A Review of Influences of Saltmarsh Vegetation on Physical Processes in Intertidal Wetlands
Received date: 2007-01-08
Revised date: 2007-04-23
Online published: 2007-06-10
Based on the present documents, this article reviews some progress made through studying the influence by vegetables in the salt mash on hydrodynamics, sediment transport, sedimentation and geography. The progress includes: (1) the loss of wave energy in salt mash per unit distance is several times to dozens of times that in adjacent tidal flat; besides, all the wave energy may disappear when the wave is transmitted 20~30 meters into Spartina alterniflora salt marsh. (2) the vegetables in salt mash can cause the tidal flow to decrease one order of magnitude; when the plant canopy is drowned, there is a reversal of flow velocity gradient over the canopy. (3) when the plant canopy is drowned, the turbulence intensity along depth in canopy tends to be uniformly distributed and obviously lower than that above the plant canopy; the turbulence intensity in Spartina alterniflora salt mash is lower one to two orders of magnitude than that of adjacent tidal flat. (4) the vegetation affects the sediment transport through two mechanisms, one of which is to reduce turbulence intensity of water, which promotes the sedimentation of suspend sediment and stop the surface sediments to re-suspension; the other one is the direct trap sediments by stem and leave of vegetation. The two mechanisms can reduce the concentration of suspend sediment in salt mash to half or even less as much as that in adjacent tidal flat. (5) the accretion promotion of vegetation to fine sediments leads to refining of bed sediments in salt mash. (6) the vertical sedimentation rate in salt mash is seven to eight times that in adjacent tidal flat; the difficult growth of micro-geomorphology such as ripple marks and corrosion craters in salt mash tends to form evenness in salt marsh; Compared to frequent alternation of erosion and accretion in tidal flat, the salt mash usually accretes more than erosion, which forms relatively high stability in bed . (7) the influence of the vegetation on the above-mentioned sedimentation dynamics is closely related with such ecological parameters as height, density and coverage. Therefore, different plant species influence the process of sedimentation dynamics differently. Based on the above analysis, the authors presents the outlook of several aspects that need further study in the future.
Key words： Salt marsh; Vegetation; Wave; Tidal flow; Sedimentation; Geomorphology; Coastal wetland.; Intertidal zone
LI Hua, YANG Shi-lun . A Review of Influences of Saltmarsh Vegetation on Physical Processes in Intertidal Wetlands [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2007 , 22(6) : 583 -591 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2007.06.0583
[1]Yang Shilun. An Introduction to Coastal Environments and Geomophological Processes [M]. Beijing: China Ocean Press, 2003:12-40.[杨世伦主编. 海岸环境和地貌过程 [M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 2003: 12-40.]
[2]Chapman V J. Salt Marshes and Deserts of the World[M].London: Leonard Hill,1960: 1-392.
[3]Dijkema K S.Geography of salt marshes in Europe [J].Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 1984, 31: 489-499.
[4]Frey R W, Basan P B. Coastal salt marshes[C]//Davis J R A.Coastal Sedimentary Environments. New York: Springer-Verlag,1985: 225-301.
[5]Jacobson H, Jacobson J G L. Variability of vegetation in tidal marshes of Maine, USA [J].Canadian Journal of Botany, 1987, 67: 230-238.
[6]Luternauer J L, Atkins R J, Moody A I,et al.Salt marshes[C]//Perillo G M E. Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Estuaries. Developments in Sedimentology. Amsterdam: Elsevier,1995, 53: 307-332.
[7]Kelley J T, Gehrels W R, Belknap D F. Late Holocene sea-level rise and the geological development of tidal marshes at Wells [J].Maine, USA Journal of Coastal Research,1995,11: 136-153.
[8]Chmura G L, Chase P, Bercovitch J. Climatic controls on the middle marsh zone in the Bay of Fundy[J].Estuaries,1997,20: 689-699.
[9]Lu Jianjian. Estuarine Ecology [M]. Beijing: China Ocean Press, 2003:318.[陆健健. 河口生态学 [M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 2003:318.]
[10]Yang S L, Chen J Y. Coastal salt marshes and mangrove swamps in China [J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,1995,13(4): 318-324.
[11]Castellanos E M, Figueroa M E, Davy A J. Nucleation and facilitation in salt-marsh succession: Interactions between Spartina maritima and Arthrocnemum perenne [J].Journal of Ecology, 1994, 82: 239-248.
