古近纪
  <strong>Danian</strong>期早期热事件
  <strong>Dan-C2</strong>研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2023.017

地球科学进展 ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5): 483 -492. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2023.017

古近纪 Danian期早期热事件 Dan-C2研究进展

王梦迪 ¹(

), 马明明 ¹ ^, ²(

), 邱煜丹 ¹, 黄惠欣 ¹, 刘秀铭 ² ^, ³

^1.福建省亚热带资源与环境重点实验室福建师范大学，福建福州 350117
^2.湿润亚热带生态—地理过程教育部重点实验室福建师范大学，福建福州 350117
^3.Department of Environment and Geography，Macquarie University，Sydney NSW 2109，Australia

收稿日期:2022-12-13 修回日期:2023-03-07 出版日期:2023-05-10
通讯作者: 马明明 E-mail:wangmd202212@163.com;mamingming159@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目“南雄盆地古近纪早期热事件的陆相记录与碳来源示踪”(42277440)

Research Progress on the Dan-C2 Thermal Event of the Early Danian in the Paleogene

Mengdi WANG ¹( ), Mingming MA ¹ ^, ²( ), Yudan QIU ¹, Huixin HUANG ¹, Xiuming LIU ² ^, ³

^1.Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
^2.Key Laboratory of Humid Sub-tropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
^3.Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia

Received:2022-12-13 Revised:2023-03-07 Online:2023-05-10 Published:2023-05-10
Contact: Mingming MA E-mail:wangmd202212@163.com;mamingming159@163.com
About author:WANG Mengdi (1999-), female, Yexian County, Henan Province, Master student. Research area includes paleoclimate change. E-mail: wangmd202212@163.com
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Study of the early Paleocene hyperthermals in Nanxiong Basin: terrestrial records construction and carbon source(s) tracing”(42277440)

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早古近纪是新生代典型的温室气候期，期间发生了一系列快速短暂的、以碳同位素（δ¹³C）负偏移为特征的增温事件（也被称为极热事件，hyperthermals），其中Danian期早期Dan-C2事件是白垩纪末期生物大灭绝之后出现的第一个热事件，因而其环境效应和生态效应受到了广泛关注。但是随着研究的不断深入，关于Dan-C2事件的争议也不断增加。通过总结Dan-C2热事件研究的最新成果，对其全球性意义及其触发机制进行综述后发现： $①$ 全球性意义存在争议：海洋记录方面，Dan-C2事件期间的碳同位素负偏移目前局限在大西洋和特提斯洋局部地区的浮游有孔虫和全岩记录中，底栖有孔虫很少记录到该事件，表明其可能只是一次区域性的碳扰动事件。此外，该事件期间全岩和浮游有孔虫的氧同位素（δ¹⁸O）指示的增温也仅局限在北大西洋部分海域的表层海水，底层海水普遍缺乏增温的证据。同时，尽管已有陆相Dan-C2事件的证据被发现，但是与海相记录相比，陆相记录在数量、年代学及地层的连续性上，还存在很大的不足，导致陆相记录难以与海洋记录开展深入有效的对比工作，因此该事件的全球性意义受到质疑。 $②$ 触发机制存在争议：高精度年代框架显示Dan-C2事件发生在轨道偏心率极大值处，表明轨道驱动对该事件有一定的影响，同时该事件又与印度德干高原火山喷发的最后阶段在时间上吻合，暗示着火山活动排放的温室气体可能对Dan-C2事件期间的增温也有所贡献，但二者对该事件的相对贡献尚难以评估。未来研究要着重于以下方面： $①$ 不同海域Dan-C2事件记录的差异性以及海洋深层水记录缺失的原因； $②$ 建立更多可靠的陆相记录，在此基础上进一步探讨Dan-C2事件的全球性意义及其触发机制。

