滨浅湖环境中“砂—泥”沉积记录及成岩作用系统——以济阳坳陷古近系孔店组为例

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.06.0615.

地球科学进展 ›› 2016, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 615 -633. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.06.0615.

谭先锋 ^1, ²(

), 冉天 ¹, 罗龙 ³, 王佳 ^1, ², 梁迈 ^1, ², 陈青 ^1, ², 况昊 ^1, ²

1.重庆科技学院石油与天然气工程学院,重庆 401331
2.复杂油气田勘探开发重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 401331
3.中国石油大学(北京) 地球科学学院,北京 102249

收稿日期:2016-04-11 修回日期:2016-05-14 出版日期:2016-06-20
基金资助:
*国家自然科学基金项目“济阳坳陷古近系孔店组旋回沉积机理及成岩系统研究”(编号:41202043);中国石油科技创新基金项目“深部埋藏条件下陆相碎屑岩成岩系统及储层形成机理”(编号:2014D-5006-0108)资助

The“Sand-Mud” Sedimentary Record and Its Diagenetic System in Shore-shallow Lacustrine—A Case Study of Eocene Kongdian Formation in Jiyang Depression

Xianfeng Tan ^1, ²( ), Tian Ran ¹, Long Luo ³, Jia Wang ^1, ², Mai Liang ^1, ², Qing Chen ^1, ², Hao Kuang ^1, ²

1.School of Petroleum Engineering,Chongqing University of Science and Technology,Chongqing 401331,China
2.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Complex Oil and Gas Exploration and Development,Chongqing 401331,China
3.College of Geosciences,China University of Petroleum,Beijing 102249,China

Received:2016-04-11 Revised:2016-05-14 Online:2016-06-20 Published:2016-06-10
About author:
First author:Tan Xianfeng(1982-),male, Chongqing City,Associate Professor. Research areas include sedimentary geology and ancient environment.E-mail:xianfengtan8299@163.com
Supported by:
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China“Research on cyclic sedimentation mechanism and diagenetic system of Kongdian Formation of Paleogene in Jiyang Sag”(No.41202043);PetroChina Innovation Foundation“Diagenetic system and formation mechanism of reservoir of continental clastic rocks under deep burial conditions”(No.2014D-5006-0108)

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滨浅湖环境中广泛发育砂—泥沉积记录,油气生储盖组合配置较好,具有重要的油气地质意义。以济阳坳陷始新统孔店组为例,对滨浅湖环境中砂—泥沉积记录的形成机制及成岩系统进行研究。结果表明:济阳坳陷孔店组宏观上表现为砂—泥对偶、脉状泥岩和砂岩透镜体等3种砂—泥互层沉积层系;微观上主要为各种砂—泥过渡碎屑岩,含碎屑颗粒、黏土和碳酸盐等3种结构组分。砂泥互层沉积层系主要受控于浅水型三角洲侧翼的物质改造和滨浅湖环境中的共轭震荡,厚度受物质来源和水动力条件等制约;砂—泥过渡碎屑岩类主要跟水体动力机制和沉积分异作用有关。砂—泥互层沉积层系组成封闭性的成岩系统,泥岩成岩过程的早期压实排水和差异压实作用、中晚期黏土矿物转化、结构水和有机酸的排放制约砂岩层的成岩作用,而砂—泥过渡岩类封闭成岩系统主要受碎屑岩结构成熟度的制约。

关键词: 砂泥沉积记录, 成岩系统, 滨浅湖, 孔店组, 济阳坳陷

The sand-mud sedimentary record develops widely in the shore-shallow lacustrine, which can be a good oil and gas reservoir cap combination. It has important significance in petroleum geology. This paper takes the Kongdian Fm. of Eocene in Jiyang Depression as an example to study the formation mechanism and diagenetic system of the sand-mud sedimentary record in the shore-shallow lacustrine. The study indicated that sandstone-mudstone sedimentary strata at macroscopic level includes sand-mud duality, mudstone vein and sandstone lens in the Kongdian Fm. of Jiyang Depression, and there are some transitional clastic rocks at the microscopic level (Clastic particles, clay and carbonate cements are included in the transitional clastic rocks). The sandstone-mudstone sedimentary strata mainly formed in the material transformation of the shallow-water deltas and conjugate shock in the shore-shallow lacustrine. The thickness is mainly restricted by material source and water dynamic condition, and the sand-mud transitional clastic rocks are restricted by the dynamic mechanism and sedimentary differentiation of the lake water. The sandstone-mudstone sedimentary strata is composed of a closed diagenetic system. Early compaction-drainage and differential compaction, middle and late clay mineral transformation, structural water and organic acid emissions during the diagenetic process of mudstone influence the diagenesis of sandstone. The closed diagenetic system of sand-mud transitional clastic rocks is mainly related to the structural maturity of clastic rocks.

