Advances and Future Development of Monitoring Technologies for Marine Carbon Storage
Received date: 2023-07-09
Revised date: 2023-09-25
Online published: 2023-11-08
Supported by
the Consultation Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment(20233160A0073)
Marine carbon storage plays a crucial role in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. To ensure the efficient and safe storage of CO2, it is imperative to monitor the potential migration of CO2 before, during, and after injection. Current methods for monitoring marine carbon storage encompass built-in sensor monitoring focusing on the seabed wellbore, geophysical monitoring targeting reservoirs and caprocks, and marine environmental monitoring focusing on the seafloor and water column. These three methods can be used to obtain temperature/pressure/acoustic data near the injection/monitoring wellbore, seismic/electromagnetic/gravity data of deep reservoirs and caprocks, and acoustic/chemical/oceanographic data of near-bottom sedimentary layers and seawater, respectively. Analyzing these datasets is expected to reveal the migration characteristics of CO2 injected into the formation. However, the integrated use of relevant monitoring methods and technologies and the design of high-quality monitoring strategies currently pose significant challenges for both academic and engineering communities. To enable scientific and systematic monitoring of the safety of marine carbon storage, offering essential guidance for offshore storage operations, and concurrently enhancing monitoring efficiency while reducing monitoring costs, we have compiled the fundamental principles, application status, and challenges encountered by different monitoring methods and technologies. We also anticipate future development of monitoring technologies for marine carbon storage.
Key words： Marine Carbon Storage; CO2 monitoring; Inner-sensing; Geophysics; Marine environment
Jianghui LI , Fengling YU , Xiongwei NIU , Tian ZHOU , Yunxiu ZHANG , Wenling LI . Advances and Future Development of Monitoring Technologies for Marine Carbon Storage[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2023 , 38(11) : 1121 -1144 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2023.071
| 1 | METZ B. IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage［M］. Cambridge： Cambridge University Press， 2005. |
| 2 | HASZELDINE R， FLUDE S， JOHNSON G， et al. Negative emissions technologies and carbon capture and storage to achieve the Paris Agreement commitments［J］. Mathematical， Physical and Engineering Sciences， 2018. DOI：10.1098/rsta.2016.0447 . |
| 3 | GALE J， ABANADES J， BACHU S， et al. Special issue commemorating the 10th year anniversary of the publication of the intergovernmental panel on climate change special report on CO2 capture and storage［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2015， 40： 1-5. |
| 4 | IPCC. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 ℃ above pre-Industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways， in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change， sustainable development ［R］. Geneva， Switzerland： World Meteorological Organization， 2018. |
| 5 | IPCC. Mitigation of climate change ［R］. Geneva， Switzerland： IPCC Working Group III， 2022. |
| 6 | 中共中央 国务院关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见［EB/OL］.新华社，（2021-10-24） ［2023-04-05］.. |
| 7 | RINGROSE P S， MECKEL T A. Maturing global CO2 storage resources on offshore continental margins to achieve 2DS emissions reductions［J］. Scientific Reports， 2019， 9（1）： 1-10. |
| 8 | GUO Jianqiang， DONG Guang， ZHANG Senqi， et al. Potential evaluation and demonstration project of CO2 geological storage in China［J］. Geological Survey of China， 2015， 2（4）： 36-46. |
| 8 | 郭建强， 冬光， 张森琦， 等. 中国二氧化碳地质储存潜力评价与示范工程［J］. 中国地质调查， 2015， 2（4）： 36-46. |
| 9 | CHADWICK R A. Geoscience， technologies， environmental aspects and legal frameworks： offshore CO2 storage： sleipner natural gas field beneath the North Sea ［M］. Philadelphia， USA： Woodhead Publishing Limited， 2013： 227-250. |
