Review of the Seabed Sediment Resuspension by Internal Solitary Wave
Received date: 2017-10-08
Revised date: 2018-01-05
Online published: 2018-04-02
Supported by
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Development Projects Regarding Major Scientific Research Instruments “In-situ Surveying Equipment of Engineering Geology in complex deep sea (SEEGeo) ”(No.41427803);The National Natural Science Foundation of China “Study on electrical resistivity tomography detection technology of offshore shallow gas”(No.41772307);First author:Tian Zhuangcai(1991-), male, Shangqiu City, He’nan Province, Ph;D student;Research areas include marine geology and environmental geotechnical engineering;E-mail:zhuangcaitian@163;com
Copyright
Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs) are nonlinear, large amplitude motions of the interface between two fluids with different densities in the stratified ocean. Because of their strong vertical and horizontal current velocity, and the vortex, turbulent mixing caused by breaking, they affect marine environment, seabed sediment and man-made structures in the ocean. In the paper, we systematically analyzed and summarized the ISW-induced shoaling break mechanisms, models of suspension, and seabed dynamical response. Then, we discussed the ISW-induced sediment resuspension criteria, forming bottom and intermediate nepheloid layer and the capacity to suspend sediments in the seabed, and further put forward the unsolved problems based on the conducted work and related achievements. In shallow seas with complex terrain variations, shoaling can cause ISWs to deform, break, and split. Studies on the propagation of ISWs of depression over sloping topography have shown that an adverse pressure gradient causes the rotation of the flow separation, which produces vortices, and this results in global instability of the boundary layer and ISW burst. The separation vortices increase the bottom shear stress, vertical velocity, and near-bottom Reynolds stress, which leads to sediment resuspension and transport in the flow and vortex core. Although episodic, ISW-induced resuspension is hypothesized to be important enough to shape the topography. Shoaling ISWs may erode, resuspend and transport mud-like sediments, first towards shore by boluses, and subsequently offshore through the generation of intermediate nepheloid layers. Shoaling ISWs might be an important mechanism of muddy sediment dispersal along continental shelves. Furthermore, recent hypotheses suggest that sediment mobilization and transport caused by internal waves in general, and ISWs in particular, may be at the origin of some sedimentary structures found in the sedimentary rock record and also the hummocky-cross stratification. Observed on-shelf propagating frontal ISW most likely interacts with the sand waves, sediment waves or sand dunes. ISWs contribute to their generation, as they are trailed by considerable shear-induced turbulence and high-frequency internal waves close to the buoyancy frequency. This work is of great value for further understanding the process of ISW-induced sediment resuspension, transportation, and the capacity to suspend sediments in the seabed. It helps further study of the dynamic process of marine ecological environment dynamic process by ISW and the deep sea sedimentation process.
Key words： Internal solitary waves; Shoaling break; Sediment; Dynamical response; Resuspension.
Zhuangcai Tian , Xiujun Guo , Le Yu , Yonggang Jia , Shaotong Zhang , Luzheng Qiao . Review of the Seabed Sediment Resuspension by Internal Solitary Wave[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2018 , 33(2) : 166 -178 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.02.0166
| [1] | Apel J R, Ostrovsky L A, Stepanyants Y A.Internal solitons in the ocean[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2006, 98(5):2 863-2 864. |
| [2] | Yu Bo, Huang Xiaodong, Dong Jihai, et al.Observation of a trapped core internal solitary wave in South China Sea[J]. Periadical of China University of China, 2016, 46(3):1-7. |
| [2] | [于博, 黄晓冬, 董济海, 等. 南海陆坡区约束流核型内孤立波观测研究[J]. 中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版, 2016, 46(3):1-7.] |
| [3] | Jackson C.Internal wave detection using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2007, 112(C11):60-64. |