Key words: Sand-mud sedimentary record, Diagenetic system, Shore-shallow lacustrine, Kongdian Fm, Jiyang depression.

中图分类号:

P512

图1 济阳坳陷区域位置及地层记录
(a)渤海湾盆地构造纲要 ^{[

19
]};(b)济阳坳陷孔店组古地理格局及井位分布;(c)年代地层、岩性地层和生物地层记录综合对比及沉积区划分

Fig.1 The location of Jiyang Depression and the stratigraphic record
(a)Tectonic outline map of Bohaiwan Basin ^{[

19
]};(b)Paleogeographic pattern and well distribution of Kongdian Fm. in Jiyang Depression;(c)Stratigraphic correlation and sedimentary area division

图2 W100井孔店组滩坝沉积综合图

Fig.2 The beach bar sedimentary comprehensive map of Konkgdian Fm. of well W100

图3 济阳坳陷孔店组滩坝沉积构造
(a)滨浅湖滩坝砂—泥岩性突变,W46,E ₂K ₁;(b)滨浅湖滩坝中的沙纹层理,W46,E ₂K ₁;(c)滨浅湖中的滩坝砂体底部冲刷面,W46,E ₂K ₁;(d)滨浅湖中的滩坝砂体底部冲刷面,沙纹层理,W46,E ₂K ₁;(e)小型交错层理,W100,E ₂K ₁;(f)砂—泥共轭系统中的波状层理,C108,E ₂K ₁

Fig.3 The beach bar sedimentary structures of Kongdian Fm. in Jiyang Depression
(a)Mutation of sand-mudstone of beach bar in shore shallow lake,W46,E ₂K ₁;(b)Ripple bedding of beach bar in shore shallow lake,W46,E ₂K ₁; (c)Scour surface of beach bar in shore shallow lake,W46,E ₂K ₁;(d)Scour surface and ripple bedding of beach bar in shore shallow lake W46,E ₂K ₁;(e)Small cross bedding,W100,E ₂K ₁;(f)Wavy bedding of sand mud conjugate system,C108,E ₂K ₁

图4 东营凹陷孔店组一段沉积相平面分布图

Fig.4 Sedimentary facies plane distribution of the first section of Kongdian Fm. in Dongying sag

图5 济阳坳陷孔店组砂—泥过渡沉积岩石特征
(a)灰绿色砂岩与红色泥岩互层沉积,W100,E ₁K ₁;(b)砂岩的暴露面风化水解严重,W100,E ₁K ₁;(c)砂—碳酸盐—黏土三相混合沉积,W100, E ₁K ₁;(d)含黄铁矿砂岩风化严重,W100,E ₁K ₁;(e)钙质粉砂岩与粉砂质黏土岩的突变接触,W100,E ₁K ₁;(f)黏土岩中含有少量的石英颗粒,W100,E ₁K ₁;(g)紫红色泥质粉砂岩,W100,E ₁K ₁;(h)黏土矿物与石英颗粒的交互沉积,含铁质薄膜,W100,E ₁K ₁;(i)泥质粉砂岩与钙质粉砂岩呈极薄层互层,W100,E ₁K ₁;(j)泥质粉砂岩,W100,E ₁K ₁;(k)黏土矿物与石英颗粒的交互沉积,W100,E ₁K ₁;(l)钙质粉砂岩与粉砂质黏土岩的突变接触,W100,E ₁K ₁

Fig.5 Transitional deposit of sand and mud of Kongdian Fm.in Jiyang Depression
(a) Interbedded of gray green sandstone and red mudstone, W100,E ₁K ₁;(b)Serious weathering hydrolysis of the exposed surface of the sandstone,W100,E ₁K ₁;(c)Three phase mixed deposition of sand-carbonate-clay,W100,E ₁K ₁;(d)Serious weathering hydrolysis of containing pyrite rock,W100,E ₁K ₁;(e)Mutation contact of calcareous siltstone and silty clay rock,W100,E ₁K ₁;(f)Quartz particle in the clay rock, W100,E ₁K ₁;(g)Purple argillaceous siltstone,W100,E ₁K ₁;(h)Interaction sedimentary of clay minerals and quartz particles,iron film,W100,E ₁K ₁;(i)Interaction sedimentary of argillaceous siltstone and calcareous siltstone,W100,E ₁K ₁;(j)Argillaceous siltstone,W100,E ₁K ₁;(k)Interaction sedimentary of clay minerals and quartz particles,iron film,W100,E ₁K ₁;(l)Mutation contact of calcareous siltstone and silty clay rock,W100,E ₁K ₁