| 10 | FURRE A K， MENEGUOLO R， RINGROSE P， et al. Building confidence in CCS： from Sleipner to the Northern Lights Project ［J］. First Break， 2019， 7： 81-87. |
| 11 | TORP T A， GALE J. Demonstrating storage of CO2 in geological reservoirs： the Sleipner and SACS projects［J］. Energy， 2004， 29（9/10）： 1 361-1 369. |
| 12 | GODOI J M A， dos SANTOS MATAI P H L. Enhanced oil recovery with carbon dioxide geosequestration： first steps at Pre-salt in Brazil［J］. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production， 2021， 11（3）： 1-13. |
| 13 | LI Jianghui， LI Pengchun， LI Yanzun， et al. Technology system of offshore carbon capture， utilization， and storage［J］. Strategic Study of CAE， 2023， 25（2）： 173-186. |
| 13 | 李姜辉， 李鹏春， 李彦尊， 等. 离岸碳捕集利用与封存技术体系研究［J］. 中国工程科学， 2023， 25（2）： 173-186. |
| 14 | FURRE A K， EIKEN O， ALNES H， et al. 20 years of monitoring CO2-injection at sleipner［J］. Energy Procedia， 2017， 114： 3 916-3 926. |
| 15 | HANSEN O， GILDING D， NAZARIAN B， et al. Sn?hvit： the history of injecting and storing 1 Mt CO2 in the fluvial tub?en Fm［J］. Energy Procedia， 2013， 37： 3 565-3 573. |
| 16 | Van der meer L G H. The K12-B CO2 injection project in the Netherlands［M］// Geological storage of carbon dioxide （CO2）. Amsterdam： Elsevier， 2013： 301-321， 328e-332e. |
| 17 | IGLESIAS R S， KETZER J M， MELO C L， et al. Carbon capture and geological storage in Brazil： an overview［J］. Greenhouse Gases： Science and Technology， 2015， 5（2）： 119-130. |
| 18 | TANAKA J. Progress of CO2 injection at the Tomakomai CCS demonstration project ［Z］. Japan Pavilion COP-24 Katowice， 2018. |
| 19 | MARSHALL J P. A social exploration of the West Australian Gorgon gas carbon capture and storage project［J］. Clean Technologies， 2022， 4（1）： 67-90. |
| 20 | AKERBOOM S， WALDMANN S， MUKHERJEE A， et al. Different this time？ the prospects of CCS in the Netherlands in the 2020s［J］. Frontiers in Energy Research， 2021， 9. DOI：10.3389/fenrg.2021.644796 . |
| 21 | BALAKRISNAN M， HALIM R B A， JOHAN A， et al. Methodological engineering approach in designing injector and observation wells incorporating MMV requirements in carbonate CCS project in offshore Malaysia［C］. ADIPEC， Abu Dhabi， UAE， 2022. DOI： 10.2118/211722-MS . |
| 22 | HARKIN T， FILBY I， SICK H， et al. Development of a CO2 specification for a CCS hub network［J］. Energy Procedia， 2017， 114： 6 708-6 720. |
| 23 | ALCALDE J， HEINEMANN N， JAMES A， et al. A criteria-driven approach to the CO2 storage site selection of East Mey for the acorn project in the North Sea［J］. Marine and Petroleum Geology， 2021， 133. DOI：10.1016/J.MARPETGEO.2021.105309 . |
| 24 | CHEN S， SARAJI S， MCLAUGHLIN F J. Carbon capture and storage［M］// Lecture notes in energy. Cham： Springer International Publishing， 2023： 183-201. |
| 25 | LI J H. Accelerate the offshore CCUS to carbon-neutral China［J］. Fundamental Research， 2022. DOI： 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.10.015 . |
| 26 | Commission European. Implementation of directive 2009/31 /EC on the geological storage of carbon dioxide： guidance document 1： CO2 storage life cycle risk management framework ［Z］. European Commission Guidance Documents， 2009. |
| 27 | ALCALDE J， FLUDE S， WILKINSON M， et al. Estimating geological CO2 storage security to deliver on climate mitigation［J］. Nature Communications， 2018， 9（1）： 1-13. |
| 28 | BLACKFORD J， STAHL H， BULL J M， et al. Detection and impacts of leakage from sub-seafloor deep geological carbon dioxide storage［J］. Nature Climate Change， 2014， 4（11）： 1 011-1 016. |
| 29 | DEAN M， BLACKFORD J， CONNELLY D， et al. Insights and guidance for offshore CO2 storage monitoring based on the QICS， ETI MMV， and STEMM-CCS projects［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2020， 100. DOI：10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103120 . |