| [4] | Johnson D R, Weidemann A, Pegau W S.Internal tidal bores and bottom nepheloid layers[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2001, 21(13/14):1 473-1 484. |
| [5] | Fang Xinhua.Ocean Internal Wave Foundation and Chinese Sea Internal Wave[M]. Qingdao: China Ocean University Press, 2005. |
| [5] | [方欣华. 海洋内波基础和中国海内波[M]. 青岛:中国海洋大学出版社, 2005.] |
| [6] | Wang Hui, Wan Liying, Qin Yinghao, et al.Development and application of the Chinese global operational oceanography forecasting system[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2016, 31(10):1 090-1 104. |
| [6] | [王辉, 万莉颖, 秦英豪,等. 中国全球业务化海洋学预报系统的发展和应用[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(10):1 090-1 104.] |
| [7] | Southard J B, Cacchione D A.Experiments on bottom sediment movement by breaking internal waves[M]∥Swift D J P, Duane B B, Pilkey O H, eds. Pilkey Shelf Sediment Transport: Process and Pattern. Stroudsburg, PN:Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross,1972: 83-97. |
| [8] | Cacchione D A, Drake D E.Nepheloid layers and internal waves over continental shelves and slopes[J]. Geo-Marine Letters, 1986,6(3): 147-152. |
| [9] | Lamb K G.Particle transport by nonbreaking solitary internal waves[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997, 102(C8):18 641-18 660. |
| [10] | Ribbe J, Holloway P E.A model of suspended sediment transport by internal tides[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2001, 21(4):395-422. |
| [11] | Bogucki D J, Redekopp L G.A mechanism for sediment resuspension by internal solitary waves[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1999, 26(9): 1 317-1 320. |
| [12] | Wang B, Bogucki D, Redekopp L.Internal solitary waves in a structured thermocline with implications for resuspension and the formation of thin particleladen layers[J]. Journal of Geophysical Researchm,2001,106(C5): 9 565-9 585. |
| [13] | Cacchione D, Wunsch C.Experimental study of internal waves over a slope[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1974, 66(2):223-239. |
| [14] | De Silva P D, Imberger J, Ivey G N. Localized mixing due to a breaking internal wave ray at a sloping bottom[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1997, 350: 1-27. |
| [15] | Helfrich K R.Internal solitary wave breaking and run-up on a uniform slope[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1992, 243: 133-154. |
| [16] | Kneller B C, Bennett S J, McCaffrey W D. Velocity and turbulence structure of density currents and internal solitary waves: Potential sediment transport and the formation of wave ripples in deep water[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1997,112(3/4): 235-250. |
| [17] | McPhee-Shaw E E, Kunze E. Boundary layer intrusions from a sloping bottom:A mechanism for generating intermediate nepheloid layers[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002, 107(C6): 3 050. |
| [18] | Bogucki D J, Redekopp L G, Barth J.Internal solitary waves in the coastal mixing and optics 1996 experiment:Multimodal structure and resuspension[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2005,110(C2). DOI: 10.1029/2003JC002253. |
| [19] | Quaresma L S, Vitorino J, Oliveira A, et al.Evidence of sediment resuspension by nonlinear internal waves on the western Portuguese mid-shelf[J]. Marine Geology, 2007, 246(2):123-143. |
| [20] | Masunaga E, Homma H, Yamazaki H, et al.Mixing and sediment resuspension associated with internal bores in a shallow bay[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2015, 110: 85-99. |
| [21] | Chen C Y, Hsu J, Chen H H, et al.Laboratory observations on internal solitary wave evolution on steep and inverse uniform slopes[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2007, 34(1):157-170. |
| [22] | Klymak J M, Moum J N.Internal solitary waves of elevation advancing on a shoaling shelf[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2003, 30(20): 2 045. |
| [23] | Bogucki D, Dickey T, Redekopp L G.Sediment resuspension and mixing by resonantly generated internal solitary waves[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 1997, 27(7): 1 181-1 196. |
| [24] | Proni J R, Apel J R.On the use of high-frequency acoustics for the study of internal waves and microstructure[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1975, 80: 1 147-1 151. |