[12]Sánchez J M, Sanleon D G, Izco J. Primary colonization of mudflat estuaries by Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald in Northwest Spain: Vegetation structure and sediment accretion [J].Aquatic Botany, 2001, 69: 15-25.
[13]Reed D J, Luca N, Foote A L. Effect of hydrologic management on marsh surface sediment deposition in coastal Louisiana [J].Estuaries, 1997, 20: 301-311.
[14]Allen J R L. Morphodynamics of Holocene salt marshes: A review sketch from the Atlantic and Southern North Sea coasts of Europe [J].Quaternary Science Reviews, 2000, 19: 1 155-1 231.
[15]Goodwin P, Mehta A J, Zedler J B. Coastal wetland restoration: An introduction [J].Journal of Coastal Research, 2001, 27: 1-6.
[16]French J R,Reed D J. Physical Contexts for Saltmarsh Conservation[C]//Warren A, French J R.Habitat Conservation, Managing the Physical Environment. Tohn Wiley & Sons Ltd,2001:179-228.
[17]Carling P A. Temporal and spatial variation in intertidal sedimentation rate [J].Sedimentology,1982, 29: 17-23.
[18]French J R, Spencer T, Murray A L,et al. Geostatistical analysis of sediment deposition in two small tidal wetlands, Norfolk, UK[J].Journal of Coastal Research,1995,11: 308-321.
[19]Reed D J, Spencer T, Murray A L,et al. Marsh surface sediment deposition and the role of tidal creeks: Implications for created and managed coastal marshes [J].Journal of Coastal Conservation,1999, 5: 81-90.
[20]Schwimmer R A, Pizzuto J E. A model for the evolution of marsh shorelines[J].Journal of Sedimentation Research, 2000, 70: 1 026-1 035.
[21]Allen J R L, Duffy M J. Medium-term sedimentation on high intertidal mudflats and salt marshes in the Severn Estuary, SW Britain: The role of wind and tide [J].Marine Geology, 1998, 150: 1-27.
[22]Brown S L. Sedimentation on a Humber saltmarsh[C]//Biack K S, Paterson D M, Cramp A. Sedimentary Processes in the Intertidal Zone. London:Geological Society of London Special Publication, 1998,139: 69-83.
[23]Knutson P L, Brochu R A, Seelig W N,et al. Wave damping in Spartina alterniflora marshes [J].Wetlands,1982,2: 87-104.
[24]M ller I, Spencer T, French J R,et al. Wave transformation over salt marshes: A field and numerical modeling study from North Norfolk, England [J].Estuary Coastal and Shelf Science,1999, 49: 411-426.
[25]Erchinger H F. Intaktes Deichvorland fuör Kuöstenschutz unverzichtbar [J].Wasser Boden, 1995,47: 48-53.
[26]King S E, Lester J N. The value of salt marsh as a sea defence [J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1995,30: 180-189.
[27]Möller I, Spencer T, French J R,et al. The sea-defense value of salt marshes: Field evidence from North Norfolk[J].Journal of Chartered Institution Water and Environment Management, 2001,15: 109-116.
[28]Wayne C J. The effects of sea and marsh grass on wave energy [J].Coastal Research Notes, 1976, 4: 6-8.
[29]Gleason M L, Elmer D A, Pien N C,et al. Effects of storm density upon sediment retention by saltmarsh cord grass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel[J].Estuaries, 1979,2: 271-273.
[30]Alizai S A K, Mcmanus J. The significance of reed beds on siltation in the Tay estuary [J].Proceedings of the Royal Society Edinburgh,1980, 78: 1-13.
[31]Stumpe R P. The processes of sedimentation on the surface of a salt marsh [J].Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 1983, 17: 495-508.
[32]Frey R W, Basan P B. Coastal salt marshes[C]//Davis R A. Coastal Sedimentary Environments. New York, Berlin, Heldelberg, Tokyo:Springer-Verlag,1985:101-159.
[33]Stevenson J C, Ward L G, Kearney M S. Sediment transport and trapping in marsh system: Implication of tidal flux students [J].Marine Geology, 1988, 80:37-59.
[34]Brampton A H. Engineering significance of British saltmarshes[C]//Allen J R L, Pye K. Saltmarshes, Morphodynamics, Conservation and Engineering Significance. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1992.
[35]Wang F C, Lu T S, Sikora W B. Intertidal marsh suspended sediment transport processes, Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana,USA[J].Journal of Coastal Research, 1993, 9:209-220.