| 30 | LINDEBERG E. Modelling pressure and temperature profile in a CO2 injection well［J］. Energy Procedia， 2011， 4： 3 935-3 941. |
| 31 | PARK J， GRIFFITHS L， DAUTRIAT J， et al. Induced-seismicity Geomechanics for Controlled CO2 Storage in the North Sea （IGCCS）［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2022， 115. DOI：10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103614 . |
| 32 | IPCC. IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. 2 energy， chap. 5 carbon dioxide transport. injection and geological storage ［R］. Japan： IGES， 2006. |
| 33 | SHITASHIMA K， MAEDA Y， OHSUMI T. Development of detection and monitoring techniques of CO2 leakage from seafloor in sub-seabed CO2 storage［J］. Applied Geochemistry， 2013， 30： 114-124. |
| 34 | DIXON T， ROMANAK K D. Improving monitoring protocols for CO2 geological storage with technical advances in CO2 attribution monitoring［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2015， 41： 29-40. |
| 35 | IEAGHG. Review of offshore monitoring for CCS project ［R］. IEAGHG， 2015. |
| 36 | DEAN M， TUCKER O. A risk-based framework for Measurement， Monitoring and Verification （MMV） of the Goldeneye storage complex for the Peterhead CCS project， UK［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2017， 61： 1-15. |
| 37 | SETIAWAN B. 1996 protocol to the convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matters 1972［J］. Indonesian Journal of International Law， 2015， 1： 597-630. |
| 38 | ATLANTIC N. OSPAR guidelines for risk assessment and management of storage of CO2 streams in geological formations 1［R/OL］. 2007. ［2023-04-05］. . |
| 39 | Communities European. Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC， European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC， 2001/80/EC， 2004/35/EC， 2006 ［J］. Offical Journal of the European Union， 2009， 5（6）： 114-135. |
| 40 | OSPAR. 2007 amendment to 1992 OSPAR convention， convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic ［R］. Oslo： OSPAR Commission， 2007. |
| 41 | SETIAWAN B. 1996 protocol to the convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matters 1972［Z］. London Protocol， 2015. |
| 42 | European Commission. Guidance document， the monitoring and reporting regulation-general guidance for installations ［Z］. Directorate-General Climate Action， 2012. |
| 43 | BEER D D， HAECKEL M， NEUMANN J， et al. Saturated CO2 inhibits microbial processes in CO2-vented deep-sea sediments［J］. Biogeosciences， 2013， 10（8）： 5 639-5 649. |
| 44 | HASSENRüCK C， FINK A， LICHTSCHLAG A， et al. Quantification of the effects of ocean acidification on sediment microbial communities in the environment： the importance of ecosystem approaches［J］. FEMS Microbiology Ecology， 2016， 92（5）. DOI：10.1093/femsec/fiw027 . |
| 45 | LICHTSCHLAG A， JAMES R H， STAHL H， et al. Effect of a controlled sub-seabed release of CO2 on the biogeochemistry of shallow marine sediments， their pore waters， and the overlying water column［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2015， 38： 80-92. |
| 46 | WALLMANN K， HAECKEL M， LINKE P， et al. Best practice guidance for environmental risk assessment for offshore CO2 geological storage ［R］. ECO2 Deliverable D14.1， 2015. |
| 47 | ULFSNES A， M?SKELAND T， BROOKS L， et al. Report on environmental risks associated to CO2 storage at Sleipner ［R］. ECO2 Deliverable D5.1， 2015. |
| 48 | WAARUM I K， BLOMBERG A E A， EEK E， et al. CCS leakage detection technology-industry needs， government regulations， and sensor performance［J］. Energy Procedia， 2017， 114： 3 613-3 627. |
| 49 | GCCSI. Brazilian atlas CO2 capture geological storage ［R］. Melbourne， Australia， 2014. |
| 50 | KIM H， KIM Y H， KANG S G， et al. Development of environmental impact monitoring protocol for offshore Carbon Capture and Storage （CCS）： a biological perspective［J］. Environmental Impact Assessment Review， 2016， 57： 139-150. |
| 51 | FLOHR A， SCHAAP A， ACHTERBERG E P， et al. Towards improved monitoring of offshore carbon storage： a real-world field experiment detecting a controlled sub-seafloor CO2 release［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2021， 106. DOI：10.1016/J.IJGGC.2020.103237 . |