| [25] | Reeder D B, Ma B B, Yang Y J.Very large subaqueous sand dunes on the upper continental slope in the South China Sea generated by episodic, shoaling deep-water internal solitary waves[J]. Marine Geology, 2011, 279(1): 12-18. |
| [26] | Alford M H, Peacock T, Mackinnon J A, et al.Corrigendum: The formation and fate of internal waves in the South China Sea[J]. Nature International Weekly Journal of Science, 2015, 521(7 580): 65-69. |
| [27] | Cai Shuqun, He Jianling, Xie Jieshuo.Recent decadal progress of the study on internal solitons in the South China Sea[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2011, 26(7):703-710. |
| [27] | [蔡树群, 何建玲, 谢皆烁. 近10年来南海孤立内波的研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011, 26(7):703-710.] |
| [28] | Ramp S R, Tang T Y, Duda T F, et al.Internal solitons in the northeastern South China Sea, Part I: Sources and deep water propagation[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2004, 29(4): 1 157-1 181. |
| [29] | Zhuo Haiteng, Wang Yingmin, Xu Qiang, et al.Classification and genesis of continental slopes on the northern South China Sea[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2014, 88(3): 327-336. |
| [29] | [卓海腾, 王英民, 徐强, 等. 南海北部陆坡分类及成因分析[J]. 地质学报, 2014, 88(3): 327-336.] |
| [30] | Luan Xiwu,Sun Dianqi,Peng Xuechao.Genesis of the Nanbeiwei Shoal on the shelf of the Northern South China Sea and its petroliferous significance[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2012, 86(4):626-640. |
| [30] | [栾锡武, 孙钿奇, 彭学超. 南海北部陆架南北卫浅滩的成因及油气地质意义[J]. 地质学报, 2012, 86(4): 626-640.] |
| [31] | Laurent L S, Simmons H, Tang T Y, et al.Turbulent properties of internal waves in the South China Sea[J]. Oceanography, 2011, 24(4):78-87. |
| [32] | Yang Y J, Tang T Y, Chang M H, et al.Solitons northeast of Tung-Sha Isl and during the ASIAEX pilot studies[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2004,29(4):1 182-1 199. |
| [33] | Du Hui, Wei Gang, Zeng Wenhua, et al.Breaking and energy analysis of internal solitary wave over a gentle slope[J]. Ocean Science, 2014, 38(10): 98-104. |
| [33] | [杜辉, 魏岗, 曾文华,等. 缓坡地形上内孤立波的破碎及能量分析[J]. 海洋科学, 2014, 38(10):98-104.] |
| [34] | Tian Z, Guo X, Qiao L, et al.Experimental investigation of slope sediment resuspension characteristics and influencing factors beneath the internal solitary wave-breaking process[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment, 2017,(5):1-9. |
| [35] | Bourgault D, Morsilli M, Richards C, et al.Sediment resuspension and nepheloid layers induced by long internal solitary waves shoaling orthogonally on uniform slopes[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2014, 72(1):21-33. |
| [36] | Aghsaee P, Boegman L.Experimental investigation of sediment resuspension beneath internal solitary waves of depression[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2015, 120(5):3 301-3 314. |
| [37] | Hsu M K, Liu A K, Liu C.A study of internal waves in the China Seas and Yellow Sea using SAR[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2000, 20(4/5):389-410. |
| [38] | Lien R C, Tang T Y, Chang M H, et al.Energy of nonlinear internal waves in the South China Sea[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 32(5):215-236. |
| [39] | Liu A K, Chang Y S, Hsu M K, et al.Evolution of nonlinear internal waves in the East and South China Seas[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 1998, 103(C4):7 995-8 008. |
| [40] | Li Bingrui, Fan Haimei, Tian Jiwei, et al.Evolution and breaking of apropagating internal wave instratified ocean[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2008, 27(1):13-22. |
| [41] | Liang Jianjun, Du Tao.Progress of the studies on ocean internal wave breaking[J]. Marine Forecasts, 2012, 29(6):22-29. |
| [41] | [梁建军, 杜涛. 海洋内波破碎问题的研究[J]. 海洋预报, 2012, 29(6):22-29.] |
| [42] | Liu Guotao, Shang Xiaodong, Chen Guiying, et al.The advance of internal IW aves breaking and energy dissipation in the ocean[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universities Sunyatseni, 2007, 46(Suppl.2):167-172. |
| [42] | [刘国涛, 尚晓东, 陈桂英,等. 海洋内波破碎及其能量耗散的研究进展[J]. 中山大学学报:自然科学版, 2007, 46(增刊2):167-172.] |
| [43] | Vlasenko V, Hutter K.Numerical experiments on the breaking of solitary internal waves over a slope shelf topography[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2002, 32(6):1 779-1 793. |
