[1] Fishman G I, Bhat P N, Mallozzi R, et al. Discovery of intense gamma-ray flashes of atmospheric origin[J]. Science,1994,264:1 313-1 316.
[2] Parks G K, Mauk B, Spiger B, et al. X-ray enhancements detected during thunderstorm and lightning activity[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1981, 8:1 176-1 179.
[3] McCarthy M P, Parks G K. Further observations of X-rays inside thunderstorms[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,1985,12:393-396.
[4] Eack K B, Beasley W H, Rust W D, et al. Initial results from simultaneous observations of X-rays and electric fields in a thunderstorm[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1996a, 101:29 637-29 640.
[5] Eack K B, Beasley W H, Rust W D, et al. X-ray pulses observed above a mesoscale convective system[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 1996b, 23:2 915-2 918.
[6] Eack K B, Suszcynsky D M, Beasley W H, et al. Gamma-ray emissions observed in a thunderstorm anvil[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000, 27:185-188.
[7] Moore C, Eack K, Aulich G, et al. Energetic radiation associated with stepped-leaders lightning[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28:2 141-2 144.
[8] Dwyer J R, Uman M A, Rassoul H K, et al. Energetic radiation produced during rocket-triggered lightning[J].Science, 2003,299:694-697.
[9] Dwyer J R, Rassoul H K, Al-Dayeh M, et al. Measurements of X-ray emission from rocket-triggered lightning[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2004a,31:L05118. 
[10] Dwyer J R, Sassoul H K, Al-Dayeh M, et al. A ground level gamma-ray burst observed in association with rocke-triggered lightning[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2004b,31: L05119. 
[11] Dwyer J R, Rassoul H K, Al-Dayeh M, et al. X-ray bursts associated with leader steps in cloud-to-ground lightning[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32:L01803. 
[12] Yoshida S, Morimoto T, Ushio T, et al. High energy photon and electron bursts associated with upward lightning strokes[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, 35: L10804. 
[13] Saleh Z, Dwyer J, Howard J, et al.Properties of the X-ray emission from rocket-triggered lightning as measured by the Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Array(TERA)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009,114:D17210.
[14] Brunetti M, Cecchini S, Galli M, et al. Gamma-ray bursts of atmospheric origin in the MeV energy range[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27:1 599-1 602. 
[15] Chubenko A P, Antonova V P, Kryukov S Y, et al. Intensive X-ray emission bursts during thunderstorms[J].Physics Letters A, 2000,275:90-100.
[16] Torii T, Takeishi M, Hosono T. Observation of gamma-ray dose increase associated with winter thunderstorm and lightning activity[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002,107:4 324. 
[17] Tsuchiya H, Enoto T, Yamada S, et al. Detection of high-energy gamma rays from winter thunderclouds[J].Physical Review Letters,2007, 99:165 002. 
[18] Torii T, Sugita T, Tanabe S, et al. Gradual increase of energetic radiation associated with thunderstorm activity at the top of Mt. Fuji[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009, 36:L13804.
[19] Tsuchiya H, Enoto T, Torii T, et al. Observation of an energetic radiation burst from mountain-top thunderclouds[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2009,102: 255 003.
[20] Alexeenko V V, Khaerdinov N S, Lidvansky A S, et al. Transient variations of secondary cosmic rays due to atmospheric electric field and evidence for pre-lightning particle acceleration[J].Physics Letters A,2002，301:299-306.
[21] Gurevich A V, Karashtin A N, Chubenko A P, et al. Experimental evidence of giant electron-gamma bursts generated by extensive atmospheric showers in thunderclouds[J].Physics Letters A,2005, 325:389-402.
[22] Howard J, Uman M A, Dwyer J R, et al. Co-location of lightning leader X-ray and electric field change sources[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2008,35：L13817.
[23] Gurevich A V, Mitko G G, Antonova V P, et al. An intracloud discharge caused by extensive atmospheric shower[J].Physics Letters A,2009,373:3 550-3 553.
[24] Wilson C T R. The electric field of a thundercloud and some of its effects[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (Series A),1924, 37:32D-37D.
[25] Wilson C T R. The acceleration of β-particles in strong electric fields such as those of thunderclouds[J].Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,1925, 22(4):534-538.