图6 东营断陷湖盆时空演化结构图(南北向)

Fig.6 The space-time evolution structure of Dongying faulted lakes(north and south direction)

图7 东营断陷型盐湖“砂—泥”沉积模式图

Fig.7 Deposition model of sand-mud of Dongying fault depression type saline lake

图8 砂—泥互层微观结构及界面成岩模型(W100井)

Fig.8 The microstructure and diagenetic model near the interface of the sand-mud interbed(well W100)

图9 成岩早期砂—泥互层差异压实作用的物质形态(W100井)
(a)砂泥互层沉积,2 020.6 m,W100;(b)差异压实引起钙质粉砂岩与钙质层的凹凸不平接触,1 574.1 m,W100;(c)岩心横截面上“砂—泥”差异压实现象,嵌入式接触面,1 578.25 m,W100;(d)砂泥界面附近碳酸盐胶结物增高,1 820.6 m,W100;(e)砂泥互层界面差异压实作用引起的颗粒重新调整,2 178.6 m,W100

Fig.9 The microcosmic material form of the sand-mud interface(well W100)
(a)Sand-mud interaction,2 020.6 m,W100;(b) Uneven contact between the calcareous silty sandstone and calcareous layer caused by differential compaction, 1 574.1 m, W100;(c) The differential compaction of the “sand-mud” on the core cross section, embedded contact surface, 1 578.25 m, W100;(d) High carbonate cement near the sand-mud interface, 1 820.6 m, W100;(e) Particle readjustment caused by differential compaction near the sand-mud interface, 2 178.6 m, W100

表1 研究区碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素及包裹体测温

Table 1 Carbon, oxygen isotope and inclusion thermometry of carbonate cements in study area

样品号	深度/m	矿物	成因	类型	形态	大小/μm	δ¹³C/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	Th/℃
W100-12	1 801.95	连生方解石胶结物	原生	盐水	基底式	8	0.83	-16.23	62.7
W100-23	1 820.6	连生方解石胶结物	原生	盐水	基底式	9	0.92	-15.23	72.5
W100-52	1 820.6	连生方解石胶结物	原生	盐水	基底式	9	0.91	-15.3	70.6
W46-45	3 788.79	方解石胶结物	次生	盐水	镶嵌状	4	-3.04	-17.01	140.3
W46-45	3 788.79	方解石胶结物	次生	盐水	镶嵌状	5	-2.95	-16.97	142.7
W46-45	3 788.79	方解石胶结物	次生	盐水	镶嵌状	4	-2.78	-17.02	145.4
Y921-9	2 468.54	铁方解石胶结	次生	盐水	镶嵌状	4	-2.24	-18.02	87.4
Y921-24	2 791.99	铁白云石胶结	次生	盐水	镶嵌状	5	-3.03	-20.01	120.1

表1 研究区碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素及包裹体测温

Table 1 Carbon, oxygen isotope and inclusion thermometry of carbonate cements in study area

样品号	深度/m	矿物	成因	类型	形态	大小/μm	δ¹³C/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	Th/℃
W100-12	1 801.95	连生方解石胶结物	原生	盐水	基底式	8	0.83	-16.23	62.7
W100-23	1 820.6	连生方解石胶结物	原生	盐水	基底式	9	0.92	-15.23	72.5
W100-52	1 820.6	连生方解石胶结物	原生	盐水	基底式	9	0.91	-15.3	70.6
W46-45	3 788.79	方解石胶结物	次生	盐水	镶嵌状	4	-3.04	-17.01	140.3
W46-45	3 788.79	方解石胶结物	次生	盐水	镶嵌状	5	-2.95	-16.97	142.7
W46-45	3 788.79	方解石胶结物	次生	盐水	镶嵌状	4	-2.78	-17.02	145.4
Y921-9	2 468.54	铁方解石胶结	次生	盐水	镶嵌状	4	-2.24	-18.02	87.4
Y921-24	2 791.99	铁白云石胶结	次生	盐水	镶嵌状	5	-3.03	-20.01	120.1