| [44] | Legg S, Adcroft A.Internal wave breaking at concave and convex slopes[C]∥EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly. EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, 2003. |
| [45] | Saffarinia K, Kao T W.Numerical study of the breaking of an internal soliton and its interaction with a slope[J]. Dynamics of Atmospheres & Oceans, 1996, 23(1/2/3/4):379-391. |
| [46] | Bouruet-Aubertot P, Thorpe S A.Numerical experiments on internal gravity waves in an accelerating shear flow[J]. Dynamics of Atmospheres & Oceans, 1999, 29(1):41-63. |
| [47] | Barad M F, Fringer O B.Simulations of shear instabilities in interfacial gravity waves[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2010, 644:61-95. |
| [48] | Duda T F, Lynch J F,Irish J D, et al.Internal tide and nonlinear internal wave behavior at the continental slope in the Northern South China Sea[J].IEEE Journal of Ocean Engineering,2004,29(4):1 105-1 130. |
| [49] | Fructus D, Carr M, Grue J, et al.Shear-induced breaking of large internal solitary waves[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2009, 620:1-29. |
| [50] | Aghsaee P, Boegman L, Diamessis P J, et al.Boundary layer separation driven vortex shedding beneath internal solitary waves of depression[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2012, 690(1):321-344. |
| [51] | Carr M, Davies P A, Shivaram P.Experimental evidence of internal solitary wave-induced global instability in shallow water benthic boundary layers[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2008, 20(6):784-30. |
| [52] | Stastna M, Lamb K G.Large fully nonlinear internal solitary waves: The effect of background current[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2002, 14:2 987-2 999. |
| [53] | Stastna M, Lamb K G.Sediment resuspension mechanisms associated with internal waves in coastal waters[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008, 113(C10):193-199. |
| [54] | Diamessis P J, Redekopp L G.Numerical investigation of solitary internal wave-induced global instability in Shallow Water Benthic boundary layers[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2004, 36(5):784-812. |
| [55] | Hosegood P, Haren H V.Near-bed solibores over the continental slope in the Faeroe-Shetland Channel[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 2004, 51(25):2 943-2 971. |
| [56] | Boegman L, Ivey G N.Flow separation and resuspension beneath shoaling nonlinear internal waves[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009, 114(C2):309-321. |
| [57] | Venayagamoorthy S K, Fringer O B.Numerical simulations of the interaction of internal waves with a shelf break[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2006, 18(7).DOI:10.1063/1.2221863. |
| [58] | Diamessis P J, Jacobs G B.Near-Bottom Turbulence and Sediment Resuspension Induced by Nonlinear Internal Waves[R]. Cornell University Ithaca NY, 2015. |
| [59] | Zhang Shaotong, Jia Yonggang, Wang Zhenhao, et al.Wave flume experiments on the contribution of seabed fluidization to sediment re-suspension[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2017, 10(7): 1-7. |
| [60] | Zhang Y.Verticalmigration of fine-grained sediments from interior to surface of seabed driven by seepage flows-‘sub-bottom sediment pump action’[J]. Journal of Ocean University of China, 2017, 16(1):15-24. |
| [61] | Wang Dong.Numerieal Analysis for Dynamic Response and Liquefaction Potential of Seabed under Wave Loading[D]. Dalian:Dalian University of Technology, 2002. |
| [61] | [王栋. 波浪作用下海床动力响应与液化的数值分析[D].大连:大连理工大学,2002.] |
| [62] | Wang Hu, Liu Hongjun, Wang Xiuhai.Mechanism of seabed scour and its critical condition estimation by considering seepage forces[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2014, 25(1):115-121. |
| [62] | [王虎, 刘红军, 王秀海. 考虑渗流力的海床临界冲刷机理及计算方法[J]. 水科学进展, 2014, 25(1):115-121.] |
| [63] | Jianhong Y, Dongsheng J, Liu P.Breaking wave-induced response of composite breakwater and liquefaction in seabed foundation[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2014, 85(1):72-86. |
| [64] | Chen C Y, Hsu J R C. Interaction between internal waves and a permeable seabed[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2005, 32(5): 587-621. |
