Significance and Implications of the Discovery of the Naiman Super-Large Trona Deposit

  • Qingchun LI ,
  • Jian YANG ,
  • Xue YANG ,
  • Jiaxue PEI ,
  • Jing GUO ,
  • Yong HUANG ,
  • Xiangying GE ,
  • Bowen ZAN ,
  • Shinbin XIA ,
  • Jianxin SHAO ,
  • Chang GAO ,
  • Liyuan PANG ,
  • Yongjie TANG
Expand
  • 1.Liaoxing Oil and Gas Development Company, Liaohe Oilfield, Panjin Liaoning 124010, China
    2.Chengdu Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey (Geoscience Innovation Center of Southwest China), Chengdu 610218, China
    3.School of Geophysics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
    4.College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
    5.College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang Sichuan 621010, China
    6.Exploration and Development Research Institute of Liaohe Oilfield, Panjin Liaoning 124010, China
    7.School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
LI Qingchun, research areas include exploration of petroleum, uranium, and trona deposits. E-mail: liqch@petrochina.com.cn
YANG Jian, research areas include geophysical exploration for sedimentary mineral deposits. E-mail: 115138871@qq.com

Received date: 2025-08-25

  Revised date: 2025-11-07

  Online published: 2025-11-10

Supported by

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2544210)

Abstract

The Naiman trona deposit in Inner Mongolia is a supergiant deposit discovered in recent years in China, with identified resources of 2.077 billion tons, making it the largest trona deposit so far discovered in China and even in Asia. The deposit is located in the Naiman Sag on the southwestern margin of the Songliao Basin and is hosted in strata of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian-Jiufotang formations. It is characterized by high ore grade, great ore-layer thickness, relatively deep burial, and complex mineralogical composition. Vertically, it consists of interbedded trona ore layers, rock-salt layers and mudstones, forming as many as 118 sedimentary cycles, while horizontally it exhibits a lenticular distribution. Seven Na-carbonate minerals, including trona, nahcolite and natrocalcite, and eight associated minerals, including halite, anhydrite and searlesite, have been identified. A key scientific question is why large-scale trona enrichment took place in the Naiman area during the Early Cretaceous greenhouse period under an extensional tectonic regime. The ore-forming mechanism may be investigated from the following aspects: conducting in-depth studies on the role of fault systems as channels for hydrothermal fluid migration in an extensional setting, and on the effects of continuous basin subsidence on the formation and preservation of ore layers; resolving the material contributions of volcanic rock weathering, deep magmatic-hydrothermal fluids and high atmospheric CO2 concentrations by means of geochemical tracing techniques; precisely constraining the timing of mineralization by integrating radiometric dating with biostratigraphic methods; and elucidating the controlling mechanisms of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment on trona sedimentary cycles through a combination of paleoclimatic-paleogeographic proxies and sedimentary cycle analysis. Through this integrated metallogenic research framework that couples deep tectonic architecture, material sources, metallogenic timing and sedimentary paleoclimate-paleoenvironment, the formation mechanism and metallogenic model of the Naiman supergiant trona deposit can be revealed, which is of great fundamental scientific significance. Meanwhile, the research results will support exploration of trona deposits in the Songliao Basin and surrounding areas and promote the upgrading of China’s soda ash industry, thus having important strategic and practical significance.

Cite this article

Qingchun LI , Jian YANG , Xue YANG , Jiaxue PEI , Jing GUO , Yong HUANG , Xiangying GE , Bowen ZAN , Shinbin XIA , Jianxin SHAO , Chang GAO , Liyuan PANG , Yongjie TANG . Significance and Implications of the Discovery of the Naiman Super-Large Trona Deposit[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2025 , 40(12) : 1211 -1229 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.097

References

[1] ZHANG Chending. Exploitation of natural soda deposit in Beypagari, Turkey[J]. Soda Industry2004(2): 15-18.
  张晨鼎. 土耳其贝帕扎里天然碱矿床的开发[J]. 纯碱工业2004(2): 15-18.
[2] YE Tielin. Alkaloids: resources, geology, mining, processing [M]. 3rd ed. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2013.