表2 济阳坳陷W100井孔店组X衍射分析

Table 2 X diffraction analysis of Kongdian Fm.of well W100 in Jiyang Depression

序号	井深/m	岩性	伊/蒙间层/%	伊利石/%	高岭石/%	绿泥石/%	伊/蒙间层比/%
1	1 806.8	灰质粉砂岩	57	18	12	13	65
2	1 815.5	粉砂岩	54	22	12	12	65
3	1 855.15	粉砂岩	64	17	9	10	60
4	1 855.65	粉砂岩	59	21	10	10	60
5	1 859.85	泥质粉砂岩	67	17	8	8	70

表2 济阳坳陷W100井孔店组X衍射分析

Table 2 X diffraction analysis of Kongdian Fm.of well W100 in Jiyang Depression

序号	井深/m	岩性	伊/蒙间层/%	伊利石/%	高岭石/%	绿泥石/%	伊/蒙间层比/%
1	1 806.8	灰质粉砂岩	57	18	12	13	65
2	1 815.5	粉砂岩	54	22	12	12	65
3	1 855.15	粉砂岩	64	17	9	10	60
4	1 855.65	粉砂岩	59	21	10	10	60
5	1 859.85	泥质粉砂岩	67	17	8	8	70

表3 济阳坳陷王46井孔店组镜质体反射率

Table 3 Reflectance of vitrinite of Kongdian Fm. Of Kongdian Fm.of well W46 in Jiyang Depression

序号	井深/m	层位	岩石名称	R_O/%	测点数	离差
1	4 112.5	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.11	3	0.06
2	4 204.36	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.21	9	0.06
3	4 203	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.21	11	0.06
4	3 788	孔店组	深灰色泥岩	0.96	4	0.04
5	4 205.05	孔店组	深灰色泥岩	1.25	13	0.05
6	4 112.5	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.11	3	0.06
7	4 204.36	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.21	9	0.06
8	4 203	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.21	11	0.06
9	3 788	孔店组	深灰色泥岩	0.96	4	0.04
10	4 205.05	孔店组	深灰色泥岩	1.25	13	0.05

表3 济阳坳陷王46井孔店组镜质体反射率

Table 3 Reflectance of vitrinite of Kongdian Fm. Of Kongdian Fm.of well W46 in Jiyang Depression

序号	井深/m	层位	岩石名称	R_O/%	测点数	离差
1	4 112.5	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.11	3	0.06
2	4 204.36	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.21	9	0.06
3	4 203	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.21	11	0.06
4	3 788	孔店组	深灰色泥岩	0.96	4	0.04
5	4 205.05	孔店组	深灰色泥岩	1.25	13	0.05
6	4 112.5	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.11	3	0.06
7	4 204.36	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.21	9	0.06
8	4 203	孔店组	灰色泥岩	1.21	11	0.06
9	3 788	孔店组	深灰色泥岩	0.96	4	0.04
10	4 205.05	孔店组	深灰色泥岩	1.25	13	0.05

图10 研究区成岩演化与黏土矿物转变间的关系

Fig.10 Relationship between diagenetic evolution and transformation of clay minerals of study area

图11 有机酸与碳酸盐矿物溶解作用机理 ^{[

35
]}

Fig.11 Dissolution mechanism of organic acid and carbonate minerals ^{[

35
]}

图12 济阳坳陷孔店组砂—泥过渡岩成岩过程综合图

Fig.12 Diagenetic process of sand mud mixed sedimentary rocks of Kongdian Fm.in Jiyang Depression

表4 济阳坳陷W46井孔店组物质组成特征

Table 4 Material composition characteristic of Kongdian Formation of well W46 in Jiyang Depression

