GPS掩星技术(GPS Radio Sounding)GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)掩星提供近全球覆盖的温湿廓线,可在资料稀缺区约束低空急流/大气河等背景下的水汽与稳定度环境,为环流—水汽—降水链条提供大尺度一致性约束118近地层与复杂地形背景下存在系统偏差与近地缺测问题,对降水过程的直接刻画能力有限,需要与地基雷达/辐射计或同化系统联合以实现过程闭合118-119
无线电探空仪(Radio Sounding)能直接提供温湿风廓线,是低空急流诊断、稳定度与水汽通量估计以及遥感/再分析校验的基准观测,可用于建立低空急流气候态并分析其与降水环境的统计联系120探空时次稀疏(通常2~4次/d)、空间代表性有限,难以捕捉低空急流日变化峰值与对流触发的关键时段,需要与连续遥感(风廓线雷达、云雷达、微波辐射计等)协同使用120
图5 多源协同观测低空急流(LLJ)—云降水耦合过程的框架图
Fig. 5 Framework of multi-source coordinated observation for the Low-Level JetLLJ-cloud-precipitation coupling process
图6 低空急流(LLJ)—云降水系统耦合机制研究的未来主要方向与核心挑战框架图
Fig. 6 Conceptual framework diagram for future directions and challenges in research on the coupling mechanisms between Low-Level JetLLJand cloud-precipitation systems
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