| 52 | CONNELLY D P， BULL J M， FLOHR A， et al. Assuring the integrity of offshore carbon dioxide storage［J］. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews， 2022， 166. DOI：10.1016/j.rser.2022.112670 . |
| 53 | BLOMBERG A E A， WAARUM I K， TOTLAND C， et al. Marine monitoring for offshore geological carbon storage—a review of strategies， technologies and trends［J］. Geosciences， 2021， 11（9）. DOI：10.3390/geosciences11090338 . |
| 54 | BLACKFORD J， BULL J M， CEVATOGLU M， et al. Marine baseline and monitoring strategies for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage （CCS）［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2015， 38： 221-229. |
| 55 | WHITE D， DALEY T M， PAULSSON B， et al. Borehole seismic methods for geologic CO2 storage monitoring［J］. The Leading Edge， 2021， 40（6）： 434-441. |
| 56 | WILSON G A， WILLIS M E， ELLMAUTHALER A. Evaluating 3D and 4D DAS VSP image quality of subsea carbon storage［J］. The Leading Edge， 2021， 40（4）： 261-266. |
| 57 | SIDENKO E， TERTYSHNIKOV K， GUREVICH B， et al. Distributed fiber-optic sensing transforms an abandoned well into a permanent geophysical monitoring array： a case study from Australian South West［J］. The Leading Edge， 2022， 41（2）： 140-148. |
| 58 | CHUGUNOV N， ALTUNDAS Y B， RAMAKRISHNAN T S， et al. Global sensitivity analysis for crosswell seismic and neutron-capture measurements in CO2 storage projects［J］. Geophysics， 2013， 78（3）： WB77-WB87. |
| 59 | COU?SLAN M L， ALI S， CAMPBELL A， et al. Monitoring CO2 injection for carbon capture and storage using time-lapse 3D VSPs［J］. The Leading Edge， 2013， 32（10）： 1 268-1 276. |
| 60 | HU L W， DOETSCH J， BRAUCHLER R， et al. Characterizing CO2 plumes in deep saline formations： comparison and joint evaluation of time-lapse pressure and seismic tomography［J］. Geophysics， 2017， 82（4）： ID1-ID18. |
| 61 | ZHAO Gaishan. Geophysical monitoring for geological carbon sequestration： present status， challenges， and future development［J］. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum， 2023， 62（2）： 194-211. |
| 61 | 赵改善. 二氧化碳地质封存地球物理监测： 现状、挑战与未来发展［J］. 石油物探， 2023， 62（2）： 194-211. |
| 62 | SKURTVEIT E， CHOI J C， OSMOND J， et al. 3D fault integrity screening for smeaheia CO2 injection site［J］. SSRN Electronic Journal， 2019. DOI：10.2139/ssrn.3366335 . |
| 63 | DUBOS-SALLéE N， RASOLOFOSAON P N J. Estimation of permeability anisotropy using seismic inversion for the CO2 geological storage site of Sleipner （North Sea）［J］. Geophysics， 2011， 76（3）： WA63-WA69. |
| 64 | VERDON JAMES P. Microseismic monitoring and geomechanical modelling of CO? storage in subsurface reservoirs［D］. Bristol， South West England， UK： University of Bristol， 2011. |
| 65 | OYE V， ZHAO P， KüHN D， et al. Monitoring of the Krechba In Salah CO2 storage using microseismic data analysis ［C］. 3rd. EAGE CO2 Geological Storage Workshop， Edinburgh， UK， 2012. |
| 66 | GOERTZ-ALLMANN B P， OYE V， GIBBONS S J， et al. Geomechanical monitoring of CO2 storage reservoirs with microseismicity［J］. Energy Procedia， 2017， 114： 3 937-3 947. |
| 67 | BROWN S， BUSSOD G， HAGIN P. AVO monitoring of CO2 sequestration： a benchtop-modeling study［J］. The Leading Edge， 2007， 26（12）： 1 576-1 583. |
| 68 | GRUDE S， LANDR? M， OSDAL B. Time-lapse pressure-saturation discrimination for CO2 storage at the Sn?hvit field［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2013， 19： 369-378. |
| 69 | SAWADA Y， TANAKA J， SUZUKI C， et al. Tomakomai CCS demonstration project of Japan， CO2 injection in progress［J］. Energy Procedia， 2018， 154： 3-8. |
| 70 | TANASE D. CO2 injection and monitoring of the Tomakomai CCS demonstration project ［C］// 5th International Workshop on Offshore Geologic CO2 Storage， 2022. |
| 71 | DUNN R A， TOOMEY D R. Crack-induced seismic anisotropy in the oceanic crust across the East Pacific Rise （9°30′N）［J］. Earth and Planetary Science Letters， 2001， 189（1/2）： 9-17. |