[36]Chen Caijun. Effect of increasing deposition and defending seashore by planting spatina anglica on beach in Jiangsu province[J].Marine Science Bulletin, 1994, 13: 55-61.[陈才俊.江苏滩涂大米草促淤护岸效果[J].海洋通报, 1994, 13: 55-61.]
[37]Yang Shilun,Chen Jiyu. The role of vegetable in mud coast processes[J].Oceanologica et Limmolgica Sinica,1994, 15(6): 631-635.[杨世伦，陈吉余.试论植物在潮滩发育演变中的作用[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 1994, 15(6): 631-635.]
[38]Leonard L A, Hine A C, Luther M E. Surficial sediment transport and deposition processes in a Juncus roemerianus marsh, west-central Florida[J].Journal of Coastal Research,1995, 11: 322-336.
[39]Lu Shengming, Wu Shaozhen, Lin Xiaoti. Protection of spartina alternifore for seashore[J].Jiangsu Water Resources Technology,1996, 2: 40-43. [卢声明, 吴绍镇, 林孝悌. 互花米草对海岸的保护[J].江苏水利科技, 1996, 2: 40-43.]
[40]Song Lianqing. Spartina alternifore and its effects of the coastal protection[J].Donghai Marine Science,1997, 15: 11-19. [宋连清. 互花米草及其对海岸的防护作用[J]. 东海海洋, 1997, 15: 11-19.]
[41]Fu Zongfu. A experimental research of effects spartina alternifore on reduce wave[J].Advance in Science and Technology of Water Resource, 1997, 5: 45-47. [傅宗甫. 互花米草消浪效果试验研究[J].水利水电科技进展, 1997, 5: 45-47.]
[42]Yang S L. The role of Scirpus marsh in attenuation of hydro-dynamics and retention of fine-grained sediment in the Yangtze Estuary[J].Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 1998,47:227-233.
[43]Yang Shilun,Shi Zhong, Zhao Qingying. Influence of tidal marsh vegetations on hydrodynamics and sedimentation in the Changiiang Estuary[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2001, 23(4): 75-81. [杨世伦, 时钟, 赵庆英. 长江口潮沼植物对动力沉积过程的影响[J].海洋学报, 2001, 23(4): 75-81.]
[44]Yang S L, Friedrichs C T, Shi Z,et al. Morphological response of tidal marshes, flats and channels of the outer Yangtze River mouth to a major storm[J].Estuarine Research Federation,2003,26: 1 416-1 425.
[45]Zhuang Wuyi, Shepel J. The Influence of fielerozostera tasmanica on sedimention[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 1991, 13: 230-239. [庄武艺, J. 谢佩尔. 海草对沉积作用的影响[J]. 海洋学报, 1991, 13: 230-239.]
[46]Christiansen T, Wiberg P L, Milligan T G. Flow and sediment transport on a tidal salt marsh surface[J].Estuaryine, Coastal and Shelf Science,2000, 50: 315-331.
[47]Shi Z, Hamilton L J, Wolanski E. Near-bed currents and suspended sediment transport in salt-marsh canopies[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2000, 16: 909-914.
[48]Leonard L A, Reed D J. Hydrodynamics and sediment transport through tidal marsh canopies[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2002,36: 459-469.
[49]Widdows J, Brinsley M. Impact of biotic and abiotic processes on sediment dynamics and the consequences to the structure and functioning of the intertidal zone[J].Journal of Sea Research,2002, 48: 143-156.
[50]Bouma T J, De M B, Vries E Low,et al. Flow hydrodynamics on a mudflat and in salt marsh vegetation: Identifying general relationships for habitat characterizations [J].Hydrobiology,2005, 540: 259-274.
[51]Shi Z, Pethick J S, Pye K. Flow structure in and above the various heights of a saltmarsh canopy: A laboratory flume study[J].Journal of Coastal Research,1995, 11: 1 204-1 209.
[52]Leonard L A, Luther M E. Flow hydrodynamics in tidal marsh canopies[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1995, 40(8): 1 474-1 484.
[53]Fisher K R. Handbook for assessment of hydraulic performance of environmental channels, Report SR draft[R].Wallinford: HR Wallin ford Ltd,1996.
[54]Fonseca m S, Fisher J S. A comparison of canopy friction and sediment movement between four species of seagrass with reference to their ecology and restoration[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1986,29:15-22.
