Geochemical Signatures of Source Rocks and Resource Potential in the Naiman Sag, Southwestern Songliao Basin
Received date: 2025-06-26
Revised date: 2025-11-12
Online published: 2025-12-10
Supported by
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42488101)
The Naiman Sag is located in the southwestern part of the Songliao Basin. It remains underexplored, and the conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation and the main controlling factors are not yet well understood. This study based on a comprehensive review of previous studies and integrates data from drilling, seismic profiles, reservoir lithology and petrophysics. It analyzes the petroleum geological characteristics, controlling factors for hydrocarbon accumulation, and resource potential of the Naiman Sag. The results indicate the primary hydrocarbon source rocks in the region are the Shahai, lower Jiufotang, and Yixian formations. These are mainly concentrated in the northern part of the sag and are generally at a low-to-mature stage (RO<1.0%). Among them, the lower Jiufotang Formation, developed in semi-deep lake to deep lake facies, contains high-quality source rocks with high organic matter abundance (average TOC of 2.79%) and predominantly of Type I and Type II₁ kerogen. These source rocks are the primary contributors to hydrocarbons in the region. Biomarker characteristics indicate that the source rocks formed in a high-salinity, strongly reducing lacustrine environment, with mixed contributions from lower aquatic organisms and higher terrestrial plants. The hydrocarbons in the region are primarily heavy oil and wet gas, with heavy oils not undergoing significant biodegradation and mainly controlled by low maturity. The natural gas is characterized as sapropelic kerogen-derived gas in the low-to-mature stage, directly resulting from kerogen cracking. Hydrocarbon accumulation is primarily controlled by favorable source-reservoir configurations, dominant depositional facies, and advantageous lithology, demonstrating a trinity of “facies-lithology-structure” coupling. Additionally, deep fluid activities may play an important role in the accumulation process by not only promoting secondary hydrocarbon generation but also contributing to the enrichment of associated noble gases such as hydrogen and helium. Overall, the central and deeper “sweet-spot” zones of the sag, with abundant hydrocarbon supply, proximal traps, and active fluid movement, show significant exploration potential. Future studies should focus on the unconventional accumulation mechanisms under multi-factor coupling. This will deepen the understanding of the petroleum system in the Naiman Sag.
Biqing ZHU , Tuan GU , Pengpeng LI , Fulai LI , Yongbo WEI , Quanyou LIU . Geochemical Signatures of Source Rocks and Resource Potential in the Naiman Sag, Southwestern Songliao Basin[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2025 , 40(12) : 1252 -1266 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.090
| [1] | LIU S Y. Review of the development status and technology of tight oil: advances and outlook[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2023, 37(19): 14 645-14 665. |
| [2] | HU S Y, ZHU R K, WU S T, et al. Exploration and development of continental tight oil in China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2018, 45(4): 790-802. |
| [3] | ZHU R K, ZOU C N, MAO Z G, et al. Characteristics and distribution of continental tight oil in China[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2019, 178: 37-51. |
| [4] | ZOU C N, ZHANG G Y, TAO S Z, et al. Geological features, major discoveries and unconventional petroleum geology in the global petroleum exploration[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2010, 37(2): 129-145. |
| [5] | SUN Longde, LIU He, HE Wenyuan, et al. An analysis of major scientific problems and research paths of Gulong shale oil in Daqing Oilfield, NE China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2021, 48(3): 453-463. |