关键词: 早古近纪, Dan-C2热事件, 碳同位素（δ¹³C）, 全球性意义, 触发机制

The early Paleogene was a typical greenhouse climate period in the Cenozoic, during which a series of rapid and short-lived warming events (termed “hyperthermals”) occurred. Hyperthermals were characterized by negative carbon isotope excursion. Among them, the Dan-C2 thermal event of the early Danian is considered to be the first to occur after the biological mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous; thus, its environmental significance and ecological effects have received widespread attention. However, as research continues, controversies regarding the Dan-C2 event continue to grow: $①$ The global significance is controversial; in the marine records, the δ¹³C negative excursions during the Dan-C2 event were restricted to planktonic foraminifera and bulk records in parts of the Atlantic and Tethys Oceans, while benthic foraminifera rarely recorded this event, suggesting that it may only be a regional carbon perturbation event. Furthermore, the warming indicated by the oxygen isotopes (δ¹⁸O) of bulk and planktonic foraminifera during this event was limited to surface waters in parts of the North Atlantic, with evidence of warming in bottom waters generally lacking. At the same time, although evidence of the terrestrial Dan-C2 event has been discovered, the terrestrial records still have significant deficiencies in terms of quantification, chronology, and continuity compared with the marine records, which makes it difficult to conduct in-depth and effective comparisons between the terrestrial and marine records; therefore, the global significance of the Dan-C2 event is questioned. $②$ The trigger mechanism is controversial; the high-precision chronological frame shows that the Dan-C2 event occurred at the eccentricity maximum, indicating that the orbital cycle had a certain influence on the event. Simultaneously, the temporal coincidence of the Dan-C2 event with the last phase of the eruption of the Deccan Traps volcanism implies that greenhouse gas emissions from volcanic activity may have contributed to warming during the Dan-C2; however, the relative magnitudes of both contributions to the event is difficult to assess. Future research should focus on the following: $①$ Exploring the variability of the Dan-C2 event records in different areas and revealing the reasons for the absence of deep-ocean water records. $②$ Establishing more reliable terrestrial records and further exploring the global significance of the Dan-C2 event and its triggering mechanism.

Key words: Early Paleogene, The Dan-C2 thermal event, Carbon isotope (δ¹³C), Global significance, Trigger mechanism

中图分类号:

P532

图1 66 Ma全球古地理图（来自 https：//www.odsn.de/odsn/services/paleomap/paleomap.html ）及各研究地点的位置分布

Fig. 1 Paleogeographic reconstruction at 66 Ma （ https：//www.odsn.de/odsn/services/paleomap/paleomap.html ） and the locations of the study sites

图2 各研究地点记录到的Dan-C2事件以及该事件期间碳、氧同位素的变化情况
灰色阴影代表Dan-C2和马斯特里赫特期末期增温事件；（a）、（b）和（c）引自参考文献［ 3 ］，（d）引自参考文献［ 13 ］，（e）引自参考文献［ 5 ］，（f）、（g）和（h）引自参考文献［ 26 ］，（i）引自参考文献［ 12 ］，（j）引自参考文献［ 27 ］，（k）引自参考文献［ 28 ］，（l）引自参考文献［ 33 ， 39 ］，（m）引自参考文献［ 37 - 38 ］。磁性柱和生物带的划分引自参考文献［ 28 ］；（a）和（i）的年代数据根据参考文献［ 28 ］校准的年代模型进行调整

Fig. 2 The changes of carbon and oxygen isotopes during the Dan-C2 event at each study site
The gray shadows represent the Dan-C2 and the Latest Maastrichtian Warming Event （LMWE）. （a），（b） and （c） cited from reference ［ 3 ］；（d） cited from reference ［ 13 ］；（e） cited from reference ［ 5 ］；（f），（g） and （h） cited from reference ［ 26 ］；（i） cited from reference ［ 12 ］；（j） cited from reference ［ 27 ］；（k） cited from reference ［ 28 ］；（l） cited from references ［33，39］；（m） cited from references ［37-38］； Chron and Bio-zones are cited from reference ［ 28 ］. The chronology frameworks of （a） and （i） were calibrated according to reference ［ 28 ］

图3 ODP 1262站点Dan-C2事件和马斯特里赫特期末期增温事件对比
δ ¹³C _bulk和δ ¹⁸O _bulk数据引自参考文献［ 66 ］，δ ¹³C _benthic和δ ¹⁸O _benthic数据引自参考文献［ 5 ， 70 ］

Fig. 3 Comparison of the Dan-C2 and the Latest Maastrichtian Warming Event （LMWE） at the ODP 1262 site
The data of δ ¹³C _bulk and δ ¹⁸O _bulk are cited from reference ［ 66 ］， the data of δ ¹³C _benthic and δ ¹⁸O _benthic are cited from references ［5，70］

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