河流生态需水计算及空间满足率分析——以济南市为例

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.021

地球科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (5): 513 -522. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.021

杨阳 ^1, ²(

),汪中华 ⁴,王雪莲 ⁵,赵长森 ^1, ^2, ³(

),张纯斌 ³,潘天力 ³

^1.北京师范大学水科学研究院地下水污染控制与修复教育部工程研究中心，北京 100875
^2.北京师范大学水科学研究院城市水循环与海绵城市技术北京市重点实验室，北京 100875
^3.北京师范大学地理科学学部遥感科学国家重点实验室，北京 100875
^4.济南市水文局，山东济南 250013
^5.北京市水文总站，北京 100089

收稿日期:2019-12-23 修回日期:2020-03-04 出版日期:2020-05-10
通讯作者: 赵长森 E-mail:yangyoga@163.com;zhaochangsen@bnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目“喀斯特生物多样性形成和维持的钙依赖机制及其应用基础”(U1812401)

Calculation of Environment Flow and Analysis of Spatial Environment flow Satisfaction Rate: A Case Study of Ji'nan City

Yang Yang ^1, ²( ),Zhonghua Wang ⁴,Xuelian Wang ⁵,Changsen Zhao ^1, ^2, ³( ),Chunbin Zhang ³,Tianli Pan ³

^1.College of Water Sciences，Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology，Beijing Normal University，Beijing 100875，China
^2.Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences，Beijing Normal University，Beijing 100875，China
^3.Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities，School of Geography，Beijing Normal University，Beijing 100875，China
^4.Ji'nan Survey Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources，Ji'nan 250013，China
^5.Beijing Hydrological Center，Beijing 100089，China

Received:2019-12-23 Revised:2020-03-04 Online:2020-05-10 Published:2020-06-05
Contact: Changsen Zhao E-mail:yangyoga@163.com;zhaochangsen@bnu.edu.cn
About author:Yang Yang (1995-), male, Handan City, Hebei Province, Master student. Research areas include ecological hydrology. E-mail： yangyoga@163.com
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation Program of China "Calcium-dependent mechanism of karst biodiversity formation and maintenance and its application basis"(U1812401)

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随着经济社会发展，用水量增大，导致河流生态需水常常得不到满足。生态需水作为河流生态系统的重要指标，对维持生态系统可持续具有关键作用。充分考虑河流生态系统的生物需求，采用食物网模型（Ecopath）识别了鱼类关键物种，在此基础上确定生态流速，结合无人机反演河段大断面，采用改进的生态水力半径法（AEHRA）计算生态需水，在生态需水计算结果的基础上采用River2D模型模拟河段流量，进而计算河段的生态需水满足率。计算结果表明汛期各河段生态需水基本能够得到满足，非汛期绝大多数河段生态需水不能得到满足，并且满足率极低，导致生态系统健康无法维持。因此，应加强非汛期的河流生态调度以满足河流生态需水。研究提出的计算河段生态需水的新方法可为水生态修复提供方法基础，研究结果可为济南市河流水生态修复与管理提供重要的科学依据。

关键词: 生态需水, 关键物种, 生态需水满足率, River2D

With the socio-economic development, water demand has increased, resulting in river environment flow often not being met. As an important indicator of river ecosystem, environment flow plays a key role in maintaining the sustainability of the ecosystem. This study fully considered the biological needs of river ecosystems, used food web models (Ecopath) to identify key species of fish, determined the ecological flow velocity, combined the river sections, and used the Adapted Ecological Hydraulic Radius Method (AEHRA) to calculate the environment flow. Based on the calculation results of the environment flow, the River2D model was used to simulate the river flow, and the environment flow satisfaction rate of the river was calculated. The calculation results show that the environment flow of each river in the flood season can be satisfied, and the environment flow of most rivers in the non-flood season cannot be satisfied, and the satisfaction rate is extremely low, which causes the ecosystem health to be destroyed. Therefore, ecological regulation of rivers during non-flood seasons should be strengthened to meet river environment flow. The new method for calculating the environment flow of the river provided in this paper can provide a method for aquatic ecological restoration, and the research results can provide important scientific basis for the aquatic ecological restoration and management of rivers in Jinan.

Key words: Environment flow, Key species of fish, Environment flow satisfaction rate, River2D.

