地球科学进展 ›› 2021, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (2): 154 -171. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.021

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

重矿物分析物源示踪方法研究进展
许苗苗 1( ), 魏晓椿 1( ), 杨蓉 1, 王平 2, 程晓敢 1   
  1. 1.浙江大学地球科学学院,浙江 杭州 310007
    2.南京师范大学地理科学学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-04 修回日期:2021-01-25 出版日期:2021-04-13
  • 通讯作者: 魏晓椿 E-mail:xmm3816403@163.com;xcwnju@gmail.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“东帕米尔山前晚新生代沉积物源示踪及对公格尔伸展系统启动时间的约束”(41902204);自然资源部构造成矿成藏重点实验室开放基金项目(gzck201904)

Research Progress of Provenance Tracing Method for Heavy Mineral Analysis

Miaomiao XU 1( ), Xiaochun WEI 1( ), Rong YANG 1, Ping WANG 2, Xiaogan CHENG 1   

  1. 1.School of Earth Sciences,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310007,China
    2.Nanjing Normal University,School of Geography,Nanjing 210023,China
  • Received:2020-12-04 Revised:2021-01-25 Online:2021-04-13 Published:2021-04-19
  • Contact: Xiaochun WEI E-mail:xmm3816403@163.com;xcwnju@gmail.com
  • About author:XU Miaomiao (1995-), female, Jining City, Shandong Province, Master student. Research areas include basin analysis. E-mail: xmm3816403@163.com
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Provenance identification of late cenozoic sediments in the Eastern Pamir Front: Constraints for the starting time of the Kongur Shan extensional system”(41902204);The Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Tectonic Controlled Mineralization and Oil Reservoir of Ministry of Natural Resources(gzck201904)

传统的重矿物分析是碎屑沉积物物源示踪的基本方法,具有费用便宜、物源信息全面等优点,还可以为单矿物物源示踪提供重要的背景信息,具有无可替代的作用。近年来,该方法在基础理论和技术上取得了一系列新进展,但尚缺乏系统的总结。对重矿物分析的研究进展和发展趋势进行了梳理,主要包括如下几个方面: 沉积物在搬运、沉积、成岩和暴露过程中,风化、水力分选、埋藏成岩等因素对重矿物的影响; 重矿物组合数据获取的方法(采样、前处理、粒径选择以及计数等)和应注意的问题; 如何进行重矿物数据分析、处理和应用,包括开展常用重矿物指标计算、偏差矫正和沉积物贡献量计算等; 重矿物分析方法的发展趋势。认为机器自动矿物识别以及重矿物分析与单矿物分析相结合是重矿物分析物源示踪方法的发展方向。

The traditional heavy mineral analysis is a fundamental and cheap provenance tracing method for clastic sediments. It provides comprehensive provenance information and irreplaceable background data for the single-mineral methods of provenance tracing. There are new progresses in basic theory and technology in recent years, but a systematic summary is still lacking. This paper summarizes the progress and development trend of heavy mineral analysis, which is shown in the following aspects: The impact of factors such as weathering, hydraulic sorting, diagenetic modification on heavy minerals during transport, deposition, diagenesis, and exposure; Data acquisition processes of heavy mineral analysis (sampling, pre-processing, selection of grain size fraction, counting) and issues that should be paid attention to; How to analyze, process and apply heavy mineral data, including calculating commonly used heavy mineral indexes and sediment budgets, and carrying out bias correction; The new progress and development trend of theory and technology in the heavy mineral analysis. It is believed that automatic mineral identification by machine and the combination of heavy mineral analysis method and single-mineral method are the development direction of provenance tracing based on heavy mineral analysis.

中图分类号: 