[26] Schonland B F J. Thunder-storms and the penetrating radiation[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (Series A),1930,130:37-63.
[27] Schonland B F J, Viljoen J P T. On a penetrating radiation from thunderclouds[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (Series A),1933,140:314-333.
[28] Appleton E V, Bowen E G. Source of atmospheric and penetrating radiation[J]. Nature,1933,132:965.
[29] Halliday E C. Thunder-storms and the penetrating radiation[J].Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1934,30:206-215.
[30] Halliday E C. The thundercloud as a source of penetrating particles[J].Physical Review,1941,60:101-106.
[31] Macky W A, Wilson C T R. An attempt to detect radiation in thunderclouds[J].Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1934,30:70-73.
[32] Clay J, Jongen H F, Aarts A J J. High energy electrons produced in a thunderstorm[J]. Physica,1952, 8:801-808.
[33] Hill R D. Investigation of electron runaway in lightning[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1963, 68:6 261-6 266.
[34] Shaw G E. Background cosmic ray count increases associated with thunderstorms[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1967,72:4 623-4 626.
[35] Whitmire D P. Search for high-energy radiation near lightning strokes[J].Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento,1979,26:497-501.
[36] D′Angelo N. On X-rays from thunderclouds[J].Annales Geophysicae (Series B),1987, 5:119-122.
[37] Suszcynsky D M, Roussel-Dupré R A, Shaw G E. Ground-based search for X-ray generated by thunderstorms and lightning[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1996, 101(D18): 23 505-23 516.
[38] McCarthy M P, Parks G K. On the modulation of X-ray fluxes in thunderstorm[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1992, 97:5 857-5 864.
[39] Gurevich A V, Milikh G M, Roussel-Dupré R A. Runaway electron mechanism of air breakdown and preconditioning during a thunderstorm[J].Physics Letters A,1992,165:463-468.
[40] Roussel-Dupré R A, Gurevich A V, Tunnell T,et al. Kinetic theory of runaway air breakdown[J].Physical Review E, 1994 ,49: 2257-2 271.
[41] Roussel-Dupré R A, Gurevich A V. On runaway breakdown and upward propagating discharges[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1996,101: 2 297-3 211.
[42] Inan U S. Gamma ray made on Earth[J]. Science, 2005, 307:1 054-1 055.
[43] Inan U S, Reising S C, Fishman G J, et al. On the association of terrestrial gamma-ray bursts with lightning and implications for sprites[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,1996, 23(9):1 017-1 020.
[44] Cummer S A, Zhai Y, Hu W, et al. Measurements and implications of the relationship between lightning and terrestrial gamma ray flashes[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005,32:L08811.
[45] Inan U S, Cohen M B, Said R K,et al. Terrestrial gamma ray flashes and lightning discharges[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2006,33:L18802.
[46] Stanley M A, Shao X M, Smith D M, et al. A link between terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and intracloud lightning discharges[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33: L06803.
[47] Cohen M B, Inan U S, Fishman G. Terrestrial gamma ray flashes observed aboard the compton gamma ray observatory/burst and transient source experiment and ELF/VLF radio atmospherics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006,111:D24109.
[48] Bell T F, Pasko V P, Inan U S. Runaway electrons as a source of red sprites in the mesosphere[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22:2 127-2 130.
[49] Pasko V P, Inan U S, Taranenko Y N, et al. Heating, ionization and upward discharges in the mesosphere due to intense quasi-electrostatic thundercloud fields[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1995, 22:365-368.
[50] Taranenko Y,Roussel-Dupré R A. High altitude discharges and gamma-ray flashes: A manifestation of runaway air breakdown[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,1996, 23:571-574.
[51] Lehtinen N G, Walt M, Inan U S, et al. Gamma-ray emission produced by a relativistic beam of runaway electrons accelerated by quasi-electrostatic thundercloud fields[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23(19):2 645-2 648.
[52] Lehtinen N, Bell T, PaskoV, et al. A two-dimensional model of runaway electron beams driven by quasi-electrostatic thundercloud fields[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1997, 24: 2 639-2 642.
[53] Roussel-Dupré R A, Symbalisty E, Taranenko Y, et al. Simulations of high-altitude discharges initiated by runaway breakdown[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terreatrial Physics,1998, 60:917-940.