中图分类号:

P349

图1 济南市概况图

Fig.1 The overview of Ji'nan City

表1 济南 2014— 2016年 10次野外采集的鱼类种类

Table 1 Species of fish collected in Ji'nan from 2014 to 2016

序号	种名	序号	种名
1	马口鱼	30	大鼻吻鮈
2	鲫	31	鲮鱼
3	麦穗鱼	32	虹鳟
4	刺鳅	33	纹缟鰕虎鱼
5	餐（音）	34	斑鳜
6	黑鳍腺	35	棒花鮈
7	短须颌须鮈	36	翘嘴红鲌
8	泥鳅	37	梭鱼
9	黄鳝	38	棒花鱼
10	清徐胡鮈	39	彩鰟鮍
11	中华鰟鮍	40	高体鳑鲏
12	褐栉鰕虎鱼	41	子陵栉鰕虎鱼
13	黄黝	42	红鳍鲌
14	栉鰕虎鱼	43	乌鳢
15	葛氏鲈塘鳢	44	圆尾斗鱼
16	纵纹北鳅	45	点纹银鮈
17	波氏栉鰕虎鱼	46	光唇蛇鮈
18	黄颡鱼	47	凹尾拟鲿
19	青鱼	48	翘嘴鲌
20	草鱼	49	兴凯鱊
21	大鳞副泥鳅	50	中华花鳅
22	鲶	51	寡鳞飘鱼
23	鲤	52	大银鱼
24	稀有麦穗鱼	53	蛇鮈
25	埃及胡子鲶	54	伍氏华鳊
26	青鳉	55	圆尾拟鲿
27	花鲈	56	鳙鱼
28	赤眼鳟	57	白鲢
29	鲢	58	细鳞斜颌鲴

表1 济南 2014— 2016年 10次野外采集的鱼类种类

Table 1 Species of fish collected in Ji'nan from 2014 to 2016

序号	种名	序号	种名
1	马口鱼	30	大鼻吻鮈
2	鲫	31	鲮鱼
3	麦穗鱼	32	虹鳟
4	刺鳅	33	纹缟鰕虎鱼
5	餐（音）	34	斑鳜
6	黑鳍腺	35	棒花鮈
7	短须颌须鮈	36	翘嘴红鲌
8	泥鳅	37	梭鱼
9	黄鳝	38	棒花鱼
10	清徐胡鮈	39	彩鰟鮍
11	中华鰟鮍	40	高体鳑鲏
12	褐栉鰕虎鱼	41	子陵栉鰕虎鱼
13	黄黝	42	红鳍鲌
14	栉鰕虎鱼	43	乌鳢
15	葛氏鲈塘鳢	44	圆尾斗鱼
16	纵纹北鳅	45	点纹银鮈
17	波氏栉鰕虎鱼	46	光唇蛇鮈
18	黄颡鱼	47	凹尾拟鲿
19	青鱼	48	翘嘴鲌
20	草鱼	49	兴凯鱊
21	大鳞副泥鳅	50	中华花鳅
22	鲶	51	寡鳞飘鱼
23	鲤	52	大银鱼
24	稀有麦穗鱼	53	蛇鮈
25	埃及胡子鲶	54	伍氏华鳊
26	青鳉	55	圆尾拟鲿
27	花鲈	56	鳙鱼
28	赤眼鳟	57	白鲢
29	鲢	58	细鳞斜颌鲴

图2 食物网图示例

Fig.2 Food web structure diagram

表2 关键鱼类产卵需求

Table 2 Key fish spawning needs

关键物种	产卵时间 /月份	产卵类型	产卵期水深需求/m	产卵期流速需求/（m/s）
蛇鮈	3~4	浮性卵	0.2~1.0	0.027~0.950
青鳉	5~6	浮性卵	0~0.3	0.027~0.950
赤眼鳟	5~7	浮性卵	1.5~2.0	0.027~0.950
乌鳢	4~7	浮性卵	0.2~1.0	0.027~0.950
马口鱼	6~8	漂流性	1.5~4.0	0.304~1.800
中华花鳅	5~7	漂流性	0~0.5	0.304~1.800
鲫	4~5	粘性卵	0.8~1.2	0.022~1.040
麦穗鱼	4~6	粘性卵	0.3~0.4	0.001~1.500
泥鳅	4~5	粘性卵	0.1~0.2	0.002~1.040
棒花鱼	4~5	粘性卵	0.1~0.2	0.002~1.040
大鳞副泥鳅	4~5	粘性卵	0.1~0.2	0.002~1.040
餐（音）	5~7	粘性卵	0.5~10	0.001~1.500
伍氏华鳊	4~5	粘性卵	0.2~1.0	0.022~1.040
兴凯鱊	5~6	粘性卵	0.8~1.2	0.002~1.040
彩鰟鮍	4~6	粘性卵	1.5~2.5	0.002~1.040
鲤	4~5	粘性卵	0.8~1.2	0.022~1.040
中华鰟鮍	4~6	粘性卵	1.5~2.5	0.022~1.040
褐栉鰕虎鱼	4~5	粘性卵	0.1~0.3	0.002~1.040