| 72 | LIU Bin， ZHANG Heng. Full waveform inversion of OBS data from ocean gas hydrate： synthetic example［J］. Progress in Geophysics， 2018， 33（1）： 379-384. |
| 72 | 刘斌， 张衡. 海底水合物 OBS 数据全波形反演数值例子［J］. 地球物理学进展， 2018， 33（1）： 379-384. |
| 73 | DICKENS G R. The blast in the past［J］. Nature， 1999， 401 （6 755）： 752-755. |
| 74 | WESTBROOK G K， THATCHER K E， ROHLING E J， et al. Escape of methane gas from the seabed along the West Spitsbergen continental margin［J］. Geophysical Research Letters， 2009， 36（15）. DOI：10.1029/2009GL039191 . |
| 75 | CHABERT A， MINSHULL T A， WESTBROOK G K， et al. Characterization of a stratigraphically constrained gas hydrate system along the western continental margin of Svalbard from ocean bottom seismometer data［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research， 2011， 116（B12）. DOI：10.1029/2011JB008211 . |
| 76 | HUSTOFT S， MIENERT J， BüNZ S， et al. High-resolution 3D-seismic data indicate focussed fluid migration pathways above polygonal fault systems of the mid-Norwegian margin［J］. Marine Geology， 2007， 245（1/2/3/4）： 89-106. |
| 77 | PLAZA-FAVEROLA A， BüNZ S， MIENERT J. Fluid distributions inferred from P-wave velocity and reflection seismic amplitude anomalies beneath the Nyegga pockmark field of the mid-Norwegian margin［J］. Marine and Petroleum Geology， 2010， 27（1）： 46-60. |
| 78 | GOSWAMI B K， WEITEMEYER K A， MINSHULL T A， et al. A joint electromagnetic and seismic study of an active pockmark within the hydrate stability field at the Vestnesa Ridge， West Svalbard margin［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research： Solid Earth， 2015， 120（10）： 6 797-6 822. |
| 79 | SHA Z B， ZHANG M， ZHANG G X， et al. Using 4C OBS to reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates at the northern continental slope of South China Sea［J］. Applied Geophysics， 2015， 12（4）： 555-563. |
| 80 | QIAN Bozhang， ZHU Jianfang. Natural gas hydrate： immense potential energy［J］. Natural Gas and Oil， 2008， 26（4）：47-52. |
| 80 | 钱伯章， 朱建芳. 天然气水合物： 巨大的潜在能源［J］. 天然气与石油， 2008， 26（4）：47-52. |
| 81 | SHA Zhibing， ZHEN Tao， ZHANG Guangxue， et al. An optimal design of a high-frequency ocean bottom seismometer （HF-OBS） and its application to the natural gas hydrate exploration in the South China Sea ［J］. Natural Gas Industry， 2014， 34（7）： 136-142. |
| 81 | 沙志彬， 郑涛， 张光学， 等， 海底高频地震仪观测系统优化设计及其在南海天然气水合物勘探中的应用［J］. 天然气工业， 2014， 34（7）： 136-142. |
| 82 | JOHNSTON D H. Practical applications of time-lapse seismic data［M］. Houston： Society of Exploration Geophysicists， 2013. |
| 83 | WAAGE M， BüNZ S， LANDR? M， et al. Repeatability of high-resolution 3D seismic data［J］. Geophysics， 2019， 84（1）： B75-B94. |
| 84 | CHADWICK R A， WILLIAMS G A， FALCON-SUAREZ I. Forensic mapping of seismic velocity heterogeneity in a CO2 layer at the Sleipner CO2 storage operation， North Sea， using time-lapse seismics［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2019， 90. DOI：10.1016/J.IJGGC.2019.102793 . |
| 85 | HUDSON J A. Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks［J］. Geophysical Journal International， 1981， 64（1）： 133-150. |
| 86 | CRAMPIN S. Evaluation of anisotropy by shear-wave splitting［J］. Geophysics， 1985， 50（1）： 142-152. |
| 87 | THOMSEN L. Elastic anisotropy due to aligned cracks in porous rock1［J］. Geophysical Prospecting， 1995， 43（6）： 805-829. |
| 88 | CHAPMAN M. Frequency-dependent anisotropy due to meso-scale fractures in the presence of equant porosity［J］. Geophysical Prospecting， 2003， 51（5）： 369-379. |
| 89 | JAKOBSEN M， CHAPMAN M. Unified theory of global flow and squirt flow in cracked porous media［J］. Geophysics， 2009， 74（2）： WA65-WA76. |
| 90 | BAYRAKCI G， CALLOW B， BULL J M， et al. Seismic anisotropy within an active fluid flow structure： scanner pockmark， north sea［J］. Frontiers in Earth Science， 2021， 9. DOI： 10.3389/feart.2021.626416 . |
| 91 | JOONSANG P， ANN B， IVAR-KRISTIAN W， et al. Integrated monitoring approach for offshore geological CO2 storage ［C］// Offshore Technology Conference， 2019. |