  叶铁林. 天然碱:资源·地质·开采·加工[M]. 3版. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2013.
[3] WANG Aiyun, CHEN Wenxi. Natural alkali: from ancient washing powder to the mother of chemical industry[J]. Earth2022(1): 6-11.
  王爱云, 陈文西. 天然碱: 从古代洗衣粉到化工之母[J]. 地球2022(1): 6-11.
[4] CHEN Zhenhong, CHEN Jianli, WANG Jiuyi, et al. Distribution and genesis of global Na-carbonate deposits and its prospecting potential[J]. Geology in China202350(5): 1 399-1 413.
  陈振红, 陈建立, 王九一, 等. 世界天然碱矿床资源分布、成矿因素及找矿远景[J]. 中国地质202350(5): 1 399-1 413.
[5] QIAO Ming, LI Gang, ZHOU Lifeng, et al. Carbon emission accounting and carbon emission reduction countermeasures for natural soda processing plants[J]. Environmental Protection of Chemical Industry202545(1): 134-140.
  乔明, 李刚, 周立峰, 等. 天然碱加工厂碳排放核算及碳减排对策研究[J]. 化工环保202545(1): 134-140.
[6] National Bureau of Statistics. China statistical yearbook (2024)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2024.
  国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴(2024)[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2024.
[7] CAO Jian, LEI Dewen, LI Yuwen, et al. Ancient high-quality alkaline lacustrine source rocks discovered in the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation, Junggar Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica201536(7): 781-790.
  曹剑, 雷德文, 李玉文, 等. 古老碱湖优质烃源岩: 准噶尔盆地下二叠统风城组[J]. 石油学报201536(7): 781-790.
[8] BERNHART O R, RENAUT R W, MUIRURI V M, et al. Quaternary history of the Lake Magadi Basin, southern Kenya Rift: tectonic and climatic controls[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology2019518: 97-118.
[9] LOWENSTEIN T K, JAGNIECKI E A, CARROLL A R, et al. The Green River salt mystery: what was the source of the hyperalkaline lake waters?[J]. Earth-Science Reviews2017173: 295-306.
[10] SHU Liangshu. Generalgeology [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2003.
  舒良树. 普通地质学[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2003.
[11] LIU Yongjiang, FENG Zhiqiang, JIANG Liwei, et al. Ophiolite in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, NE China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica201935(10): 3 017-3 047.
  刘永江, 冯志强, 蒋立伟, 等. 中国东北地区蛇绿岩[J]. 岩石学报201935(10): 3 017-3 047.
[12] ZHAO Xingqi, CHEN Jianfa, GUO Wang, et al. Geochemical characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbon in crude oil and source rocks from Nai 1 block of Naiman depression, Kailu Basin[J]. Geochimica201342(3): 262-273.
  赵兴齐, 陈践发, 郭望, 等. 开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷奈1区块原油及烃源岩芳烃地球化学特征[J]. 地球化学201342(3): 262-273.
[13] HU Changhao, PEI Jiaxue, YANG Xue, et al. Geological characteristics and genesis of Trona deposit in Cretaceous Yixian formation of Naiman Sag, Kailu Basin[J/OL]. Lithologic Reservoirs20251-12 (2025-09-25) [2025-09-30]. .
  户昶昊, 裴家学, 杨雪,等. 开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷白垩系义县组天然碱矿地质特征及成矿条件[J/OL]. 岩性油气藏20251-12 (2025-09-25) [2025-09-30]. .
[14] LIU Haiyan, LIU Xingzhou, CAI Guogang, et al. Sedimentary geochemical environment restoration of Yixian Formation and Jiufotang Formation in the northern part of Naiman Sag and its significance[J]. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica202544(2): 325-344.
  刘海艳, 刘兴周, 蔡国刚, 等. 奈曼凹陷北部义县组—九佛堂组沉积—地球化学环境恢复及其意义[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志202544(2): 325-344.