表2 关键鱼类产卵需求

Table 2 Key fish spawning needs

关键物种	产卵时间 /月份	产卵类型	产卵期水深需求/m	产卵期流速需求/（m/s）
蛇鮈	3~4	浮性卵	0.2~1.0	0.027~0.950
青鳉	5~6	浮性卵	0~0.3	0.027~0.950
赤眼鳟	5~7	浮性卵	1.5~2.0	0.027~0.950
乌鳢	4~7	浮性卵	0.2~1.0	0.027~0.950
马口鱼	6~8	漂流性	1.5~4.0	0.304~1.800
中华花鳅	5~7	漂流性	0~0.5	0.304~1.800
鲫	4~5	粘性卵	0.8~1.2	0.022~1.040
麦穗鱼	4~6	粘性卵	0.3~0.4	0.001~1.500
泥鳅	4~5	粘性卵	0.1~0.2	0.002~1.040
棒花鱼	4~5	粘性卵	0.1~0.2	0.002~1.040
大鳞副泥鳅	4~5	粘性卵	0.1~0.2	0.002~1.040
餐（音）	5~7	粘性卵	0.5~10	0.001~1.500
伍氏华鳊	4~5	粘性卵	0.2~1.0	0.022~1.040
兴凯鱊	5~6	粘性卵	0.8~1.2	0.002~1.040
彩鰟鮍	4~6	粘性卵	1.5~2.5	0.002~1.040
鲤	4~5	粘性卵	0.8~1.2	0.022~1.040
中华鰟鮍	4~6	粘性卵	1.5~2.5	0.022~1.040
褐栉鰕虎鱼	4~5	粘性卵	0.1~0.3	0.002~1.040

表3 典型控制点最小生态需水 (

Q E_m i n

)和最小生态水深 (

Z E_m i n

)

Table 3 Minimum environment flows (

Q E_m i n

) and minimum ecological water depth (

Z E_m i n

) at typical points

月份	J1		J11		J23		J24		J39		J48
月份	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$
1	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
2	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
3	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
4	0.54	0.11	0.2	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.09	0.24	0.49	0.2
5	0.54	0.11	0.2	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.49	0.2
6	0.26	0.11	0.2	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
7	0.26	0.11	1.06	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
8	2.6	0.3	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
9	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
10	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
11	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
12	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18

表3 典型控制点最小生态需水 (

Q E_m i n

)和最小生态水深 (

Z E_m i n

)

Table 3 Minimum environment flows (

Q E_m i n

) and minimum ecological water depth (

Z E_m i n

) at typical points

月份	J1		J11		J23		J24		J39		J48
月份	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$	$Q E_m i n$	$Z E_m i n$
1	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
2	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
3	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
4	0.54	0.11	0.2	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.09	0.24	0.49	0.2
5	0.54	0.11	0.2	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.49	0.2
6	0.26	0.11	0.2	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
7	0.26	0.11	1.06	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
8	2.6	0.3	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
9	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
10	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
11	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18
12	0.26	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.28	0.11	0.48	0.11	0.05	0.23	0.24	0.18

图3 各典型点河道空间连续最小生态需水满足率分布图
从上至下依次是并渡口、张工南临、巨野河、北大沙河，(a)、(c)、(e)和(g)为非汛期，（b）、（d）、（f）和（h）为汛期

Fig.3 Environment flows satisfaction rate of river channels at typical points
From top to bottom are Bingdukou, Zhanggongnanlin, Juyehe, and Beidashahe. (a),(c),(e),(g) are the non-flood season,
the （b）,（d）,（f）,（h） are the flood season

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