| 92 | VERDON J P， KENDALL J M， MAXWELL S C. A comparison of passive seismic monitoring of fracture stimulation from water and CO2 injection［J］. Geophysics， 2010， 75（3）： MA1-MA7. |
| 93 | ROBINSON A H， CALLOW B， B?TTNER C， et al. Multiscale characterisation of chimneys/pipes： fluid escape structures within sedimentary basins［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2021， 106. DOI：10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103245 . |
| 94 | SULTAN N， RIBOULOT V， KER S， et al. Dynamics of fault-fluid-hydrate system around a shale-cored anticline in deepwater Nigeria ［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research， 2011， 116（B12）. DOI：10.1029/2011JB008218 . |
| 95 | BHUYIAN A H， LANDR? M， JOHANSEN S E. 3D CSEM modeling and time-lapse sensitivity analysis for subsurface CO2 storage［J］. Geophysics， 2012， 77（5）： E343-E355. |
| 96 | PICOTTI S， GEI D， CARCIONE J M， et al. Sensitivity analysis from single-well ERT simulations to image CO2 migrations along wellbores［J］. The Leading Edge， 2013， 32（5）： 504-512. |
| 97 | JEWELL S， ZHOU X B， APPLE M E， et al. Bulk electric conductivity response to soil and rock CO2 concentration during controlled CO2 release experiments： observations and analytic modeling［J］. Geophysics， 2015， 80（6）： E293-E308. |
| 98 | WAGNER F M， GüNTHER T， SCHMIDT-HATTENBERGER C， et al. Constructive optimization of electrode locations for target-focused resistivity monitoring［J］. Geophysics， 2015， 80（2）： E29-E40. |
| 99 | GASPERIKOVA E， LI Y G. Time-lapse electromagnetic and gravity methods in carbon storage monitoring［J］. The Leading Edge， 2021， 40（6）： 442-446. |
| 100 | DAVIS K， LI Y G， BATZLE M. Time-lapse gravity monitoring： a systematic 4D approach with application to aquifer storage and recovery［J］. Geophysics， 2008， 73（6）： WA61-WA69. |
| 101 | KRAHENBUHL R A， MARTINEZ C， LI Y G， et al. Time-lapse monitoring of CO2 sequestration： a site investigation through integration of reservoir properties， seismic imaging， and borehole and surface gravity data［J］. Geophysics， 2015， 80（2）： WA15-WA24. |
| 102 | BONNEVILLE A， BLACK A J， HARE J L， et al. Time-lapse borehole gravity imaging of CO2 injection and withdrawal in a closed carbonate reef［J］. Geophysics， 2021， 86（6）： G113-G132. |
| 103 | PARK J， TVEIT S， MANNSETH T， et al. Geophysical monitoring ［R］. FME SUCCESS Synthesis Report Vol 4， 2018. |
| 104 | TVEIT S， MANNSETH T， PARK J， et al. Combining CSEM or gravity inversion with seismic AVO inversion， with application to monitoring of large-scale CO2 injection［J］. Computational Geosciences， 2020， 24（3）： 1 201-1 220. |
| 105 | BOHLOLI B， BJ?RNAR? T I， PARK J， et al. Can we use surface uplift data for reservoir performance monitoring？A case study from in Salah， Algeria［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2018， 76： 200-207. |
| 106 | BJ?RNAR? T I， BOHLOLI B， PARK J. Field-data analysis and hydromechanical modeling of CO2 storage at in Salah， Algeria［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2018， 79： 61-72. |
| 107 | VASCO D W， DIXON T H， FERRETTI A， et al. Monitoring the fate of injected CO2 using geodetic techniques［J］. The Leading Edge， 2020， 39（1）： 29-37. |
| 108 | MATHIESON A， MIDGLEY J， DODDS K， et al. CO2 sequestration monitoring and verification technologies applied at Krechba， Algeria［J］. The Leading Edge， 2010， 29（2）： 216-222. |
| 109 | COMOLA F， JANNA C， LOVISON A， et al. Efficient global optimization of reservoir geomechanical parameters based on synthetic aperture radar-derived ground displacements［J］. Geophysics， 2016， 81（3）： M23-M33. |
| 110 | ZHANG R L， WINTERFELD P H， YIN X L， et al. Sequentially coupled THMC model for CO2 geological sequestration into a 2D heterogeneous saline aquifer［J］. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering， 2015， 27： 579-615. |
| 111 | PAFFENHOLZ J. Introduction to this special section： the role of advanced modeling in enhanced carbon storage［J］. The Leading Edge， 2021， 40（6）： 408-412. |