[15] LIU Xiaoli, PEI Jiaxue, CAI Guogang, et al. Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary evolution during the rifting period of a half-graben basin: a case study of lower section of Jiufotang Formation in Naiman Depression, southwestern margin of the Songliao Basin[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University202347(2): 91-103, 116, 10-11.
  刘晓丽, 裴家学, 蔡国钢, 等. 箕状断陷湖盆裂陷期层序地层及沉积演化: 以松辽盆地西南缘奈曼凹陷九佛堂组下段为例[J]. 东北石油大学学报202347(2): 91-103.
[16] HAO Fujiang, DU Jiyu, WANG Pujun, et al. Control of deep-large fault to southern Songliao fault basin group[J]. Global Geology201029(4): 553-560.
  郝福江, 杜继宇, 王璞珺, 等. 深大断裂对松辽断陷盆地群南部的控制作用[J]. 世界地质201029(4): 553-560.
[17] TIAN Ya. Geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks in Naiman sag[J]. Petroleum Geology and Engineering201832(5): 23-26.
  田涯. 奈曼凹陷烃源岩地球化学特征[J]. 石油地质与工程201832(5): 23-26.
[18] CAO Jian, ZHANG Ruijie, ZHI Dongming, et al. Unique bimodal oil generation of alkaline-saline lacustrine source rock: evidences, model and mechanism of organic-inorganic interactions[J]. Science China:Earth Science202555(5): 1 619-1 641.
  曹剑, 张瑞杰, 支东明, 等. 碱湖烃源岩有机—无机相互作用与控烃机理[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学202555(5): 1 619-1 641.
[19] WANG Chengshan, FENG Zhiqiang, WU Heyong, et al. Preliminary achievement of the Chinese Cretaceous continental scientific drilling project-SK-I[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica200882(1): 9-20.
  王成善, 冯志强, 吴河勇, 等. 中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探工程: 松科一井科学钻探工程的实施与初步进展[J]. 地质学报200882(1): 9-20.
[20] WANG Chengshan, GAO Yuan, WANG Pujun, et al. International continental scientific drilling project of the Songliao Basin: terrestrial geological records of the Cretaceous dinosaur age[J]. Earth Science Frontiers202431(1): 412-430, 511-534.
  王成善, 高远, 王璞珺, 等. 松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探: 白垩纪恐龙时代陆相地质记录[J]. 地学前缘202431(1): 412-430, 511-534.
[21] FOSTER G L, ROYER D L, LUNT D J. Future climate forcing potentially without precedent in the last 420 million years[J]. Nature Communications2017, 8. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14845 .
[22] HUBER B T, NORRIS R D, MACLEOD K G. Deep-sea paleotemperature record of extreme warmth during the Cretaceous[J]. Geology200230(2): 123-126.
[23] WANG Y D, HUANG C M, SUN B N, et al. Paleo-CO2 variation trends and the Cretaceous greenhouse climate[J]. Earth-Science Reviews2014129: 136-147.
[24] LI Y, SONG Z G, ZHOU Q Z, et al. The source and paleoclimatic implication of hydrogen isotopic composition of n-alkanes in sediments from the Yixian Formation, western Liaoning Province, NE China[J]. Gondwana Research201752: 142-152.
[25] LIU Chuanlian, ZHAO Quanhong, WANG Pinxian. Correlation between carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios of lacustrine carbonates and types of oil-producing paleolakes[J]. Geochimica200130(4): 363-367.
  刘传联, 赵泉鸿, 汪品先. 湖相碳酸盐氧碳同位素的相关性与生油古湖泊类型[J]. 地球化学200130(4): 363-367.
[26] FAZI S, AMALFITANO S, VENTURI S, et al. High concentrations of dissolved biogenic methane associated with cyanobacterial blooms in East African lake surface water[J]. Communications Biology2021, 4. DOI:10.1038/s42003-021-02365-x .
[27] JAGNIECKI E A, LOWENSTEIN T K. Evaporites of the green river formation, Bridger and piceance creek basins: deposition, diagenesis, paleobrine chemistry, and Eocene atmospheric CO2 [M]// Stratigraphy and paleolimnology of the Green River Formation, western USA. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015: 277-312.