图1 过去30年(19912020年)基于传统的重矿物分析和典型单矿物物源示踪的文献数量
Fig.1 Numbers of the literature of provenance analyses based on traditional heavy mineral analyses and typical single mineral analyses over the past 30 years (1991 to 2020)
图1 过去30年(19912020年)基于传统的重矿物分析和典型单矿物物源示踪的文献数量
Fig.1 Numbers of the literature of provenance analyses based on traditional heavy mineral analyses and typical single mineral analyses over the past 30 years (1991 to 2020)
图2 水力分选示意图(据参考文献[ 13 , 37 ]修改)
(a)Cheng [ 38 ]的球形颗粒沉降力学模型;(b)水力等效原理控制下的不同矿物粒度关系;(c)颗粒选择性挟带示意图;(d)中性砂经水力分选,分出冲积矿和反冲积矿; F v:黏性阻力; F t:紊流阻力; F L:上升浮力; F D:拖曳力; α:转动角; F g:水下颗粒重力; DK:直径
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of hydraulic sortingmodified after references [13,37])
(a) Mechanical model of spherical particle settlement from Cheng [ 38 ]; (b) The settling-equivalence principle controls size-density relationships under control by the settling-equivalence principle; (c) Selective entrainment of coarser low-density grain while smaller settling-equivalent heavy minerals are left behind; (d) “Neutral”sediments are partitioned into “placer” and “antiplacer” deposits. F v:Viscous drag; F t:Turbulent drag; F L:Lift force; F D:Drag force; α:Pivoting angle; F g:Submerged grain weight; D and K:Grain diameter
图2 水力分选示意图(据参考文献[ 13 , 37 ]修改)
(a)Cheng [ 38 ]的球形颗粒沉降力学模型;(b)水力等效原理控制下的不同矿物粒度关系;(c)颗粒选择性挟带示意图;(d)中性砂经水力分选,分出冲积矿和反冲积矿; F v:黏性阻力; F t:紊流阻力; F L:上升浮力; F D:拖曳力; α:转动角; F g:水下颗粒重力; DK:直径
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of hydraulic sortingmodified after references [13,37])
(a) Mechanical model of spherical particle settlement from Cheng [ 38 ]; (b) The settling-equivalence principle controls size-density relationships under control by the settling-equivalence principle; (c) Selective entrainment of coarser low-density grain while smaller settling-equivalent heavy minerals are left behind; (d) “Neutral”sediments are partitioned into “placer” and “antiplacer” deposits. F v:Viscous drag; F t:Turbulent drag; F L:Lift force; F D:Drag force; α:Pivoting angle; F g:Submerged grain weight; D and K:Grain diameter
表1 不同构造背景下重矿物组合特征(据参考文献[ 13 , 73 ]编制)
Table 1 Characteristics of heavy mineral assemblage under different tectonic backgrounds (compiled after references [13,73])
源岩构造背景和位置 沉积物重矿物特征
大洋岩石圈 沉积盖层 重矿物含量较少,稳定和超稳定矿物为主(含铬尖晶石)
上地壳 辉石、阳起角闪石和丰富的绿帘石
下地壳 单斜辉石为主的矿物组合,包含绿—棕色角闪石或紫苏辉石
地幔 橄榄石(或蛇纹石)为主,斜方辉石次之,尖晶石少量
岩浆弧地壳 火山弧 普通辉石、紫苏辉石为主,橄榄石、普通角闪石次之