| 112 | LUMLEY D. 4D seismic monitoring of CO2 sequestration［J］. The Leading Edge， 2010， 29（2）： 150-155. |
| 113 | MUR A， BARAJAS-OLALDE C， ADAMS D C， et al. Integrated simulation to seismic and seismic reservoir characterization in a CO2 EOR monitoring application［J］. The Leading Edge， 2020， 39（9）： 668-678. |
| 114 | HAO Y J， YANG D H， ZHOU Y J. A feasibility study of CO2 geologic sequestration integrating reservoir simulation， rock-physics theory， and seismic modeling［J］. Geophysics， 2016， 81（5）： M71-M82. |
| 115 | RAHMAN M J， FAWAD M， MONDOL N H. Potential effect of Biot’S coefficient on rock failure in CO2 storage site smeaheia， northern north sea［C］// 83rd EAGE annual conference & exhibition. Madrid， Spain： European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers， 2022. |
| 116 | FAWAD M， RAHMAN M J， MONDOL N H. Seismic-derived geomechanical properties of potential CO2 storage reservoir and cap rock in Smeaheia area， northern North Sea［J］. The Leading Edge， 2021， 40（4）： 254-260. |
| 117 | DUPUY B， ROMDHANE A， NORDMANN P L， et al. Bayesian rock-physics inversion： application to CO2 storage monitoring［J］. Geophysics， 2021， 86（4）： M101-M122. |
| 118 | LI J H， ROCHE B， BULL J M， et al. Broadband acoustic inversion for gas flux quantification—application to a methane plume at scanner pockmark， central north sea［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research： Oceans， 2020， 125（9）. DOI：10.1029/2020JC016360 . |
| 119 | ZHANG W Y， ZHOU T， LI J H， et al. An efficient method for detection and quantitation of underwater gas leakage based on a 300-kHz multibeam sonar［J］. Remote Sensing， 2022， 14（17）. DOI：10.3390/rs14174301 . |
| 120 | BLOMBERG A E A， S?B? T O， HANSEN R E， et al. Automatic detection of marine gas seeps using an interferometric sidescan sonar［J］. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering， 2017， 42（3）： 590-602. |
| 121 | EDGAR R. Introduction to synthetic aperture sonar［M］//Sonar systems. London： InTech， 2011. |
| 122 | PEDERSEN R B， BLOMBERG A E， LANDSCHULZE K， et al. Discovery of 3 km long seafloor fracture system in the Central North Sea ［C］. AGU Fall Meeting， 2013. |
| 123 | ROCHE B， BULL J M， MARIN-MORENO H， et al. Time-lapse imaging of CO2 migration within near-surface sediments during a controlled sub-seabed release experiment［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2021， 109. DOI：10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103363 . |
| 124 | LI J H， WHITE P R， BULL J M， et al. A noise impact assessment model for passive acoustic measurements of seabed gas fluxes［J］. Ocean Engineering， 2019， 183： 294-304. |
| 125 | LEIGHTON T G， WHITE P R. Quantification of undersea gas leaks from carbon capture and storage facilities， from pipelines and from methane seeps， by their acoustic emissions［J］. Proceedings of the Royal Society A： Mathematical， Physical and Engineering Sciences， 2012， 468（2 138）： 485-510. |
| 126 | LI J H， ROCHE B， BULL J M， et al. Passive acoustic monitoring of a natural CO2 seep site-implications for carbon capture and storage［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2020， 93. DOI：10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102899 . |
| 127 | LI J H， WHITE P R， ROCHE B， et al. Acoustic and optical determination of bubble size distributions-quantification of seabed gas emissions［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2021， 108. DOI：10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103313 . |
| 128 | LI J H， WHITE P R， BULL J M， et al. Passive acoustic localisation of undersea gas seeps using beamforming［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2021， 108. DOI：10.1016/J.IJGGC.2021.103316 . |
| 129 | BOZEC Y， THOMAS H， SCHIETTECATTE L S， et al. Assessment of the processes controlling the seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic carbon in the North Sea［J］. Limnology and Oceanography， 2006， 51（6）： 2 746-2 762. |
