1 引 言
图1 冰椎和冻土研究关键词共现网络该网络基于Web of Science数据库检索的91篇文献,以多年冻土(permafrost)为主题(包括诸如冰椎和地下水等关键词),利用bibliometrix软件包(R v4.3.2)分析了冰椎关键词的关联。 Fig. 1 Keyword co-occurrence network of aufeis (icing) and permafrost research This network is generated from 91 publications retrieved from the Web of Science database, using bibliometrix (R v4.3.2) to analyze keyword co-occurrences. The analysis specifically highlights themes related to permafrost, including keywords such as aufeis (icing) and groundwater. |
2 冰椎形成与分布
2.1 冰椎分类
2.2 形成过程与影响因素
表1 河冰椎与河冰异同点对比Table 1 Comparison of river icings and river ice |
| 特征 | 河冰 | 河冰椎 |
|---|---|---|
| 物源 | 自然界原位冻结的水体 | 地下水、泉水或河(湖)水 |
| 形成机制 | 水体直接冷却至冰点以下结晶 | 水体受压涌出到冻结地表或冰面后逐层冻结 |
| 形态特征 | 随水流条件变化,形态多样,如薄冰、冰花、盘冰、底冰(或锚冰)和岸冰等 | 通常为巨大、隆起、分层的冰丘或冰坝,可呈锥状、层状和幔状 |
| 规模 | 从薄层冰面延伸覆盖至整个河面 | 可覆盖数平方公里,厚度可达数米至十几米 |
| 分布位置 | 广泛分布于河流任何水体(水面、水体内部)或岸区(河岸、岸边) | 常见于地下水或泉水露口,河流浅滩、分叉口或冰塞易发区,有时延伸至河岸泛滥平原 |
| 水文影响 | 影响水流速度、水位,形成冰塞或冰坝,改变水流路径 | 形成时阻塞水流,融化时为河流提供重要的淡水补给,影响地下水—地表水交互 |
| 存在周期 | 随冻结期到来自然形成,春季融化 | 贯穿整个冬季甚至更长,可延续至夏末,融化较慢 |
图2 黄河源区河冰椎及其影响(照片由罗栋梁摄于2024年5月14日和16日)(a)沿214国道滨河湿地冻融侵蚀加剧;(b)冰椎导致扎陵湖南汤岔玛附近小桥受损。 Fig. 2 Impacts of river icings in the headwater area of the Yellow River (photos were taken by Luo Dongliang on May 14 and 16, 2024, respectively) (a) Exacerbated freeze-thaw erosion of riparian wetlands along National Highway G214; (b) Damage to a small bridge near Tangchama, south of the Gyaring Lake. |
2.3 冰椎分布
图3 利用Landsat-8 OLI遥感影像提取的2013—2017年河冰椎空间分布(a)基于RDRI指数(红波和近红外波段反射率之差除以近红外和短波红外波段反射率之和)[44]提取的青藏高原东北部2~4月河冰椎分布;(b)基于NDSI指数(绿波和短波红外波段反射率之差除以绿波和短波红外波段反射率之和)提取的西伯利亚因迪吉尔卡河流域5~6月河冰椎分布。 Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of river icings in 2013-2017, extracted from Landsat-8 OLI images (a) River icings distributed in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from February to April, extracted using the RDRI index (difference between red and near-infrared band reflectance divided by the sum of near-infrared and shortwave-infrared band reflectance)[44]; (b) River icings distributed in Indigirka River northeast Siberia, from May to June, extracted using the NDSI index (difference between green and near-infrared band reflectance divided by the sum of green and shortwave-infrared band reflectance). |

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