| 孙龙德, 刘合, 何文渊, 等. 大庆古龙页岩油重大科学问题与研究路径探析[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2021, 48(3): 453-463. | |
| [6] | LIU Bingxin. Petroleum geological characteristics of the Naiman Sag in the Peripheral Basins of the Liaohe Depression[J]. Management & Technology of SME, 2015(9): 97. |
| 刘冰鑫. 辽河外围盆地奈曼凹陷石油地质特征分析[J]. 中小企业管理与科技, 2015(9): 97. | |
| [7] | PEI Jiaxue. Forming conditions and identification of lithologic reservoirs in Peripheral Basin, Liaohe Oilfield[J]. Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs, 2015, 22(3): 62-65. |
| 裴家学. 辽河外围盆地岩性油藏形成条件及识别[J]. 特种油气藏, 2015, 22(3): 62-65. | |
| [8] | LIU Haiyan, PEI Jiaxue, YANG Xue, et al. Geochemical characteristics and research significance of source rocks of Yixian Formation, northern Naiman[J]. Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs, 2022, 29(1): 31-37. |
| 刘海艳, 裴家学, 杨雪, 等. 奈曼北部义县组烃源岩地球化学特征及研究意义[J]. 特种油气藏, 2022, 29(1): 31-37. | |
| [9] | HUANG Yaohua. Research on sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of Jiufotang Formation in Nai Manqi Depression[D]. Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 2008. |
| 黄耀华. 奈曼旗凹陷九佛堂组沉积层序地层研究[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2008. | |
| [10] | LIU Haiyan, LI Dehua, WANG Yiming, et al. Exploration potential and characteristics of source rocks of Jiufotang Well Nai1 in Naiman Sag[J]. Journal of Chengde Petroleum College, 2022, 24(3): 1-5. |
| 刘海艳, 李德华, 王一鸣, 等. 奈曼凹陷奈1井九佛堂组烃源岩特征与勘探潜力[J]. 承德石油高等专科学校学报, 2022, 24(3): 1-5. | |
| [11] | LI Y N, LIN S K, WANG S, et al. Depositional cycles in a rift lacustrine basin linked with tectonics, climate, and source rocks and reservoirs development: lower Cretaceous in Naiman Sag, Songliao Basin, Inner Monglia, northeast China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2023, 155. DOI:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106348 . |
| [12] | TIAN Ya. Geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks in Naiman Sag[J]. Petroleum Geology and Engineering, 2018, 32(5): 23-26. |
| 田涯. 奈曼凹陷烃源岩地球化学特征[J]. 石油地质与工程, 2018,32(5): 23-26. | |
| [13] | ZHAO Xingqi, CHEN Jianfa, GUO Wang, et al. Geochemical characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbon in crude oil and source rocks from Nai 1 Block of Naiman Depression, Kailu Basin[J]. Geochimica, 2013, 42(3): 262-273. |
| 赵兴齐, 陈践发, 郭望, 等. 开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷奈1区块原油及烃源岩芳烃地球化学特征[J]. 地球化学, 2013, 42(3): 262-273. | |
| [14] | LIU Haiyan, TIAN Ya, LI Dehua, et al. Oil source correlation and geological significance of Yixian Formation in the eastern slope zone of Naiman Sag[J]. Petroleum Geology and Engineering, 2025, 39(3): 68-77. |
| 刘海艳, 田涯, 李德华, 等. 奈曼凹陷东部斜坡带义县组油源对比及地质意义[J]. 石油地质与工程, 2025, 39(3): 68-77. | |
| [15] | XU H Y, LIU Q Y, ZHU D Y, et al. Molecular evidence reveals the presence of hydrothermal effect on ultra-deep-preserved organic compounds[J]. Chemical Geology, 2022, 608. DOI:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121045 |
| [16] | LIU Q Y, ZHU D Y, JIN Z J, et al. Effects of deep CO2 on petroleum and thermal alteration: the case of the Huangqiao oil and gas field[J]. Chemical Geology, 2017, 469: 214-229. |
| [17] | ZHU D Y, LIU Q Y, MENG Q Q, et al. Enhanced effects of large-scale CO2 transportation on oil accumulation in oil-gas-bearing basins: implications from supercritical CO2 extraction of source rocks and a typical case study[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2018, 92: 493-504. |
| [18] | ZHU G Y, HUANG H P, LARTER S. Impact of Permian Tarim and Emeishan large igneous provinces on petroleum systems and gas emissions in Tarim and Sichuan basins[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2025, 263. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105072 . |
| [19] | ZHANG C, LIU D D, LIU Q Y, et al. Magmatism and hydrocarbon accumulation in sedimentary basins: a review[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2023, 244. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104531 . |
