航空碳排放环境损害评估方法的动态化转换、应用与比较研究

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.07.0688

航空市场快速发展与空域资源供给矛盾突出加剧了航空碳排放环境损害。总结了航空碳排放环境损害评估方法的转换及其应用，并比较了评估方法在航空与地面交通方式碳排放评估过程中的特征，认为： $①$ 评估方法经历了从静态评估到动态评估的转换；航空碳排放环境损害评估方法的应用研究聚焦于碳排放量评估、空域资源利用、起降循环（LTO）阶段排放和减排实践4个关键问题。 $②$ 机场终端区是航空碳排放主要发生地、LTO阶段作为航空碳排放主要发生期，二者逐渐成为评估方法应用研究的重点；减排实践主要体现在针对经济领域的减排措施优化。 $③$ 基于情境评估和总量评估2类方法的应用，航空与地面交通方式碳排放的比较优势和环境损害总量影响通过距离因子和能源消耗量予以体现。 $④$ 提高空域资源交通网络顺畅性、优化航班时刻结构及空域资源配置等更有利于促进航空减排。

关键词: 航空碳排放, 环境损害, 评估方法, 动态转换

The contradiction between the rapid development of aviation market and supply of airspace resources has increased the environmental damages of aviation carbon emission. The conversion and application of environmental damage assessment method of aviation carbon emission were summarized, and the characteristics of the assessment methods for air and ground transportation were compared. We found out the followings: $①$ The evaluation method has been transformed from static assessment to dynamic evaluation, and focused on four key problems, average and total carbon emissions, airspace resource utilization, LTO stage emission, and reduction practice; $②$ Airport terminal area as well as LTO are becoming the focus in the study of aviation carbon emission assessment method, while the former is the main area and the latter is the main stage of aviation carbon emission. The practice of emission reduction is mainly reflected in the optimization of emission reduction measures in economic field; $③$ Based on the situation and total assessment methods, environmental damage assessment and comparative advantage of aviation carbon emission and ground transportation carbon emission are reflected in the distance by using distance factor and energy consumption; $④$ Improving the smoothness of airspace resource traffic network, optimizing flight schedule structure and airspace resource allocation are more conducive to promoting aviation emission reduction.

Key words: Aviation carbon emission, Environmental damage, Evaluation methods, Dynamic transformation.

中图分类号:

P967

图1 ICAO标准循环模型

Fig.1 ICAO reference LTO cycle model

图2 ICAO平均起飞燃油消耗率与起飞前燃油消耗率比较（据参考文献[ 1 ]修改）

Fig.2 Average takeoff FF with respect to duration before liftoff （modified after reference[ 1 ]）

图3 单引擎HC,CO和NO_x排放实际值与ICAO计划值的差异(据参考文献[ 1 ]修改)

Fig.3 Comparison of single engine LTO emissions NO_x, CO and HC （modified after reference[ 1 ]）

表1 不同交通方式碳排放评估方法比较

Table 1 Comparison of carbon emission assessment methods for different modes of transportation

类别	评估方法	评估目的	评估标准
情景评估方法	同步优化分析方法^{[ 47 ]}	比较相同路线不同交通方式承载量	能量消耗与预测
	生命周期评估方法^{[ 48 ]}	评估长距离高铁、汽车和飞机环境影响	一个生命周期内电动高效汽车、高铁、下一代飞机的碳排放量
	双寡头垄断模型^{[ 49 ]}	评估航空运输与高铁竞争的环境影响	飞机和高铁环境影响动态模拟
	碳足迹评估方法^{[ 50 ]}	评估不同交通方式碳排放量	模拟碳排放总量
总量评估方法	仪器检测与计算方法^{[ 51 ]}	比较飞机与机动车环境影响	飞机、汽车所在机场、公路附近空气质量监测
	动力学方程^{[ 52 ]}	量化比较航空与高铁的能耗	2种交通方式实际消费模拟数据
	燃料消耗量排放因子法^{[ 15 ]}	比较飞机与机动车污染排放总量	碳排放总量数据

表1 不同交通方式碳排放评估方法比较

Table 1 Comparison of carbon emission assessment methods for different modes of transportation

类别	评估方法	评估目的	评估标准
情景评估方法	同步优化分析方法^{[ 47 ]}	比较相同路线不同交通方式承载量	能量消耗与预测
	生命周期评估方法^{[ 48 ]}	评估长距离高铁、汽车和飞机环境影响	一个生命周期内电动高效汽车、高铁、下一代飞机的碳排放量
	双寡头垄断模型^{[ 49 ]}	评估航空运输与高铁竞争的环境影响	飞机和高铁环境影响动态模拟
	碳足迹评估方法^{[ 50 ]}	评估不同交通方式碳排放量	模拟碳排放总量
总量评估方法	仪器检测与计算方法^{[ 51 ]}	比较飞机与机动车环境影响	飞机、汽车所在机场、公路附近空气质量监测
	动力学方程^{[ 52 ]}	量化比较航空与高铁的能耗	2种交通方式实际消费模拟数据
	燃料消耗量排放因子法^{[ 15 ]}	比较飞机与机动车污染排放总量	碳排放总量数据

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摘要

Study on Dynamic Transformation, Application and Comparison of Aviation Carbon Emission Environmental Damage Assessment Methods