[28] ?NAL M. Geology and trona potential of the middle Miocene Gürün (Sivas) evaporite basin, Turkey [J]. Journal of African Earth Sciences200440(1/2): 19-40.
[29] YI Chenglong. Sequence stratigraphy characteristics and its significance of alkaliferous strata of the Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation in Anpeng area, Biyang sag in Henan Province[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography201618(1): 93-100.
  易承龙. 河南省泌阳凹陷安棚地区古近系核桃园组含碱地层层序特征及其意义[J]. 古地理学报201618(1): 93-100.
[30] ZHANG Yuanyuan, LI Wei, TANG Wenbin. Tectonic setting and environment of alkaline lacustrine source rocks in the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation of Mahu Sag[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology201839(1): 48-54.
  张元元, 李威, 唐文斌. 玛湖凹陷风城组碱湖烃源岩发育的构造背景和形成环境[J]. 新疆石油地质201839(1): 48-54.
[31] LI Wei, ZHANG Yuanyuan, NI Minjie, et al. Genesis of alkaline lacustrine deposits in the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation of the Mahu Sag, northwestern Junggar Basin: insights from a comparison with the worldwide alkaline lacustrine deposits[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica202094(6): 1 839-1 852.
  李威, 张元元, 倪敏婕, 等. 准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统古老碱湖成因探究: 来自全球碱湖沉积的启示[J]. 地质学报202094(6): 1 839-1 852.
[32] WARREN J K. Evaporites: sediments, resources and hydrocarbons[M]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2006.
[33] WANG T T, CAO J, CARROLL A R, et al. Oldest preserved sodium carbonate evaporite: Late Paleozoic Fengcheng Formation, Junggar Basin, NW China[J]. GSA Bulletin2021133(7/8): 1 465-1 482.
[34] JONES B F, EUGSTER H P, RETTIG S L. Hydrochemistry of the lake Magadi Basin, Kenya[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta197741(1): 53-72.
[35] SMITH M E, CARROLL A R, SINGER B S. Synoptic reconstruction of a major ancient lake system: eocene Green River Formation, western United States[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin2008120(1/2): 54-84.
[36] CUMMING V M, SELBY D, LILLIS P G. Re-Os geochronology of the lacustrine Green River Formation: insights into direct depositional dating of lacustrine successions, Re-Os systematics and paleocontinental weathering[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters2012359/360: 194-205.
[37] CARROLL A R, BOHACS K M. Stratigraphic classification of ancient lakes: balancing tectonic and climatic controls[J]. Geology199927(2). DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0099:scoalb>2.3.co;2 .
[38] ZHANG Chending. Development of natural Alkaloid Deposits [M]. Beijing: China Petrochemical Press, 2013.
  张晨鼎. 天然碱矿床开发[M]. 北京: 中国石化出版社, 2013.
[39] EBINGER C. Continental break-up: the east African perspectiveAbstract[J]. Astronomy & Geophysics200546(2): 2.16-2.21.
[40] EUGSTER H P. Chemistry and origin of the brines of Lake Magadi, Kenya [J]. Mineralogical Society of America, Special Paper, 19703: 215-236.
[41] HELVAC? C, ?NCI U, Y?LMAZ H, et al. Geology and Neogene trona deposit of the Beypazar? region[J]. Turkey, Do?a Türk Mühendislik ve ?evre Dergisi, 198913(2): 245-256.
[42] HELVACI C. Geology of the Beypazar? trona field, Ankara, Turkey[C]// Tectonic crossroads: evolving orogens of Eurasia-Africa-Arabia. Ankara, Turkey, 2010.
[43] LAMECK A S, SKUTAI J, BOROS E. Review of chemical properties of inland soda and saline waters in East Africa (rift valley region) [J]. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies2023, 46. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101323 .
[44] YUAN Yuhan, ZHANG Jingong, YUAN Bingqiang, et al. Structural characteristics and oil—gas favorable areas of Kailu Sag in Songliao Basin—based on gravity data[J]. Geological Review202369(5): 1 628-1 638.