样品号	井深 /m	颜色	岩石类型	石英 (Q)	长石		岩屑				泥质杂基	胶结物
样品号	井深 /m	颜色	岩石类型	石英 (Q)	钾长石	斜长石		岩浆岩		变质岩	沉积岩	方解石	白云石	硬石膏	增生石英
W46-8	3 391.90	紫红色	细—极细粒岩屑长石砂岩	47.00	20.00	19.00	2.00		8.00	3.00	2.00	5.00		1.00	0.50
W46-7	3 786.79	灰色	细—极细粒岩屑长石砂岩	47.00	20.00	19.00	2.00		8.00	3.00	1.00	8.00		1.00	0.50
W46-6	3 787.69	灰色	中粒岩屑长石砂岩	48.00	8.00	12.00	8.00		16.00	4.00	2.00	2.00		6.00	2.00
W46-5	3 791.35	紫色	含灰质极细粒长石砂岩	48.00	20.00	20.00	1.00		7.00	2.00	1.00	12.00
W46-4	4 404.20	灰色	含灰质长石岩屑砂岩	25.00	15.00	22.00	3.00		31.00	4.00	1.00	10.00	2.00
W46-3	4 404.40	灰色	含碳酸盐质岩屑长石砂岩	34.00	13.00	23.00	0.50		23.00	7.00		8.00	4.00
W46-2	4 406.80	棕红色	砾质中粒岩屑长石砂岩	34.00	14.00	26.00	2.00		20.00	4.00	1.00	6.00
W100-34	1 792.10	灰色	含泥质极细粒长石砂岩	55.00	16.00	15.00	2.00		10.00	2.00	26.00	4.00
W100-17	2 112.25	褐色	含灰质细粒岩屑长石砂岩	42.00	17.00	16.00	5.00		14.00	6.00	4.00	15.00
W100-16	2 112.50	褐色	灰质极细粒岩屑长石砂岩	44.00	18.00	17.00	4.00		14.00	3.00	1.00	25.00
W100-13	2 179.50	灰色	含泥质极细粒岩屑长石砂岩	45.00	18.00	17.00	4.00		13.00	3.00	12.00	6.00
W100-12	2 186.90	紫红色	泥质极细粒长石砂岩	47.00	18.00	15.00	5.00		10.00	5.00	28.00	2.00
W100-11	2 187.50	紫红色	含泥质细粒长石砂岩	43.00	18.00	15.00	5.00		13.00	6.00	18.00	6.00	4.00

表4 济阳坳陷W46井孔店组物质组成特征

Table 4 Material composition characteristic of Kongdian Formation of well W46 in Jiyang Depression

样品号	井深 /m	颜色	岩石类型	石英 (Q)	长石		岩屑				泥质杂基	胶结物
样品号	井深 /m	颜色	岩石类型	石英 (Q)	钾长石	斜长石		岩浆岩		变质岩	沉积岩	方解石	白云石	硬石膏	增生石英
W46-8	3 391.90	紫红色	细—极细粒岩屑长石砂岩	47.00	20.00	19.00	2.00		8.00	3.00	2.00	5.00		1.00	0.50
W46-7	3 786.79	灰色	细—极细粒岩屑长石砂岩	47.00	20.00	19.00	2.00		8.00	3.00	1.00	8.00		1.00	0.50
W46-6	3 787.69	灰色	中粒岩屑长石砂岩	48.00	8.00	12.00	8.00		16.00	4.00	2.00	2.00		6.00	2.00
W46-5	3 791.35	紫色	含灰质极细粒长石砂岩	48.00	20.00	20.00	1.00		7.00	2.00	1.00	12.00
W46-4	4 404.20	灰色	含灰质长石岩屑砂岩	25.00	15.00	22.00	3.00		31.00	4.00	1.00	10.00	2.00
W46-3	4 404.40	灰色	含碳酸盐质岩屑长石砂岩	34.00	13.00	23.00	0.50		23.00	7.00		8.00	4.00
W46-2	4 406.80	棕红色	砾质中粒岩屑长石砂岩	34.00	14.00	26.00	2.00		20.00	4.00	1.00	6.00
W100-34	1 792.10	灰色	含泥质极细粒长石砂岩	55.00	16.00	15.00	2.00		10.00	2.00	26.00	4.00
W100-17	2 112.25	褐色	含灰质细粒岩屑长石砂岩	42.00	17.00	16.00	5.00		14.00	6.00	4.00	15.00
W100-16	2 112.50	褐色	灰质极细粒岩屑长石砂岩	44.00	18.00	17.00	4.00		14.00	3.00	1.00	25.00
W100-13	2 179.50	灰色	含泥质极细粒岩屑长石砂岩	45.00	18.00	17.00	4.00		13.00	3.00	12.00	6.00
W100-12	2 186.90	紫红色	泥质极细粒长石砂岩	47.00	18.00	15.00	5.00		10.00	5.00	28.00	2.00
W100-11	2 187.50	紫红色	含泥质细粒长石砂岩	43.00	18.00	15.00	5.00		13.00	6.00	18.00	6.00	4.00

图13 济阳坳陷孔店组碳酸盐胶结物与孔隙度关系图

Fig.13 The relationship diagram between carbonate cements and pore of Kongdian Fm. in Jiyang depression

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