[54] Lehtinen N, Bell T, Inan U. Monte carlo simulation of runaway MeV electron breakdown with application to red sprites and terrestrial gamma ray flashes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1999,104: 24 699-24 712.
[55] Lehtinen N G, Inan U S, Bell T F. Trapped energetic electron curtains produced by thunderstorm driven relativistic runaway electrons[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(8): 1 095-1 098.
[56] Lehtinen N G, Inan U S, Bell T F. Effects of thunderstorm-driven runaway electrons in the conjugate hemisphere′ Purple sprites,ionization enhancements and gamma rays[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(A12):28 841-28 856.
[57] Inan U S, Lehtinen N G. Production of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes by an electromagnetic pulse from a lightning return stroke[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32:L19818.
[58] Coleman L M, Dwyer J R. Propagation speed of runaway electron avalanches[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33:L11810.
[59] Nemiroff R J, Bonnel J T, Norris J P. Temporal and spectral characteristics of terrestrial gamma flashes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997,102:9 659-9 665.
[60] Feng H, Li T P, Wu M, et al. Temporal and spectral properties of gamma-ray flashes[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2002,29(3):1 036.
[61] Smith D M, Lopez L I, Lin R P, et al. Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes observed up to 20 MeV[J].Science,2005, 307:1 085-1 087.[62] Grefenstette B W, Smith D M, Dwyer J R,et al. Time evolution of terrestrial gamma ray flashes[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2008, 35: L06802.
[63] Observation of Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes with AGILE[C]. American, Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting，2009.
[64] Dwyer J R, Grefenstette B W, Smith D M. High-energy electron beams launched into space by thunderstorms[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2008,35: L02815.
[65] Cohen M B, Inan U S, Said R K, et al. Geolocation of terrestrial gamma-flash source lightning[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37: L02801.
[66] Bethe H A. Theory of passage of swift corpuscular rays through matter[J]. Annalen der Physik, 1930, 5:325.
[67] Bethe H A, Ashkin J. Penetration of Beta-Rays through Matter, Experimental Nuclear Physics[C]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1953:277.
[68] Gurevich A V. On the theory of runaway electrons[J].Soviet Physics Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, English Translation, 1961,12:904.
[69] Dwyer J R. A fundamental limit on electric fields in air[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30:2055.
[70] Babich L P, Donskoy E N, Kutsyk I M, et al. The feedback mechanism of runaway air breakdown[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32:L09809.
[71] Dwyer J R, Smith D M. A comparison between monte carlo simulations of runaway breakdown and terrestrial gamma-ray flash observations[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32: L22804.
[72] Dwyer J R, Coleman L M, Lopez R,et al. Runaway breakdown in the Jovian atmospheres[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33:L22813.
[73] Dwyer J R. Relativistic breakdown in planetary atmospheres[J].Physics of plasmas,2007, 14:042 901.
[74] Dwyer J R. Source mechansims of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008, 113:D10103.
[75] Stolzenburg M, Marshall T C, Rust W D,et al. Electric field values observed near lightning flash initiations[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34:L04804.
[76] Gurevich A V, Milikh G M, Roussel-Dupré R A. Nonuniform runaway air-breakdown[J].Physics Letters A,1994,187:197-203.
[77] Gurevich A V, Valdivia J, Milikh G,et al. Runaway electrons in the atmosphere in the presence of a magnetic field[J].Radio Science, 1996,31:1 541-1 554.
[78] Gurevich A V, Zybin K P. Kinetic equation for high energy electrons in gases[J].Physics Letters A,1998,237:240-246.
[79] Gurevich A V, Zybin K P, Roussel-Dupré R A. Lightning initiation by simultaneous effect of runaway breakdown and cosmic ray showers[J].Physics Letters A,1999,254:79-87.
[80] Gurevich A V, Carlson H C, Medvedev Y V,et al.Generation of electron positron pairs in runaway breakdown[J].Physics Letters A,2000, 275:101-108.
[81] Gurevich A V, Zybin K P. Runaway breakdown and electric discharges in thunderstorms[J].Physics-Uspekhi,2001,44(11): 1119-1 140.