  袁禹涵, 张金功, 袁炳强, 等. 松辽盆地开鲁凹陷构造特征及其有利区预测: 基于重力异常资料[J]. 地质论评202369(5): 1 628-1 638.
[45] SHU Lijuan. Geological significance and controlling factors of nonhydrocarbon fluid of Jiufotang Formation in Naiman Sag[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs201527(3): 75-81.
  舒丽娟. 奈曼凹陷九佛堂组非烃流体地质意义及控制因素[J]. 岩性油气藏201527(3): 75-81.
[46] WANG Pujun, ZHAO Ranlei, MENG Qi’an, et al. The Cretaceous Songliao Basin: dynamic background from volcanic rift to interior sag basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers201522(3): 99-117.
  王璞珺, 赵然磊, 蒙启安, 等. 白垩纪松辽盆地: 从火山裂谷到陆内拗陷的动力学环境[J]. 地学前缘201522(3): 99-117.
[47] GARCíA-VEIGAS J, CENDóN D I, ROSELL L, et al. Salt deposition and brine evolution in the Granada Basin (Late Tortonian, SE Spain)[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology2013369: 452-465.
[48] MACHLUS M L, RAMEZANI J, BOWRING S A, et al. A strategy for cross-calibrating U-Pb chronology and astrochronology of sedimentary sequences: an example from the Green River Formation, Wyoming, USA[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters2015413: 70-78.
[49] HYLAND E G, SHELDON N D. Coupled CO2-climate response during the early Eocene climatic optimum[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology2013369: 125-135.
[50] SMITH M E, CARROLL A R, SCOTT J J, et al. Early Eocene carbon isotope excursions and landscape destabilization at eccentricity minima: Green River Formation of Wyoming[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters2014403: 393-406.
[51] ELLIOT S M, CARROLL A R, MUELLER E R. Elevated weathering rates in the rocky mountains during the early Eocene climatic optimum[J]. Nature Geoscience20081(6): 370-374.
[52] BERNER R A. The long-term carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition[J]. Nature2003426(6 964): 323-326.
[53] LOWENSTEIN T K, DOLGINKO L A C, GARCíA-VEIGAS J. Influence of magmatic-hydrothermal activity on brine evolution in closed basins: Searles Lake, California[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin2016128(9/10): 1 555-1 568.
[54] PRETTI V A, STEWART B W. Solute sources and chemical weathering in the Owens Lake watershed, eastern California[J]. Water Resources Research200238(8): 2-1-2-18.
[55] HILDRETH W. Volcanological perspectives on Long Valley, Mammoth Mountain, and Mono Craters: several contiguous but discrete systems[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research2004136(3/4): 169-198.
[56] MERRILL M D, HUNT A G, LOHR C D. Noble gas geochemistry investigation of high CO2 natural gas at the LaBarge Platform, Wyoming, USA[J]. Energy Procedia201463: 4 186-4 190.
[57] HELVAC? C. Turkish Trona Deposits: geological setting, genesis and overview of the deposits[M]// Mineral resources of Turkey. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019: 599-633.
[58] XIA Liuwei, CAO Jian, BIAN Lizeng, et al. Co-evolution of paleo-environment and bio-precursors in a Permian alkaline lake, Mahu mega-oil province, Junggar Basin: implications for oil sources[J]. Science China: Earth Sciences202252(4): 732-746.
  夏刘文, 曹剑, 边立曾, 等. 准噶尔盆地玛湖大油区二叠纪碱湖生物—环境协同演化及油源差异性[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学202252(4): 732-746.
[59] ZHANG Jingkun. Geochemical investigation on evolution of organic matter in alkaline lacustrine sediments of the Fengcheng Formation in the Junggar basin, northwest China[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University, 2020.
  张景坤. 准噶尔盆地风城组碱湖相有机质演化的地球化学研究[D]. 南京: 南京大学, 2020.
[60] T?NAVSUU-MILKEVICIENE K, FREDERICK SARG J. Evolution of an organic-rich lake basin-stratigraphy, climate and tectonics: Piceance Creek basin, Eocene Green River Formation[J]. Sedimentology201259(6): 1 735-1 768.