| 130 | BLACKFORD J C， GILBERT F J. pH variability and CO2 induced acidification in the North Sea［J］. Journal of Marine Systems， 2007， 64（1/2/3/4）： 229-241. |
| 131 | BOTNEN H A， OMAR A M， THORSETH I， et al. The effect of submarine CO2 vents on seawater： implications for detection of subsea carbon sequestration leakage［J］. Limnology and Oceanography， 2015， 60（2）： 402-410. |
| 132 | ALENDAL G， DEWAR M， ALI A， et al. Technical report on environmental conditions and possible leak scenarios in the North Sea. Deliverable Number D3.4： technical report on the CO2 storage site Sleipner ［R］. Kiel， Germany： ECO2 Deliverable， D3.4. ECO2 Project Office， 2014. |
| 133 | TIAN B Q， GUO J W， SONG Y B， et al. Research progress and prospects of gliding robots applied in ocean observation［J］. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy， 2023， 9（1）： 113-124. |
| 134 | DEWAR M， SALEEM U， FLOHR A， et al. Analysis of the physicochemical detectability and impacts of offshore CO2 leakage through multi-scale modelling of in situ experimental data using the PLUME model［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2021， 110. DOI：10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103441 . |
| 135 | HVIDEVOLD H K， ALENDAL G， JOHANNESSEN T， et al. Layout of CCS monitoring infrastructure with highest probability of detecting a footprint of a CO2 leak in a varying marine environment［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2015， 37： 274-279. |
| 136 | BELLWALD B， WAAGE M， PLANKE S， et al. Monitoring of CO2 leakage using high-resolution 3D seismic data-examples from Sn?hvit， vestnesa ridge and the western Barents Sea［C］// Proceedings， fifth CO2 geological storage workshop. Utrecht， Netherlands. Netherlands： EAGE Publications BV， 2018. |
| 137 | SHCHIPANOV A A， KOLLBOTN L， BERENBLYUM R. Characterization and monitoring of reservoir flow barriers from pressure transient analysis for CO2 injection in saline aquifers［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2019， 91. DOI：10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102842 . |
| 138 | LORANGER S， PEDERSEN G， BLOMBERG A E A. A model for the fate of carbon dioxide from a simulated carbon storage seep［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2021， 107. DOI：10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103293 . |
| 139 | UCHIMOTO K， NISHIMURA M， WATANABE Y， et al. Bubble detection with side-scan sonar in shallow sea for future application to marine monitoring at offshore CO2 storage sites［J］. American Journal of Marine Science， 2019， 7（1）： 1-6. |
| 140 | von DEIMLING J S， GREINERT J， CHAPMAN N R， et al. Acoustic imaging of natural gas seepage in the North Sea： sensing bubbles controlled by variable currents［J］. Limnology and Oceanography： Methods， 2010， 8（5）： 155-171. |
| 141 | VIELST?DTE L， LINKE P， SCHMIDT M， et al. Footprint and detectability of a well leaking CO2 in the Central North Sea： implications from a field experiment and numerical modelling［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2019， 84： 190-203. |
| 142 | Commission European. Implementation of directive 2009/31 /EC on the geological storage of carbon dioxide： guidance document 2： characterisation of the storage complex， CO2 stream composition， monitoring and corrective measures ［Z］. European Commission Guidance Documents， 2011. |
| 143 | JENKINS C， CHADWICK A， HOVORKA S D. The state of the art in monitoring and verification—ten years on［J］. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control， 2015， 40： 312-349. |
| 144 | LI Qi， LI Yanzun， XU Xiaoyi， et al. Current status and recommendations of offshore CO2 geological storage monitoring［J］. Geological Journal of China Universities， 2023， 29（1）：1-12. |
| 144 | 李琦， 李彦尊， 许晓艺， 等. 海上CO2地质封存监测现状及建议［J］. 高校地质学报， 2023， 29（1）：1-12. |
| 145 | Unites States Internal Revenue Code. Section 45Q credit for carbon oxide sequestration ［Z］. United States， 2021. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