[82] Gurevich A V, Duncan L M, Medvedev Y V, et al. Radio emission due to simultaneous effect of runaway breakdown and extensive atmospheric showers[J].Physics Letters A, 2002, 301:320-326.
[83] Gurevich A V, Duncanb L M, Karashtin A N, et al. Radio emission of lightning Initiation[J].Physics Letters A,2003,312:228-237.[84] Gurevich A V, Medvedev Y V, Zybin K P. New type discharge generated in thunderclouds by joint action of runaway breakdown and extensive atmospheric shower[J].Physics Letters A,2004,329:348-361.
[85] Gurevich A V, Zybin K P. High energy cosmic ray particles and the most powerful discharges in thunderstorm atmosphere[J]. Physics Letters A,2004, 329:341-347.
[86] Gurevich A V, Medvedev Y V, Zybin K P. Thermal electrons and electric current generated by runaway breakdown effect[J]. Physics Letters A,2004,321:179-184.
[87] Gurevich A V, Zybin K P. Runaway breakdown and the mysteries of lightning[J].Physics Today,2005, 58:37-43.
[88] Gurevich A V, Zybin K P, Medvedev Y V. Amplification and nonlinear modification of runaway breakdown[J].Physics Letters A, 2006,349:331-339.
[89] Gurevich A V, Zybin K P, Medvedev Y V. Runaway breakdown in strong electric field as a source of terrestrial gamma flashes and gamma bursts in lightning leader steps[J].Physics Letters A,2007,361:119-125.
[90] Carlson B E, Lehtinen N G, Inan U S. Constraints on terrestrial gamma ray flash production from satellite observation[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34:L08809.
[91] Østgaard N T, Gjesteland J, Stadsnes P H, et al. Production altitude and time delays of the terrestrial gamma flashes: Revisiting the burst and transient source experiment spectra[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113:A02307.
[92] Hazelton B J, Grefenstette B W, Smith D M, et al. Spectral dependence of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes on source distance[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009, 36:L01108.
[93] Williams E, Boldi R, Bor J, et al. Lightning flashes conducive to the productionand escape of gamma radiation to space[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111: D16209.
[94] Carlson B E, Lehtinen N G, Inan U S. Runaway relativistic electron avalanche seeding in the Earth′s atmosphere[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008,113: A10307.
[95] Carlson B E, Lehtinen N G, Inan U S.Terrestrial gamma ray flash production by lightning current pulses[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,114:A00E08.
[96] Fargion D. Horizontal and Upward τ Air Showers in Valleys from Mountains and Space:Discovery UHE Neutrinos and New Physics[C]//Proceeding of 27^th International.Cosmic Ray Conference,HE2.5,Germany,2001.
[97] Kaw P K, Milikh G M, Sharma A S,et al. Gamma ray flashes by plasma effects in the middle atmosphere[J].Physics of Plasmas, 2001,8(11): 4 954-4 959.
[98] Milikh G M, Guzdar P N, Sharma A S. Gamma ray flashes due to plasma processes in the atmosphere: Role of whistler waves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2005,110:A02308.
[99] Babich L P, Roussel-Dupré R A. Origin of neutron flux increases observed in correlation with lightning[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007,112:D13303.
[100] Babich L P, Kudryavtsev A Y, Kudryavtseva M L,et al.Atmospheric gamma-ray and neutron flashes[J].Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics,2008, 106(1):65-76.
[101] Inan U S. Lightning effects at high altitudes: Sprites, elves, and terrestrial gamma ray flashes[J].Comptes Rendus Physique,2002, 3: 1 411-1 421.
[102] Milikh G, Valdivia J. Model of gamma ray flashes due to fractal lightning[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 1999,26:525-528.[103] Tan Youheng. The research of high-energy cosmic rays at the altitude of 4300m of China[J].Progress in Astronomy,2003, 21(4):318-333.[谭有恒. 我国4 300 m高度上的高能宇宙线研究[J].天文学进展, 2003, 21(4):318-333.]
[104] Ma Xinhua, Zhou Xunxiu, Wu Mei, et al. Very high energy γ-rays from gamma-ray bursts[J]. High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics,2003, 27(11):973-977.[马欣华,周勋秀,吴枚,等.来自γ暴的甚高能γ射线[J]. 高能物理与核物理，2003, 27(11):973-977.]