[61] ZHANG Jinming, TANG Huafeng, LEI Hangshan, et al. Volcanic facies model and reservoir significance of Mesozoic Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation in western Liaoning[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition)202454(6): 2 089-2 113.
  张津铭, 唐华风, 雷杭山, 等. 辽西地区中生界下白垩统义县组火山岩相模式及储层意义[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版)202454(6): 2 089-2 113.
[62] PORADA H, BEHR H J. Setting and sedimentary facies of late Proterozoic Alkali lake (playa) deposits in the southern Damara Belt of Namibia[J]. Sedimentary Geology198858(2/3/4): 171-194.
[63] YANG Jianghai, YI Chenglong, DU Yuansheng, et al. ochemical significance of the Paleogene soda-deposits bearing strata in Biyang Depression, Henan Province.[J]. Science China: Earth Sciences201444(10): 2 172-2 184.
  杨江海, 易承龙, 杜远生, 等. 泌阳凹陷古近纪含碱岩系地球化学特征对成碱作用的指示意义[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学201444(10): 2 172-2 184.
[64] TANG Y, CAO J, HE W J, et al. Discovery of shale oil in alkaline lacustrine basins: the Late Paleozoic Fengcheng Formation, Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, China [J]. Petroleum Science202118: 1 281-1 293.
[65] LI Wei, MA Fengshan, LU Xiangpeng, et al. Analysis of geological structure of submarine mining area based on 3D seismic exploration[J]. Gold Science and Technology201927(4): 530-538.
  李威, 马凤山, 卢湘鹏, 等. 基于三维地震探测的海底矿区地质结构分析[J]. 黄金科学技术201927(4): 530-538.
[66] XU Yaxin, DAI Chaocheng, LIU Xiaodong, et al. Geochemical characteristics and genesis of Lower Cretaceous hydrothermal sedimentary rocks in Bayingebi Basin[J]. Geological Review202268(1): 122-137.
  许亚鑫, 戴朝成, 刘晓东, 等. 巴音戈壁盆地下白垩统热水沉积岩地球化学特征及成因探讨[J]. 地质论评202268(1): 122-137.
[67] LIU Jinlong, WANG Guozhi, LI Na, et al. Characteristics and geological significance of inclusions in searlesite from the Fengcheng Formation in the Junggar Basin, China[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology202444(2): 326-338.
  刘晋陇, 王国芝, 李娜, 等. 准噶尔盆地风城组硅硼钠石中包裹体特征及其地质意义[J]. 沉积与特提斯地质202444(2): 326-338.
[68] LU Yu. Permian chronostratigraphic framework and sedimentary filling evolution in Mahu-Shawan and adjacent area, Junggar basin[D]. Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 2018.
  路玉. 玛湖—沙湾地区二叠系年代—地层格架与沉积充填演化[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2018.
[69] SMITH M E, CARROLL A R, SINGER B S. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Eocene Green River Formation, Wyoming [J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin2003115(5): 549-565.
[70] SMITH M E, CHAMBERLAIN K R, SINGER B S, et al. Eocene clocks agree: coeval 40Ar/39Ar, U-Pb, and astronomical ages from the Green River Formation[J]. Geology201038(6): 527-530.
[71] GONG D Y, LIU Z Y, ZHOU C M, et al. Carboniferous-Permian interglacial warming and volcanism temporally linked to the world’s oldest alkaline lake deposit of the Fengcheng Formation, NW China[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112441 .
[72] PEI Junling, YANG Zhenyu, SUN Zhiming, et al. Magnetostratigraphic dating of the early Jehol biota[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica201940(3): 393-404.
  裴军令, 杨振宇, 孙知明, 等. 早期热河生物群时代的磁性地层学约束[J]. 地球学报201940(3): 393-404.
[73] XI Dangpeng, SUN Lixin, QIN Zuohuan, et al. Lithostratigraphic subdivision and correlation of the Cretaceous in China[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy202145(3): 375-401.
  席党鹏, 孙立新, 覃祚焕, 等. 中国白垩纪岩石地层划分和对比[J]. 地层学杂志202145(3): 375-401.
