地球科学进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4): 348 -359. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.031

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

间歇性起沙过程和机理以及参数化研究进展
李晓岚1,2(), 张宏昇3()   
  1. 1.中国气象局沈阳大气环境研究所,辽宁 沈阳 110166
    2.沈阳农业与生态气象研究院,辽宁 沈阳 110166
    3.北京大学 物理学院大气与海洋科学系,北京 100871
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-11 修回日期:2025-03-30 出版日期:2025-04-10
  • 通讯作者: 张宏昇 E-mail:leexl@iaesy.cn;hsdq@pku.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    中国气象局气象能力提升联合研究专项(24NLTSQ011);国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(41605081)

Research Progress on the Processes, Mechanism and Parameterization of Intermittent Dust Emission

Xiaolan LI1,2(), Hongsheng ZHANG3()   

  1. 1.Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang 110166, China
    2.Shenyang Institute of Agricultural and Ecological Meteorology, Shenyang 110166, China
    3.Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • Received:2025-03-11 Revised:2025-03-30 Online:2025-04-10 Published:2025-06-03
  • Contact: Hongsheng ZHANG E-mail:leexl@iaesy.cn;hsdq@pku.edu.cn
  • About author:LI Xiaolan, research areas include atmospheric boundary layer and atmospheric turbulence, and atmospheric environment. E-mail: leexl@iaesy.cn
  • Supported by:
    the Joint Research Project for Meteorological Capacity Improvement(24NLTSQ011);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41605081)

沙尘天气起沙过程是构成沙尘气溶胶循环的首要环节,定量和完整描述起沙过程是实现沙尘气溶胶准确模拟和预测的基础。起沙过程具有较强的非平稳性和非均匀性,存在间歇性特征,也称间歇性起沙,如何准确刻画间歇性起沙过程是当前沙尘研究中一项前沿科学难题。基于国内外近20年起沙过程的外场观测、风洞试验和数值模拟研究成果,回顾了间歇性起沙观测技术的发展及其发生条件和识别方法,总结了间歇性起沙的通量变化特征及边界层湍流结构和动力热力过程的作用机理,梳理了不同起沙机制条件下起沙参数化方案的发展及间歇性大气边界层和沙尘天气综合过程的表征,并针对目前研究中存在的问题和今后可能的发展方向提出建议:未来亟需开展大气边界层和沙尘天气综合野外观测试验,完善间歇性起沙识别方法,尤其关注湍流热力作用,发展间歇性起沙参数化方案并开展精细校验和评估。

Dust emissions are primary component of the atmospheric dust cycle. A comprehensive and quantitative description of the dust emission process is the basis for accurate simulation and prediction of dust aerosols. Dust emission processes are highly unsteady, non-uniform, and has intermittent features, also known as intermittent dust emissions. Accurately characterizing intermittent dust emissions remains a key scientific challenge in current dust research. This study reviews research from the past two decades, spanning field experiments, wind tunnel tests, and numerical simulations, on intermittent dust emissions. It covers the development of observation techniques using high-frequency measurements, occurrence conditions, and identification methods based on turbulence thresholds and intermittent factors. The influence of boundary-layer turbulence structures and their thermodynamic and dynamic effects on intermittent dust emissions is also summarized. Advancements in parameterization schemes for different dust emission mechanisms are discussed, with a focus on methods incorporating gust variations, intermittent factors, or probability distributions of turbulence parameters to model intermittent dust emissions. Finally, suggestions are provided to address existing challenges in dust emission research and outline future research directions. In the future, more filed experiments of atmospheric boundary layer and dust emission processes need to conduct using high-frequency measurement techniques for dust saltation and emission. In the relevant studies of identification methods and formation mechanisms of intermittent dust emission, both of the dynamic and thermodynamic impact of turbulence should be considered. More attention should be paid on the intermittent dust emission processes caused by direct turbulence aerodynamic entrainment, typically without sand saltation activity. The intermittent dust emission parameterization schemes should be developed and evaluated using field experiment data, in order to improve the simulation and forecasting of dust aerosols and dust events.

中图分类号: 