弧岩基 普通角闪石为主,含绿帘石,单斜辉石、紫苏辉石、榍石、锆石少量
大陆地壳 上地壳 源岩为浅变质岩:绿帘石为主,超稳定矿物少量源岩为碎屑岩盖层:锆石、电气石和金红石为主;源岩为碳酸盐岩:不含重矿物;源岩为陆内火山:单斜辉石为主,局部有橄榄石、磷灰石、锆石、易变辉石、尖晶石等
中地壳 岩石为花岗岩或角闪相变质岩:角闪石为主;源岩为角闪岩相副变质岩:以石榴子石、蓝晶石和 十字石组合为特征
下地壳 以紫苏辉石、角闪石、石榴子石、单斜辉石、夕线石组合为特征
造山带变质推覆体 大洋变质推覆体 洋壳榴辉岩化变质岩:几乎由单斜辉石、石榴子石、金红石构成
榴辉岩退变质后源岩:绿帘石、角闪石为主,辉石、石榴子石少量
大陆变质推覆体 榴辉岩相岩石经受退变质后的源岩:与退变质大洋榴辉岩类似,但石榴子石更多,蓝晶石更少;蓝片岩相岩石经受绿片岩相退变质后的源岩:绿帘石为主
造山带 大洋、弧和大陆岩石均可卷入造山带,因此造山带的沉积物没有特定的重矿物组合
表1 不同构造背景下重矿物组合特征(据参考文献[ 13 , 73 ]编制)
Table 1 Characteristics of heavy mineral assemblage under different tectonic backgrounds (compiled after references [13,73])
源岩构造背景和位置 沉积物重矿物特征
大洋岩石圈 沉积盖层 重矿物含量较少,稳定和超稳定矿物为主(含铬尖晶石)
上地壳 辉石、阳起角闪石和丰富的绿帘石
下地壳 单斜辉石为主的矿物组合,包含绿—棕色角闪石或紫苏辉石
地幔 橄榄石(或蛇纹石)为主,斜方辉石次之,尖晶石少量
岩浆弧地壳 火山弧 普通辉石、紫苏辉石为主,橄榄石、普通角闪石次之
弧岩基 普通角闪石为主,含绿帘石,单斜辉石、紫苏辉石、榍石、锆石少量
大陆地壳 上地壳 源岩为浅变质岩:绿帘石为主,超稳定矿物少量源岩为碎屑岩盖层:锆石、电气石和金红石为主;源岩为碳酸盐岩:不含重矿物;源岩为陆内火山:单斜辉石为主,局部有橄榄石、磷灰石、锆石、易变辉石、尖晶石等
中地壳 岩石为花岗岩或角闪相变质岩:角闪石为主;源岩为角闪岩相副变质岩:以石榴子石、蓝晶石和 十字石组合为特征
下地壳 以紫苏辉石、角闪石、石榴子石、单斜辉石、夕线石组合为特征
造山带变质推覆体 大洋变质推覆体 洋壳榴辉岩化变质岩:几乎由单斜辉石、石榴子石、金红石构成
榴辉岩退变质后源岩:绿帘石、角闪石为主,辉石、石榴子石少量
大陆变质推覆体 榴辉岩相岩石经受退变质后的源岩:与退变质大洋榴辉岩类似,但石榴子石更多,蓝晶石更少;蓝片岩相岩石经受绿片岩相退变质后的源岩:绿帘石为主
造山带 大洋、弧和大陆岩石均可卷入造山带,因此造山带的沉积物没有特定的重矿物组合
表2 常用的重矿物物源示踪指标(据参考文献[ 25 , 48 , 82 ~ 85 ]编制)
Table 2 Commonly used heavy mineral indexes (compiled after references [25,48,82~85])
指标 涉及的有关组分 指标定义
ATi 磷灰石(Apatite)、电气石(Tourmaline) 100×磷灰石/(磷灰石+电气石)
GZi 石榴子石(Garnet)、锆石(Zircon) 100×石榴子/(石榴子石+锆石)
RZi TiO2矿物(TiO2 group)、锆石(Zircon) 100×TiO2矿物/(TiO2矿物+锆石)
RuZi 金红石(Rutile)、锆石(Zircon) 100×金红石/(金红石+锆石)
CZi 铬尖晶石(Chrome spinel)、锆石(Zircon) 100×铬尖晶石/(铬尖晶石+锆石)
MZi 独居石(Monazite)、锆石(Zircon) 100×独居石/(独居石+锆石)
ZTR 锆石(Zircon)、电气石(Tourmaline)、金红石(Rutile) 100×(锆石+电气石+金红石)/透明重矿物
POS 辉石(Pyroxenes)、橄榄石(Olivine)、尖晶石(Spinel) 100×(辉石+橄榄石+尖晶石)/透明重矿物
LgM 绿帘石、葡萄石、绿纤石、纤锰柱石、硬绿泥石 100×(绿帘石+葡萄石+绿纤石+纤锰柱石+硬绿泥石)/透明重矿物
HgM 十字石、红柱石、蓝晶石、夕线石 100×(十字石+红柱石+蓝晶石+夕线石)/透明重矿物
%Op 所有重矿物 100×不透明重矿物/总的重矿物
%Ultradense 所有重矿物 100×超重重矿物/总的重矿物
%ZR 锆石(Zircon)、金红石(Rutile)、电气石(Tourmaline) 100×(锆石+金红石)/(锆石+金红石+电气石)
HMC 所有碎屑 100×总重矿物(透明+不透明+混浊颗粒)/总碎屑
tHMC 所有碎屑 100×透明重矿物/总碎屑
SRD 所有碎屑 所有碎屑颗粒的加权平均密度,见正文中 公式(5) 或(6)
Hb 普通角闪石 100×普通角闪石/透明重矿物
&A 所有透明重矿物 100×(蓝闪石+透闪石+阳起石)/透明重矿物
CPX 所有透明重矿物 100×(普通辉石+透辉石)/透明重矿物
OPX 所有透明重矿物 100×(顽辉石+紫苏辉石)/透明重矿物
MMI 十字石、蓝晶石、夕线石、硬绿泥石 100×(1/3十字石+2/3蓝晶石+夕线石)/(硬绿泥石+十字石+蓝晶石+夕线石)
表2 常用的重矿物物源示踪指标(据参考文献[ 25 , 48 , 82 ~ 85 ]编制)
Table 2 Commonly used heavy mineral indexes (compiled after references [25,48,82~85])
指标 涉及的有关组分 指标定义