| [20] | WEI Y B, LIU Q Y, ZHU D Y, et al. Helium and natural hydrogen in the Bohai Bay Basin, China: occurrence, resources, and exploration prospects[J]. Applied Energy, 2025, 383. DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125398 . |
| [21] | LIU Haiyan, LIU Xingzhou, CAI Guogang, et al. Sedimentary geochemical environment restoration of Yixian Formation and Jiufotang Formation in the northern part of Naiman Sag and its significance[J]. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 2025, 44(2): 325-344. |
| 刘海艳, 刘兴周, 蔡国刚, 等. 奈曼凹陷北部义县组—九佛堂组沉积—地球化学环境恢复及其意义[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志, 2025, 44(2): 325-344. | |
| [22] | LIU Tong. Fine reservoir description to block 1 Jiushang reservoir in Naiman oilfield[D]. Daqing: Northeast Petroleum University, 2017. |
| 刘通. 奈曼油田奈1区块九上段精细油藏描述[D]. 大庆: 东北石油大学, 2017. | |
| [23] | LIU Xiaoli, PEI Jiaxue, CAI Guogang, et al. Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary evolution during the rifting period of a half-graben basin: a case study of lower section of Jiufotang Formation in Naiman Depression, southwestern margin of the Songliao Basin[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2023, 47(2): 91-103, 116, 10-11. |
| 刘晓丽, 裴家学, 蔡国钢, 等. 箕状断陷湖盆裂陷期层序地层及沉积演化: 以松辽盆地西南缘奈曼凹陷九佛堂组下段为例[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2023, 47(2): 91-103. | |
| [24] | ZHU G, JIANG D Z, ZHANG B L, et al. Destruction of the eastern North China Craton in a backarc setting: evidence from crustal deformation kinematics[J]. Gondwana Research, 2012, 22(1): 86-103. |
| [25] | CHEN Lida. Evaluation of reservoirs in the lower part of Jiufo Group in Naiman Depression[D]. Daqing: Northeast Petroleum University, 2017. |
| 陈立达. 奈曼凹陷九佛堂组下段油藏评价研究[D]. 大庆: 东北石油大学, 2017. | |
| [26] | LI Wuping, LI Xianhua, LU Fengxiang, et al. Geological characteristics and its setting for volcanic rocks of Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation in western Liaoning Province, eastern China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2002, 18(2): 193-204. |
| 李伍平, 李献华, 路凤香, 等. 辽西早白垩世义县组火山岩的地质特征及其构造背景[J]. 岩石学报, 2002, 18(2): 193-204. | |
| [27] | CUI Shuhui. Characteristics and utilization of oil shale in Naiman Banner, Inner Mongolia[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2020. |
| 崔树辉. 内蒙古奈曼旗油页岩特征及开发利用[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2020. | |
| [28] | ZHAO Xingqi, CHEN Jianfa, ZHANG Chen, et al. Geochemical characteristics of crude oil and oil-source analysis in Nai 1 block for Naiman Depression, Kailu Basin[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 2012, 36(3): 44-53. |
| 赵兴齐, 陈践发, 张晨, 等. 开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷奈1区块原油地球化学特征及油源分析[J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2012, 36(3): 44-53. | |
| [29] | PETERS K E, WALTERS C C, MOLDOWAN J M. The biomarker guide [M]. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. |
| [30] | ZHU Biqing, CHEN Shijia, BAI Yanjun, et al. Geochemical characteristics and source of crude oil in Chang 8 member of Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin[J]. Geoscience, 2022, 36(2): 742-754. |
| 朱必清, 陈世加, 白艳军, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区延长组长8段原油地球化学特征及来源[J]. 现代地质, 2022, 36(2): 742-754. | |
| [31] | ZHAO Xingqi, CHEN Jianfa, ZHANG Chen, et al. Geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbon gases and its genetic analysis in Nai 1 Block, Naiman Oilfield[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2011, 22(4): 715-722. |
| 赵兴齐, 陈践发, 张晨, 等. 奈曼油田奈1区块烃类气体地球化学特征及成因分析[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2011, 22(4): 715-722. | |
| [32] | DAI Jinxing, ZOU Caineng, ZHANG Shuichang, et al. Identification of inorganic and organic genetic alkane gases[J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2008, 51(11): 1 329-1 341. |
| 戴金星, 邹才能, 张水昌, 等. 无机成因和有机成因烷烃气的鉴别[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2008, 51(11): 1 329-1 341. | |