图1 3种起沙机制示意图8
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of three dust emission mechanisms 8
图2 基于日本—澳大利亚沙尘外场观测试验的2次起沙过程中(a1 min平均和(b30 min平均的沙粒水平跃移通量( Q )和摩擦速度( u* )的时间序列44
Fig. 2 Observed time series ofa1 min andb30 min averaged saltation fluxQand friction velocityu*during two dust emission events based on Japan-Australia Dust Experiment44
图3 基于大涡模拟的水平截面图和平均谱分布图13
(a)最大值归一化的垂直积分沙尘浓度(Cp/Cpmax);(b)0.1 m高度最大值归一化的流向风速(u/umax);(c)和(d)在不同摩擦速度u*条件下二者沿截面方向的平均谱分布;ScSu 分别表示Cpu沿y方向的平均谱分布,fy 和dfy 分别表示沿y方向的波数及其微分表达
Fig. 3 Snapshot of horizontal cross sections and average spectra13
(a) The vertically integrated dust concentration normalized by its maximum value (Cp /Cpmax); (b) The streamwise wind velocity normalized by its maximum value (u/umax) at height z=0.1 m; (c) and (d) their average spectra along the spanwise direction with various saltation friction velocities u*Sc and Su represent the average spectra along the y direction of Cp and u, respectively, fy and dfy represent the wave number along the y direction and its differential form
表1 以往研究中建立的具有代表性的起沙参数化方案
Table 1 Representative dust emission parameterization schemes established in previous studies
类型机制参数化方案主要参数及说明参考文献
跃移起沙*半经验性F=cu*4(1-u*t/u*)基于野外观测,经验常数c=1.4×10-15F为起沙通量[μg/(m2·s)],u*为摩擦速度(m/s),u*t为临界起沙摩擦速度(m/s)79
半经验性F=0.01exp(0.308ηc-13.82)Q基于风洞试验,ηc为土壤中黏土成分含量百分比(无量纲参数),Q为水平沙粒跃移通量[g/(m2·s)]80
半经验性F=c×u*2.93基于浑善达克沙地观测,经验常数c=101.7281
半经验性Fu=a1×u*b1基于科尔沁沙地观测,经验常数a1=17.29,b1=2.7382
半经验性Fu,w=a2×(u*+cw*)b2基于科尔沁沙地观测,经验常数a2=13.87,b2=2.60,c=0.08;方案综合了湍流动力和热力影响,w*为自由对流速度尺度(m/s)82
粘合能量概念F=αemdgQψ+ψk基于风洞试验,经验常数αe取决于u*和跃移粒子直径ds(μm);ψψk 分别为粘合能量和尘粒释放时具有的初始动能(g⋅m2/s2);md为粒子质量(g),g为重力加速度(9.8 m/s283
粘合能量概念Fi=πρPdi3/6Ni,Ni=β/eiDP=0Pi(DP)dQ(DP)基于风洞试验,di 代表3个对数正态分布模态的沙尘粒子的中值粒径,Ni 是直径为di 的沙尘数通量[#/(m2·s)],ρP为土壤密度(g/m3),β=16 300 cm/s2ei 为沙尘粒子的结合能(g⋅m2/s2),Pi(DP)是跃移粒子动能在3个对数正态分布模态粒子间的分配比例;DP是球形沙尘粒子的直径,Q(DP)是直径为DP的沙尘粒子的水平跃移通量84
沙粒撞击的凹坑体积F=cαgfρb2p(0.24+cβu*ρPp)Q基于风洞试验,经验常数cα =5,cβ =1.37;f是地表土壤中尘粒的质量分数,由粒子尺度分布情况决定;ρbρP 分别是土壤体积密度和微粒密度,p是土壤的塑性压力(Pa85
土壤聚合体破碎理论F=fbarensffragmfragεfbare 是裸露土壤面积比,ns 是单位面积和单位时间内跃移撞击的粒子数,ffrag 是跃移撞击引起的土壤聚合体分裂平均比例,mfrag 是土壤聚合体分裂过程释放的沙尘平均质量,ε是释放的沙尘中可实现垂直输送的粒子质量比例86
风蚀起沙物理机制,考虑起沙粒径谱分布F(di,ds)=cy1-γ+γpm(di)pf(di)                       ×Qgu*2m(ρbηfiΩ+ηcim),F(di)=d1d2F(di,d)δdcy 为比例系数,其数值越大表示轰击产生的土壤粒子能最终扬的比例越大;m为直径为ds 的跃移撞击粒子的质量(g);ηfi 为第i档粒子撞击过程中被释放到大气中的尘粒的质量分数,ηci 为覆盖于土壤聚合体表面的尘粒的质量分数,Ω为沙粒碰撞土壤表面时所产生的凹坑的体积(m3);pm(di)pf(di)表示地表土壤两种理想状态的粒子尺度分布状态;d指沙尘粒子的直径(μm)。具体而言是d1~d2粒径之间粒径为d的粒子对粒径为di 的粒子进行跃移撞击产生的沙尘通量,然后对产生的沙尘通量进行积分;γ代表函数exp[-(u*-u*t387-88
对流起沙粒子受力分析和起沙的随机特征 f>fg+fidδ,δ>dF˜mod=αN2δ- wtmp+Tp(f-fidδ),Fmod,j=00fF˜modpj(fi)dfip(f)dfd是沙尘粒子的直径(μm),δ是粘性副层的厚度(m),wt 是粒子沉降末速度(m/s),mp 是粒子质量(g),Tp 是粒子响应时间(s);αN 是模式中的内部调整参数,其数值可结合观测确定;pj(fi)p(f)是粒子间粘性力和空气拖曳力的概率密度分布函数89
半经验性Fa =a×w1.5b基于科尔沁沙地观测,经验系数a=2.93,b=1.5,w为自由对流速度尺度(单位:m/s)90
间歇性起沙半经验性,引入间歇性因子Q=Aηu*,itgρa(u*2-u*,it2)ηqAη为无量纲比例系数,u*,it为摩擦速度影响阈值,ρa为空气密度(g/m3),ηq为间歇性因子,起沙通量F与跃移通量Q成比例关系14
半经验性,引入湍流切应力的概率密度分布F=τsα(τs-τt)p(τs)dτsτs是湍流切应力(Pa);τt是临界湍流切应力阈值(Pa);p(τs)是湍流切应力阈值的概率密度分布,遵循韦伯分布;α是经验系数(s/m)65
图4 基于风洞试验的引入湍流切应力概率密度分布的起沙参数化方案模拟效果对比65
d代表不同沙尘粒径(μm),散点代表观测值,实线代表传统起沙参数化方案模拟值,虚线代表间歇性起沙参数化方案模拟值,τs¯代表时间平均地表切应力,s=ρP /ρ代表粒子密度和空气密度的比值,g=9.8 m/s2代表重力加速度,F代表空气动力拖曳作用引起的起沙率
Fig. 4 Comparison of dust emission parameterization scheme involved the probability density distribution of turbulence shear stress based on the wind-tunnel experiments65
d(μm) represents the dust particle sizes, scattering symbols represents the observation, solid line represents the traditional dust emission scheme, and dash line represents the intermittent dust emission scheme τs¯ represents the time-averaged surface shear stress, s=ρP /ρ represents the density ratio between the particle and the air, g=9.8 m/s2 represents gravitational acceleration, F represents the aerodynamic entrainment rate
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