ATi 磷灰石(Apatite)、电气石(Tourmaline) 100×磷灰石/(磷灰石+电气石)
GZi 石榴子石(Garnet)、锆石(Zircon) 100×石榴子/(石榴子石+锆石)
RZi TiO2矿物(TiO2 group)、锆石(Zircon) 100×TiO2矿物/(TiO2矿物+锆石)
RuZi 金红石(Rutile)、锆石(Zircon) 100×金红石/(金红石+锆石)
CZi 铬尖晶石(Chrome spinel)、锆石(Zircon) 100×铬尖晶石/(铬尖晶石+锆石)
MZi 独居石(Monazite)、锆石(Zircon) 100×独居石/(独居石+锆石)
ZTR 锆石(Zircon)、电气石(Tourmaline)、金红石(Rutile) 100×(锆石+电气石+金红石)/透明重矿物
POS 辉石(Pyroxenes)、橄榄石(Olivine)、尖晶石(Spinel) 100×(辉石+橄榄石+尖晶石)/透明重矿物
LgM 绿帘石、葡萄石、绿纤石、纤锰柱石、硬绿泥石 100×(绿帘石+葡萄石+绿纤石+纤锰柱石+硬绿泥石)/透明重矿物
HgM 十字石、红柱石、蓝晶石、夕线石 100×(十字石+红柱石+蓝晶石+夕线石)/透明重矿物
%Op 所有重矿物 100×不透明重矿物/总的重矿物
%Ultradense 所有重矿物 100×超重重矿物/总的重矿物
%ZR 锆石(Zircon)、金红石(Rutile)、电气石(Tourmaline) 100×(锆石+金红石)/(锆石+金红石+电气石)
HMC 所有碎屑 100×总重矿物(透明+不透明+混浊颗粒)/总碎屑
tHMC 所有碎屑 100×透明重矿物/总碎屑
SRD 所有碎屑 所有碎屑颗粒的加权平均密度,见正文中 公式(5) 或(6)
Hb 普通角闪石 100×普通角闪石/透明重矿物
&A 所有透明重矿物 100×(蓝闪石+透闪石+阳起石)/透明重矿物
CPX 所有透明重矿物 100×(普通辉石+透辉石)/透明重矿物
OPX 所有透明重矿物 100×(顽辉石+紫苏辉石)/透明重矿物
MMI 十字石、蓝晶石、夕线石、硬绿泥石 100×(1/3十字石+2/3蓝晶石+夕线石)/(硬绿泥石+十字石+蓝晶石+夕线石)
图3 SRD矫正效果示例(据参考文献[ 68 ]修改)
(a)对已知全样SRD的Goro沙滩冲积砂矿使用两步SRD矫正分别消除分析偏差和环境偏差;(b)Goro沙滩冲积砂矿(SRD为3.36)和Po三角洲沙滩沉积物(SRD为2.70±0.03)之间的差异经SRD矫正11步迭代后极大地减少
Fig.3 Examples of SRD correctionmodified after reference [ 68 ])
(a) Use two-step SRD correction for Goro beach placer with known bulk-sample SRD to eliminate analysis deviation and environmental deviation respectively; (b) Compositional differences between Goro placer (SRD 3.36) and PO Delta beaches (SRD 2.70±0.03) are successfully minimized after eleven iterations of SRD correction
图3 SRD矫正效果示例(据参考文献[ 68 ]修改)
(a)对已知全样SRD的Goro沙滩冲积砂矿使用两步SRD矫正分别消除分析偏差和环境偏差;(b)Goro沙滩冲积砂矿(SRD为3.36)和Po三角洲沙滩沉积物(SRD为2.70±0.03)之间的差异经SRD矫正11步迭代后极大地减少
Fig.3 Examples of SRD correctionmodified after reference [ 68 ])
(a) Use two-step SRD correction for Goro beach placer with known bulk-sample SRD to eliminate analysis deviation and environmental deviation respectively; (b) Compositional differences between Goro placer (SRD 3.36) and PO Delta beaches (SRD 2.70±0.03) are successfully minimized after eleven iterations of SRD correction
图4 TIMA对重矿物自动扫描获得种类识别、颗粒分解、成分统计和矿物粒径分布实例
Fig.4 An example of automatic scanning, identification, particle de-agglomeration, and composition and particle size statistics of heavy minerals by TIMA
图4 TIMA对重矿物自动扫描获得种类识别、颗粒分解、成分统计和矿物粒径分布实例
Fig.4 An example of automatic scanning, identification, particle de-agglomeration, and composition and particle size statistics of heavy minerals by TIMA
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