| [33] | HU Jingwei. Logging evaluation of low porosity and permeability reservoir of block Nai 1 in Liaohe oilfield[D]. Daqing: Northeast Petroleum University, 2021. |
| 呼景伟. 辽河油田奈1块低孔渗储层测井综合评价[D]. 大庆: 东北石油大学, 2021. | |
| [34] | YANG L L, JIANG Z X, HE W J, et al. Fluid-rock interaction controlled by integrated hydrothermal fluid and fault: implications for reservoir development[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2024, 643. DOI:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131793 . |
| [35] | FU Y, LUO J L, WU S J, et al. Deep hydrothermal fluid activity and its impact on the reservoir quality of the Zhuhai Formation in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, China[J]. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2025, 247. DOI:10.1016/j.geoen.2025.213681 . |
| [36] | JIA Chengzao, JIANG Lin, ZHAO Wen. Tight oil and gas in whole petroleum system: accumulation mechanism, enrichment regularity, and resource prospect[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2025, 46(1): 1-16, 47. |
| 贾承造, 姜林, 赵文. 全油气系统中的致密油气: 成藏机理、富集规律与资源前景[J]. 石油学报, 2025, 46(1): 1-16, 47. | |
| [37] | SONG Yan, JIA Chengzao, JIANG Lin, et al. Connotation and research strategy of the whole petroleum system[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2024, 51(6): 1 199-1 210, 1 226. |
| 宋岩, 贾承造, 姜林, 等. 全油气系统内涵与研究思路[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2024, 51(6): 1 199-1 210, 1 226. | |
| [38] | FU Xiaofei, SHA Wei, WANG Lei, et al. Distribution law of mantle-origin CO2 gas reservoirs and its controlling factors in Songliao Basin[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2010, 40(2): 253-263. |
| 付晓飞, 沙威, 王磊, 等. 松辽盆地幔源成因CO2气藏分布规律及控制因素[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2010, 40(2): 253-263. | |
| [39] | MI Jingkui, ZHANG Shuichang, TAO Shizhen, et al. Genesis and accumulation period of the CO2 in Changling fault depression of Songliao Basin, northeastern China[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2008, 19(4): 452-456. |
| 米敬奎, 张水昌, 陶士振, 等. 松辽盆地南部长岭断陷CO2成因与成藏期研究[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2008, 19(4): 452-456. | |
| [40] | DAI J X, SONG Y, DAI C S, et al. Geochemistry and accumulation of carbon dioxide gases in China[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1996, 80(10): 1 615-1 625. |
| [41] | LIU Q Y, DAI J X, JIN Z J, et al. Abnormal carbon and hydrogen isotopes of alkane gases from the Qingshen gas field, Songliao Basin, China, suggesting abiogenic alkanes?[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2016, 115: 285-297. |
| [42] | LIU Quanyou, WU Xiaoqi, ZHU Dongya, et al. Generation and resource potential of abiogenic alkane gas under organic-inorganic interactions in petroliferous basins[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2021, 32(2): 155-163. |
| 刘全有, 吴小奇, 朱东亚, 等. 含油气盆地有机无机作用下非生物烷烃气形成与资源潜力[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2021, 32(2): 155-163. | |
| [43] | XIA C Y, YE B, JIANG J J, et al. Review of natural origin, distribution, and long-term conservation of CO2 in sedimentary basins of China[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2022, 226. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103953 . |
| [44] | LI Zuochen. Characteristics and genetic analysis of CO2 in block Nai 1 of Naiman Depression[J]. Journal of Yangtze University (Natural Science Edition), 2011, 8(6): 25-28. |
| 李作臣. 奈曼凹陷奈1区块CO2地球化学特征及成因分析[J]. 长江大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 8(6): 25-28. | |
| [45] | SHU Lijuan. Geological significance and controlling factors of nonhydrocarbon fluid of Jiufotang Formation in Naiman Sag[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2015, 27(3): 75-81. |
| 舒丽娟. 奈曼凹陷九佛堂组非烃流体地质意义及控制因素[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2015, 27(3): 75-81. | |
| [46] | SIMONEIT B R T, ABOUL-KASSIM T A T, TIERCELIN J J. Hydrothermal petroleum from lacustrine sedimentary organic matter in the East African Rift[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2000, 15(3): 355-368. |
