冰川流域径流估算方法探索——以科其喀尔巴西冰川为例

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2008.09.0942

地球科学进展 ›› 2008, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (9): 942 -951. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2008.09.0942

陈仁升,刘时银,康尔泗,韩海东,卿文武,王建

中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所，甘肃兰州 730000

收稿日期:2008-04-11 修回日期:2008-06-25 出版日期:2008-09-10
通讯作者: 陈仁升 E-mail:crs2008@lzb.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目“流域冰川径流估算方法研究”(编号：KZCX2-YW-301-3)；国家自然科学基金项目“黑河源区高山寒漠带水文过程观测试验研究”(编号：40771045)和“黑河流域生态—水文过程研究集成”(编号：90702001-2); 国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“近50年冰冻圈变化时空特征及未来趋势预估”(编号：2007CB411506)资助.

Daily Glacier Runoff Estimation Methods—A Case Study of Koxkar Glacier

Chen Rensheng,Liu Shiyin,Kang Ersi,Han Haidong,Qing Wenwu,Wang Jian

Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China

Received:2008-04-11 Revised:2008-06-25 Online:2008-09-10 Published:2008-09-10

下载PDF ( 1728 )

利用科其喀尔巴西冰川2005年6月至2006年5月水文、气象资料，并结合15 m融合TM、1:50000地形图、FY-2C数值产品和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等，构建了10个简单、具有一定自主创新意义的分布式冰川融水径流模型（空间分辨率60 m），较好地模拟了研究冰川流域的日平均流量。结果表明，利用FY-2C总云量资料并结合辐射传输参数化方案能够较好地估算流域太阳入射短波辐射；单独利用总辐射有直接估算大型冰川流域某段时期融水径流的可能。气温与冰川末端流量呈指数关系，度日因子模型更适合于消融季节；提出的基于单元格气温和海拔的简单消融模型有望改进度日因子模型。在气温指数模型中加入太阳辐射调整系数，能够更好地估算冰川融水径流。简化分布式能量平衡模型能够反映大型冰川融水径流的变化；单层汇流方案在一定程度上能够概化托木尔型冰川的汇流过程。

关键词: 冰川融水, 径流估算, 风云卫星, 分布式水文模型

Using hydrometeorological data from June 1, 2005 to May 31, 2006 obtained by several automatic stations of Koxkar Glacier (total drainage area is 117.6km² among which 83.6km²is covered glacier), and combining it with 1:50 000 topographic map, TM, FY-2C and NCEP/NCAR data, the authors have created total 10 different distributed runoff models with 60m×60m spatial resolution and 1d time-step. All the models simulate the daily mean runoff well, and they are better than the statistical models. Using FY-2C total cloud cover data and solar radiation parameterized methods could calculate the solar radiation well in China, and it may use global radiation to estimate glacier runoff in some period well. In a year, the relationship between air temperature and glacier runoff is exponential, while in the ablation season, it is linear. That is, the degree-day method is more suitable in the ablation season. In such large glacier basin (glacier coverage is about 71%) as Koxkar watershed, the precipitation measurements neglected in the past in China is very important. With direct or global radiation being added, the temperature-index ice melting model will simulate the glacier runoff better. The authors also for the first time have given 3 simple energy-balanced models in China to estimate the glacier runoff, and the models all estimate the daily mean runoff well. In the Koxkar glacier watershed, improvment should be made for the research on evapotranspiration, sublimation, coagulation and refreezing, especially the runoff concentration processes which are very complex due to its melting Kast in the glacier. Many instruments were installed on the glacier in July, 2007, such as the eddy covariance system, a 10m meteorological tower and two automatic stations, etc. In the next few years, more glacier runoff estimation methods in different glacier with different character and size need to be found.

Key words: Glaciermelt runoff, Runoff estimation, FY series satellite, Distributed hydrological models

中图分类号:

[1] Shi Yafeng,Liu Chaohai,Wang Zongtai,et al. Short Glacier Inventory of China[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Popular Science Press,2005.[施雅风,刘潮海,王宗太,等. 简明中国冰川编目[M]. 上海: 上海科学普及出版社,2005.]

[2] Yang Zhenniang. Glacier Water Resources in China[M]. Lanzhou: Gansu Science and Technology Publishing House,1991.[杨针娘. 中国冰川水资源[M]. 兰州: 甘肃科学技术出版社,1991.]

[3] Liu Shiyin,Ding Yongjian,Zhang Yong,et al. Impact of the glacial change on water resources in the Tarim river basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61（5）：482-490.[刘时银,丁永建,张勇,等. 塔里木河流域冰川变化及其对水资源影响[J]. 地理学报,2006,61（5）：482-490.]

[4] Liu Shiyin,Ding Yongjian,Li Jing,et al. Glaciers in response to recent climate warming in western China[J]. Quaternary Sciences,2006,26（5）：762-771.[刘时银,丁永建,李晶,等. 中国西部冰川对近期气候变暖的响应[J]. 第四纪研究,2006,26（5）：762-771.]