[74] WAN Xiaoqiao, LI Gang, HUANG Qinghua, et al. Division and correlation of terrestrial Cretaceous stages in China[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy201337(4): 457-471.
  万晓樵, 李罡, 黄清华, 等. 中国白垩纪陆相阶的划分与对比[J]. 地层学杂志201337(4): 457-471.
[75] OGG J. Status of divisions of the international geologic time scale[J]. Lethaia200437(2): 183-199.
[76] ZHONG Yisi, WANG Licheng, DONG Haowei. Evaporite sedimentary characteristics and environment: a review[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica202240(5): 1 188-1 214.
  钟逸斯, 王立成, 董浩伟. 蒸发岩沉积特征及环境综述[J]. 沉积学报202240(5): 1 188-1 214.
[77] WARREN J K. Halotolerant life in feast or famine: organic sources of hydrocarbons and fixers of metals[M]// Evaporites. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016: 833-958.
[78] SONG Xiuzhang. Formation mechanism of alkali lake tight reservoir of Permian Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Depression, Junggar Basin[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2023.
  宋修章. 准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组碱湖致密储层形成机理[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2023.
[79] ZHANG Zhijie, YUAN Xuanjun, WANG Mengshi, et al. Alkaline-lacustrine deposition and paleoenvironmental evolution in Permian Fengcheng Formation at the Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development201845(6): 972-984.
  张志杰, 袁选俊, 汪梦诗, 等. 准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组碱湖沉积特征与古环境演化[J]. 石油勘探与开发201845(6): 972-984.
[80] WANG Mengshi, ZHANG Zhijie, ZHOU Chuanmin, et al. Lithological characteristics and origin of alkaline lacustrine of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography201820(1): 147-162.
  汪梦诗, 张志杰, 周川闽, 等. 准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组碱湖岩石特征与成因[J]. 古地理学报201820(1): 147-162.
[81] KUANG Lichun, TANG Yong, LEI Dewen, et al. Formation conditions and exploration potential of tight oil in the Permian saline lacustrine dolomitic rock, Junggar Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development201239(6): 657-667.
  匡立春, 唐勇, 雷德文, 等. 准噶尔盆地二叠系咸化湖相云质岩致密油形成条件与勘探潜力[J]. 石油勘探与开发201239(6): 657-667.
[82] GONG Boshi, WEN Huaguo, LI Conglin, et al. Sedimentary environment of Fengcheng Formation in Urho area, Junggar Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs201426(2): 59-66.
  宫博识, 文华国, 李丛林, 等. 准噶尔盆地乌尔禾地区风城组沉积环境分析[J]. 岩性油气藏201426(2): 59-66.
[83] ZHAO Yan. Genesis of reed mergnerite in the lower permian fengcheng formation of the Junggar Basin, NE China[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2020.
  赵研. 准噶尔盆地下二叠统风城组硅硼钠石发育特征及其富集成因探讨[D]. 成都:成都理工大学, 2020.
[84] OGOLA J S, BEHR H J. Mineralogy and trona formation in lake magadi, kenya, applied mineralogy in research, economy, technology, ecology and culture: proceedings of the sixth international congress on applied mineralogy[M]. G?ttingen, GER: ICAM, 383-386.
[85] ZHOU Zhenqi, DONG Qingshui, HOU Gangfu, et al. The forming environment and sedimentary evolution of the oil shale intergrowthing with salt alkali mine: with the oil shale deposit of Wucheng, Tongbai Basin as an example[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition)200636(6): 1 001-1 005.
  周珍琦, 董清水, 厚刚福, 等. 与盐碱矿共生的油页岩形成环境及沉积演化: 以桐柏吴城盆地油页岩矿床为例[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版)200636(6): 1 001-1 005.
[86] EUGSTER H P, HARDIE L A. Sedimentation in an ancient playa-lake complex: the Wilkins peak member of the green river formation of Wyoming[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin197586(3): 319-334.
[87] KLONOWSKI E M. Paleoenvironmental variations, timing, and drivers of Wilkins Peak Member Lake cycles, Green River Formation, Bridger Basin, Wyoming[D]. Binghamton, NY USA: Binghamton University, 2019.