[55]Pethick J, Leggett D, Husain L. Boundary layers under salt marsh vegetation developed in tidal currents[C]//Thornes J B. Vegetation and Erosion.1990:113-124.
[56]Gambi M C, Nowell A R M, Jumars P A. Flume observations on flow dynamics in Zostera marinas (eelgrass) beds[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1990, 61: 159-169.
[57]Shi Z, Pethick J S, Burd F,et al. Velocity profiles in a salt marsh canopy [J].Geo-Marine Letters, 1996,16: 319-323.
[58]Shi Zhong. Velocity profile of unidirectional steady current in a salt-marsh canopy[J].Journal of Sediment Research，1997, 3: 82-88. [时钟. 海岸盐沼植物单向恒定水流流速剖面[J ] . 泥沙研究, 1997, 3: 82-88.]
[59]Shi Zhong. A flume study on mean velocity profiles of flow in a castal salt-marsh canopy[J].The Ocean Engineering，2002, 19(3): 51-59. [时钟. 海岸盐沼冠层水流平均流速分布的实验研究[J]. 海洋工程, 2002, 19(3): 51-59.]
[60]Neumeier U, Amos C L. The influence of vegetation on turbulence and flow velocities in European[J].Sedimentology, 2006, 53: 259-277.
[61]Raupach M R, Thom A S. Turbulence in and above plant canopies[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 1981,13:97-129.
[62]Dou Guoren. Hydraulics Mechanies of Turbulence(the first volume)[M].Beijing:Pcople's Education,1981:309.[窦国仁. 紊动力学(上册)[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1981:309.]
[63]Nepf H M, Vivoni E R. Flow structure in depth limited, vegetated flow[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2000, 105/C12: 28 547-28 557.
[64]Leonard L A, Luther M E. Flow hydrodynamics in tidal marsh canopies[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1995, 40: 1 474-1 484.
[65]Baptist M J. A flume experiment on sediment transport with Flexible, Submerged Vegetation[C]//International Workshop onRIP arianFORest Vegetated Channels:Hydraulic Morphological and Ecological Aspects[M].Ialy:Trento,2003:20-22.
[66]Yang S L. Sedimentation on a growing intertidal island in the Yangtze river mouth[J].Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,1999, 49: 401-410.
[67]Davidson-arnott R G D, Proosdij D, Ollerhead J,et al. Hydrodynamics and sedimentation in salt marshes: Examples from a macrotidal marsh, Bay of Fundy[J].Geomorphology, 2002, 48: 209-231.
[68]French J R, Spencer T. Dynamics of sedimentation in a tidedominated backbarrier salt marsh, Norfolk, UK[J].Marine Geology, 1993, 110: 315-331.
[69]Yang Shilun. Multi-factor analysis of the annually cyclic erosion-deposition of the Changjiang river deltatic[J].Acta Geographic Sinica, 1997, 7(4): 374-382. [杨世伦. 长江三角洲潮滩季节性冲淤循环的多因子分析[J]. 地理学报, 1997, 7(4): 374-382.]
[70]Wang Yaping, Zhang Renshun, Gao Shu. Geomorphic and hydrodynamic responses of the salt marsh-tidal creek system[J].Chinese Science Bulletin, 1998, 43(21): 2 315-2 320. [汪亚平, 张忍顺, 高抒. 论盐沼—潮沟系统的地貌动力响应[J]. 科学通报, 1998, 43(21): 2 315-2 320.]
[71]Shen Yongming,Zhang Renshun, Wang Yanhong. The tidal creek character in salt marsh of Spartina alterniflora Loisel on strong tide coast[J].Geographical Research, 2003, 22(4): 520-527. [沈永明, 张忍顺, 王艳红. 互花米草盐沼潮沟地貌特征[J]. 地理研究, 2003, 22(4): 520-527.]
[72]Li Zhanhai, Gao Shu, Ke Xiankun,et al. Sediment dynamic processes of salt marsh creek and adjacent tidal-flats on the Dafeng coast，Jiangsu province[J].China Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2005, 27(6): 75-82. [李占海, 高抒, 柯贤坤,等.江苏大丰海岸碱蓬滩潮沟及滩面的沉积动力特征[J]. 海洋学报, 2005, 27(6): 75-82.]
[73]Yang S L, Zhang J, Zhu J,et al. Impact of dams on Yangtze River sediment supply to the sea and delta intertidal wetland response[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2005, 110, F03006, doi:10.1029/2004JF000271.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