[5] Xie Zichu,Wang Xin,Kang Ersi,et al. Glacial runoff in China: An evaluation and prediction for the future 50 years[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28（4）：457-466.[谢自楚,王欣,康尔泗,等.中国冰川径流的评估及其未来50年变化趋势预测[J]. 冰川冻土,2006,28（4）：457-466.]

[6] Qing Wenwu,Chen Rensheng,Liu Shiyin. Research progress in glacier hydrological model[J]. Advances in Water Science,2008（inprinted）.[卿文武,陈仁升,刘时银.冰川水文模型研究进展[J]. 水科学进展,2008:19（待刊）.]

[7] Zhang Yong,Liu Shiyin. Progress of the application of degree-day model to study glaciers and snow cover[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28（1）：101-107. [张勇,刘时银. 度日因子模型在冰川与积雪研究中的应用进展[J]. 冰川冻土,2006,28（1）：101-107.]

[8] Shi Yafeng,Yao Tandong,Huang Maohuan,et al. Glaciers and Their Environments in China—The Present,Past and Future[M]. Beijing: Science Press,2000. [施雅风,姚檀栋,黄茂桓,等. 中国冰川与环境——现在、过去和未来[M]. 北京: 科学出版社,2000.]

[9] Su Zhen,Song Guoping,Wang Lilun. Modern glaciers in Mt. Tuomuer[C]∥Glacial and Meteorology in Mt. Tuomuer District,Tianshan. Urümqi: Xinjiang People’s Publishing House,1985.[苏珍,宋国平,王立伦. 托木尔峰地区的现代冰川[C]∥天山托木尔峰地区的冰川与气象.乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,1985.]

[10] Xie Changwei,Ding Yongjian,Liu Shiyin,et al. Variation of Keqikaer glacier terminus in Tomur peak during last 30 years[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28（5）：672-677.[谢昌卫,丁永建,刘时银,等. 近30年来托木尔峰南麓科其喀尔冰川冰舌区变化[J]. 冰川冻土,2006,28（5）：672-677.]

[11] NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostic Center. NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1[M]. Boulder Colorado: NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostic Center,2004.

[12] National Satellite Meteorological Center. China Satellite Data Service Center（CSDSC）[Z]. http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/,2008.[国家卫星气象中心.中国卫星遥感数据服务网[Z]. http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/,2008.]

[13] Chen Rensheng,Lü Shihua,Kang Ersi,et al. An hourly solar radiation model under actual weather and terrain conditions: A case study in Heihe river basin[J]. Energy,2007,32:1 148-1 157.

[14] Chen Rensheng,Lu Shihua,Kang Ersi,et al. A distributed water-heat coupled model for mountainous watershed of an inland river basin in Northwest China（I） model structure and equations[J]. Environmental Geology,2007,53:1 299-1 309.

[15] Chen Rensheng,Gao Yanhong,Kang Ersi,et al. A distributed water-heat coupled model for mountainous watershed of an inland river basin in northwest China（Ⅲ）using the outputs from Mesoscale model version 5[J]. Environmental Geology, 2007,53:763-768.

[16] Kang E S,Cheng G D,Lan Y C,et al. A model for simulating the response of runoff from the mountainous watershed of inland river basins in the arid area of northwest China to climatic changes[J]. Science in China （Series D）,1999,42（suppl.）:52-63.

[17] Hock R. A distribute temperature-index ice-and snowmelt model including potential direct solar radiation[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1999,45（149）:101-111.

[18] Munro D S. Comparison of melt energy computations and ablatometer measurements on melting ice and snow[J]. Arctic and Alpine Research,1990,22（2）:153-162.

[19] Zhang Yinsheng,Yao Tandong,Pu Jianchen. The response of continental-type glaciers to climate change in China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1998,20（1）:3-8.[张寅生,姚檀栋,蒲建辰. 我国大陆型山地冰川对气候变化的响应[J]. 冰川冻土,1998,20（1）:3-8.]

[20] Yang Zhenniang,Zeng Qunzhu. Glacier Hydrology[M]. Chongqing: Chongqing Press,2001. [杨针娘,曾群柱. 冰川水文学[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2001.]

[21] Kang Ersi. A parameterized energy balance model of glacier melting on the Tianshan mountain[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1994,49（5）:467-476.[康尔泗.天山冰川消融参数化能量平衡模型[J]. 地理学报,1994,49（5）:467-476.]

[22] Wang Jian,Ding Yongjian,Xu Junli,et al. Hydrochemical characteristic analysis of melting water flow in Keqikaer glacier, Tianshan（West） mountains[J]. Environmental Science,2006,26（7）:1 305-1 311.[王建,丁永建,许君利,等.西天山科其喀尔冰川消融径流的水化学分析[J]. 环境科学,2006,26（7）:1 305-1 311.]

[1]	李硕,曾志远,张运生. 数字地形分析技术在分布式水文建模中的应用[J]. 地球科学进展, 2002, 17(5): 769-775.
[2]	邓慧平. 气候与土地利用变化对水文水资源的影响研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2001, 16(3): 436-441.

阅读次数

全文

摘要