| [65] | Williams S J, Jeng D S.The effects of a porous-elastic seabed on interfacial wave propagation[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2007, 34(13): 1 818-1 831. |
| [66] | Williams S J, Jeng D S.Viscous attenuation of interfacial waves over a Porous Seabed[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2007, 23(1):338-342. |
| [67] | Rivera-Rosario G A, Diamessis P J, Jenkins J T. Bed failure induced by internal solitary waves[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2017, 122: 5 468-5 485. |
| [68] | Qiao Luzheng, Guo Xiujun, Tian Zhuangcai, et al.Analysis oninternal solitary wave-induced dynamic response characteristics of surface sediments in the Northern South China Sea[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2016,(Suppl.2):604-611. |
| [68] | [乔路正, 郭秀军, 田壮才,等. 内孤立波作用下南海北部陆坡沉积物动力响应特征分析[J]. 地下空间与工程学报, 2016,(增刊2):604-611.] |
| [69] | Qiao Luzheng.Analysis of Internal Solitary Wave-induced Dynamic Response Characteristics of Surface Sediments in the Northern South China Sea[D]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China, 2016. |
| [69] | [乔路正. 内孤立波作用下南海北部陆坡浅表沉积物动力响应特征分析[D]. 青岛:中国海洋大学, 2016.] |
| [70] | Shields A, Ott W P, Uchelen J C V. Application of Similarity Principles and Turbulence Research to Bed-load Movement[M]. Caliornia: California Institute of Technology, 1936. |
| [71] | Dyer K R.Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Dynamics[M]. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1986. |
| [72] | Soulsby R L, Whitehouse R J S W, Soulsby R L, et al. Threshold of Sediment Motion in Coastal Environments[C]∥Pacific Coasts and Ports 1997 Conference. 1997:149-154. |
| [73] | Taki K.Critical shear stress for cohesive sediment transport[J]. Proceedings in Marine Science, 2000, 3(6):53-61. |
| [74] | Van Rijn L C. Principles of Sediment Transport in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas[M]. Amsterdam: Aqua Publications, 1993. |
| [75] | Tian Zhuangcai.Experimental Analysis on Characteristics of Sediment Resuspension, Transport and Sedimentation in the Process of Internal Solitary Wave Shoaling Breaking[D]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China, 2017. |
| [75] | [田壮才. 内孤立波浅水破碎过程坡面沉积物悬浮、输运及沉积特征实验分析[D]. 青岛:中国海洋大学, 2017.] |
| [76] | Soontiens N, Stastna M, Waite M L.Topographically generated internal waves and boundary layer instabilities[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2015, 27(8):1 181-1 196. |
| [77] | Azetsu-Scott K, Johnson B D, Petrie B.An intermittent, intermediate nepheloid layer in Emerald Basin, Scotian Shelf[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 1995, 15(2/3):281-293. |
| [78] | Mccave I N.Local and global aspects of the bottom nepheloid layers in the world ocean[J]. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 1986, 20(2/3):167-181. |
| [79] | Lien R C, Henyey F, Ma B, et al.Large-amplitude internal solitary waves observed in the Northern South China Sea: Properties and energetics[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2014, 44(4): 1 095-1 115. |
| [80] | Cacchione D A, Pratson L F, Ogston A S.The shaping of continental slopes by internal tides[J]. Science,2002, 296(5 568):724-727. |
| [81] | Puig P, Palanques A, Guillén J, et al.Role of internal waves in the generation of nepheloid layers on the northwestern Alboran slope: Implications for continental margin shaping[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,2004, 109(C9). DOI: 10.1029/2004JC002394. |
| [82] | Puig P, Ogston A S, Guillén J, et al.Sediment transport processes from the topset to the foreset of a crenulated clinoform (Adriatic Sea)[J]. Continental Shelf Research,2007, 27(3/4):452-474. |
| [83] | Rib M, Puig P, Mu?oz A, et al.Morphobathymetric analysis of the large fine-grained sediment waves over the Gulf of Valencia continental slope (NW Mediterranean)[J]. Geomorphology,2016, 253:22-37. |
| [84] | Ribó M, Puig P, Urgeles R, et al.Spatio-temporal evolution of sediment waves developed on the Gulf of Valencia margin (NW Mediterranean) during the Plio-Quaternary[J]. Marine Geology,2016, 378:276-291. |
| [85] | Droghei R, Falcini F, Martorelli E, et al.The role of Internal Solitary Waves on deep-water sedimentary processes: The case of up-slope migrating sediment waves off the Messina Strait[C]∥EGU General Assembly,2016. |
| [86] | van Haren H, Puig P. Internal wave turbulence in the Llobregat prodelta (NW Mediterranean) under stratified conditions: A mechanism for sediment waves generation?[J]. Marine Geology, 2017, 388:1-11. |
| [87] | Xia Huayong,Liu Yuqiang,Yang Yang.Internal-wave characteristics of strong bottom currents at the sand-wave zone of the northern South China Sea and its role in sand-wave motion[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2009, 28(6):15-22. |
| [87] | [夏华永,刘愉强,杨阳. 南海北部沙波区海底强流的内波特征及其对沙波运动的影响[J]. 热带海洋学报,2009, 28(6):15-22.] |
| [88] | Geng Minghui, Song Haibin, Guan Yongxian, et al.The distribution and characteristics of very large subaqueous and dunes in the Dongsha region of the northern South China Sea[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2017, 60(2):628-638. |
| [88] | [耿明会, 宋海斌, 关永贤,等. 南海北部东沙海域巨型水下沙丘的分布及特征[J].地球物理学报, 2017, 60(2):628-638.] |
| [89] | Gao Zhenzhong, He Youbin, Zhang Xingyang, et al.Internal-wave and internal-tide deposits of the Middle-Upper Ordovician in the Center Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2000, 18(3): 400-407. |
| [89] | [高振中, 何幼斌,张兴阳,等. 塔中地区中晚奥陶世内波, 内潮汐沉积[J]. 沉积学报, 2000, 18(3): 400-407.] |
| [90] | Zhang Xingyang, He Youbin, Luo Shunshe, et al.Deep-water sediment waves formed by internal waves[J]. Acta Geography, 2002,4(1): 83-89. |
| [90] | [张兴阳, 何幼斌, 罗顺社,等. 内波单独作用形成的深水沉积物波[J]. 古地理学报, 2002, 4(1):83-89.] |
| [91] | Chen Shanshan, Sun Yunbao, Wu Shiguo.Sea bottom landslide in the SHENHU area on the north margin of south China sea and triggering mechanisms[J]. Marine Geology Frontiers,2012, 28(6): 40-45. |
| [91] | [陈珊珊, 孙运宝, 吴时国. 南海北部神狐海域海底滑坡在地震剖面上的识别及形成机制[J]. 海洋地质前沿, 2012, 28(6): 40-45.] |
| [92] | Ma Yun, Li Sanzhong, Xia Zhen, et al.Characteristics of hazardous geological factors on Shenhu continental slope in the northern South China Sea[J]. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2014,39(9): 1 364-1 372. |
| [92] | [马云, 李三忠, 夏真,等. 南海北部神狐陆坡区灾害地质因素特征[J]. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 2014,39(9): 1 364-1 372.] |
| [93] | Sun Yunbao.The Mechanism and Prediction of Deepwater Geohazard in the northern of South China Sea[D].Qingdao: Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2011. |
| [93] | [孙运宝. 南海北部陆坡深水区地质灾害机理与钻前预测[D].青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所, 2011.] |
| [94] | Zhang Bingkun, Li Sanzhong, Xia Zhen, et al.Distribution of Cenozoic igneous rocks and its relation to submarine geological hazards in the deepwater area of the northern South China Sea[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2014, 36(11): 90-100. |
| [94] | [张丙坤, 李三忠, 夏真,等. 南海北部深水区新生代岩浆岩分布规律及其与海底地质灾害的相关性[J]. 海洋学报, 2014, 36(11): 90-100.] |
| [95] | Luan Xiwu, Zhang Liang, Peng Xuechao.Dongsha erosive channel on northern South China Sea Shelf and its induced Kuroshio South China Sea Branch[J]. Science in China(Series D), 2011,41(11):1 636-1 646. |
| [95] | [栾锡武, 张亮, 彭学超. 南海北部东沙海底冲蚀河谷及其成因探讨[J]. 中国科学:D辑, 2011,41(11):1 636-1 646.] |
| [96] | Fu K H, Wang Y H, Laurent L S, et al.Shoaling of large-amplitude nonlinear internal waves at Dongsha Atoll in the northern South China Sea[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2012, 37(37):1-7. |
| [97] | Cai S, Long X, Gan Z.A numerical study of the generation and propagation of internal solitary waves in the Luzon Strait[J]. Oceanologica Acta, 2002, 25(2):51-60. |
| [98] | Klymak J M, Legg S, Alford M H, et al.The direct breaking of Internal Waves at Steep Topography[J]. Oceanography, 2012, 25(2):150-159. |
| [99] | Tian Zhuangcai, Guo Xiujun, Qiao Luzheng, et al.Analysis of spatial distribution characteristics of seabed sediments critical starting velocity in the northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(A02): 4 287-4 294. |
| [99] | [田壮才, 郭秀军, 乔路正,等. 南海北部海底沉积物临界起动流速空间分布特征分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2016,35(A02): 4 287-4 294.] |
| [100] | Zhao Z, Klemas V, Zheng Q, et al.Remote sensing evidence for baroclinic tide origin of internal solitary waves in the northeastern South China Sea[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2004, 31(6):177-182. |
| [101] | Xie J, He Y, Lü H, et al.Distortion and broadening of internal solitary wave front in the northeastern South China Sea deep basin[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016,43(14): 7 617-7 624. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