[88] MENG Fanwei, ZHANG Zhili, ZHUO Qingong, et al. Direct geolocal records of ancient environments in the evaporite basin: evidences from fluid inclusions in halite[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry201837(3): 451-460, 561.
  孟凡巍, 张智礼, 卓勤功, 等. 蒸发岩盆地古环境的直接记录: 来自石盐流体包裹体的证据[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报201837(3): 451-460, 561.
[89] MENG Fanwei, NI Pei, YAN Xianqin, et al. Chemical composition of the ancient lake at Jintan salt mine: evidence from fluid inclusions in halite[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica201128(3): 75-79.
  孟凡巍, 倪培, 严贤勤, 等. 江苏金坛盐矿形成时期盐湖水体成分: 来自石盐包裹体的证据[J]. 微体古生物学报201128(3): 75-79.
[90] MENG Fanwei, NI Pei, GE Chendong, et al. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in laboratory grown halite and its implication for paleotemperature reconstruction[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica201127(5): 1 543-1 547.
  孟凡巍, 倪培, 葛晨东, 等. 实验室合成石盐包裹体的均一温度以及古气候意义[J]. 岩石学报201127(5): 1 543-1 547.
[91] ROBERTS S M, SPENCER R J. Paleotemperatures preserved in fluid inclusions in halite[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta199559(19): 3 929-3 942.
[92] SATTERFIELD C L, LOWENSTEIN T K, VREELAND R H, et al. Paleobrine temperatures, chemistries, and paleoenvironments of Silurian Salina Formation F-1 salt, Michigan Basin, U.S.A., from petrography and fluid inclusions in halite[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research200575(4): 534-546.
[93] GOLDSTEIN R H. Clues from fluid inclusions[J]. Science2001294(5 544): 1 009-1 011.
[94] SIEMANN M G, ELLENDORFF B. The composition of gases in fluid inclusions of Late Permian (Zechstein) marine evaporites in Northern Germany[J]. Chemical Geology2001173(1/2/3): 31-44.
[95] LANG Shanshan. The sedimentary facies analysis of Jiufotang Formation in Naiman Depression of Inner Mongolia[D]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei GEO University, 2017.
  郎珊珊. 内蒙奈曼凹陷九佛堂组沉积相分析[D]. 石家庄: 河北地质大学, 2017.
[96] LI Y N, LIN S K, WANG S, et al. Depositional cycles in a rift lacustrine basin linked with tectonics, climate, and source rocks and reservoirs development: Lower Cretaceous in Naiman Sag, Songliao Basin, Inner Mongolia, northeast China [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology2023, 155. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106348 .
[97] HU Wangshui, Bingquan Lü, ZHANG Wenjun, et al. An approach to tectonic evolution and dynamics of the Songliao Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology200540(1): 16-31.
  胡望水, 吕炳全, 张文军, 等. 松辽盆地构造演化及成盆动力学探讨[J]. 地质科学200540(1): 16-31.
[98] CHENG Rihui, WANG Guodong, WANG Pujun, et al. Description of Cretaceous sedimentary sequence of the Yaojia Formation recovered by CCSD-SK-Ⅰs borehole in Songliao Basin: lithostratigraphy, sedimentary facies and cyclic stratigraphy[J]. Earth Science Frontiers200916(2): 272-287.
  程日辉, 王国栋, 王璞珺, 等. 松科1井南孔白垩系姚家组沉积序列精细描述: 岩石地层、沉积相与旋回地层[J]. 地学前缘200916(2): 272-287.
[99] WANG T T, RAMEZANI J, WANG C S, et al. High-precision U-Pb geochronologic constraints on the Late Cretaceous terrestrial cyclostratigraphy and geomagnetic polarity from the Songliao Basin, northeast China[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters2016446: 37-44.
[100] WANG C S, FENG Z Q, ZHANG L M, et al. Cretaceous paleogeography and paleoclimate and the setting of SKI borehole sites in Songliao Basin, northeast China[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology2013385: 17-30.
Outlines

/