| [47] | SIMONEIT B R T. Hydrothermal petroleum[M]// Hydrocarbons, oils and lipids: diversity, origin, chemistry and fate. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. |
| [48] | XU H Y, LIU Q Y, JIN Z J, et al. Organic compounds in geological hydrothermal systems: a critical review of molecular transformation and distribution[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2024, 252. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104757 . |
| [49] | ZHU B Q, LIU Q Y, XU H Y, et al. Microbial communities constrain the organic δ 13C variations in the Lower Cambrian mudstones[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2025, 205. DOI:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2025.104991 . |
| [50] | NING Haixiang. The study on reservoir characteristics of Cretaceous igneous rocks in Lujiapu depression[D]. Daqing: Northeast Petroleum University, 2018. |
| 宁海翔. 陆家堡凹陷白垩系火成岩储层特征研究[D]. 大庆: 东北石油大学, 2018. | |
| [51] | RAN Bo. Volcanic clastic rock reservoir formation control factors analysis of Jiufotang Formation in Lujiapu Sag, Kailu Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology and Engineering, 2016, 30(1): 1-5, 146. |
| 冉波. 开鲁盆地陆家堡凹陷九佛堂组火山碎屑岩油藏形成控制因素分析[J]. 石油地质与工程, 2016, 30(1): 1-5, 146. | |
| [52] | PEI Jiaxue. Discussion on relationship between volcanic activity and hydrocarbon of Lujiapu Depreesion[J]. Petroleum Geology and Engineering, 2015, 29(2): 1-4, 10, 145. |
| 裴家学. 陆家堡凹陷火山活动与油气关系探讨[J]. 石油地质与工程, 2015, 29(2): 1-4, 10, 145. | |
| [53] | LIU Quanyou, WEI Yongbo, ZHU Dongya, et al. Formation and enrichment mechanisms of precious gas in sedimentary basins[J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2025, 55(10): 3 401-3 420. |
| 刘全有, 魏永波, 朱东亚,等. 沉积盆地稀贵气体形成与富集机制[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2025, 55(10):3 401-3 420. | |
| [54] | HAN S B, XIANG C H, DU X, et al. Geochemistry and origins of hydrogen-containing natural gases in deep Songliao Basin, China: insights from continental scientific drilling[J]. Petroleum Science, 2024, 21(2): 741-751. |
| [55] | LIU Q Y, WEI Y B, LI P P, et al. Natural hydrogen in the volcanic-bearing sedimentary basin: origin, conversion, and production rates[J]. Science Advances, 2025, 11(4). DOI:10.1126/sciadv.adr6771 . |
| [56] | HOLLAND H D. Volcanic gases, black smokers, and the great oxidation event[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2002, 66(21): 3 811-3 826. |
| [57] | ZGONNIK V. The occurrence and geoscience of natural hydrogen: a comprehensive review[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2020, 203. DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103140 . |
| [58] | LIU Q Y, LI P, JIANG L, et al. Distinctive volcanic ash-rich lacustrine shale deposition related to chemical weathering intensity during the Late Triassic: evidence from lithium contents and isotopes[J]. Science Advances, 2024, 10(11). DOI:10.1126/sciadv.adi6594 . |
| [59] | MILKOV A V. Molecular hydrogen in surface and subsurface natural gases: abundance, origins and ideas for deliberate exploration[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2022, 230. DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104063 . |
| [60] | HORSFIELD B, MAHLSTEDT N, WENIGER P, et al. Molecular hydrogen from organic sources in the deep Songliao Basin, P.R. China[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(38): 16 750-16 774. |
| [61] | HAN Shuangbiao, WANG Jin, HUANG Jie, et al. Adsorption characteristics and occurrence pattern of natural hydrogen in a continental scientific drilling well of the Songliao Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2025, 46(2): 462-477. |
| 韩双彪, 王缙, 黄劼, 等. 松辽盆地大陆科学钻探井天然氢气吸附特征及赋存规律[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2025, 46(2): 462-477. | |
| [62] | FRüH-GREEN G L, KELLEY D S, LILLEY M D, et al. Diversity of magmatism, hydrothermal processes and microbial interactions at mid-ocean ridges[J]. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2022, 3(12): 852-871. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |