2016 , Vol. 31 >Issue 6: 581 - 594
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.06.0581.
The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Europe Blocking and Their Impacts on Extreme Snowstorms: A Review
First author:Yao Yao(1985-), male, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, Research Assistant. Research areas include climate dynamic and extreme climate.E-mail:yaoyao@tea.ac.cn
Received date: 2016-04-14
Revised date: 2016-05-28
Online published: 2016-06-10
Supported by
Project supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Pattern characteristics of Europe blocking and its impact on Eurasia extreme weather” (No.41505075);The Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Evolution characteristics and mechanisms of low-frequency modes in the Northern Hemisphere under global climate and its relation with extreme weather events” (No.41430533)
Copyright
Large-scale, low frequency modes such as the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and blocking, have an important modulation on the northern hemisphere weather and climate. In this paper, the physical mechanism studies on inter-decadal and decadal variability of NAO and blocking were summarized. The relationship between NAO regime transitions and the interannual variability of NAO in winter during was examined by using a statistical approach. The time-space relationship between NAO and European blocking were discussed. Based on two extreme cold and snowstorm events, the impacts on local weather especially the extreme events within the life cycle (two weeks) of the NAO and blocking were further examined. It was found that the frequently occurrence of the Eurasian extreme snowstorm was closely related to the special combination of NAO and blocking regime. In addition, the development of theoretical modes for NAO and blocking was discussed and issues that remain to be solved were proposed.
Yao Yao , Dehai Luo . The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Europe Blocking and Their Impacts on Extreme Snowstorms: A Review[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2016 , 31(6) : 581 -594 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.06.0581.
[1] | Cattiaux J, Vautard R, Cassou C, et al.Winter 2010 in Europe: A cold extreme in a warming climate[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37(20), doi:10.1029/2010GL044613. |
[2] | Sillmann J, Croci-Maspoli M, Kallache M, et al.Extreme cold winter temperatures in Europe under the influence of North Atlantic atmospheric blocking[J].Journal of Climate, 2011, 24(22): 5 899-5 913. |
[3] | Hurrell J W.Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation region temperatures and precipitation[J].Science, 1995, 269(5 224): 676-679. |
[4] | Li Ziyi, Li Shuanglin, Li Guoping.Analysis of longstanding summer blocking highs over the Ural Mountains and their relationship with tropical thermal anomalies[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2013,37(3):731-744. |
[4] | [李子仪, 李双林, 李国平. 夏季乌拉尔长阻塞过程及其与热带热力异常关系个例分析[J]. 大气科学, 2013, 37(3):731-744.] |
[5] | Lu Riyu.Eddies during the blocking maintenance over the Northeastern Asia in summer[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2001,25(3):289-302. |
[5] | [陆日宇. 夏季东北亚阻塞形势维持时的天气尺度波[J].大气科学,2001,25(3):289-302.] |
[6] | Pfahl S, Wernli H.Quantifying the relevance of atmospheric blocking for co-located temperature extremes in the Northern Hemisphere on (sub-) daily time scales[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(12), doi: 10.1029/2012gl052261. |
[7] | Sillmann J, Croci-Maspoli M.Present and future atmospheric blocking and its impact on European mean and extreme climate[J]. Geophysical. Research Letters, 2009, 36(10),doi:10.1029/2009GL038259. |
[8] | Wang C, Liu H, Lee S K.The record-breaking cold temperatures during the winter of 2009/2010 in the Northern Hemisphere[J]. Atmospheric Science Letters, 2010, 11(3): 161-168. |
[9] | Li C, Sun J L.Role of the subtropical westerly jet waveguide in a southern China heavy rainstorm in December 2013[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2015, 32(5): 601-612. |
[10] | Zhao Sixiong, Sun Jianhua.Multi-scale systems and Conceptual Model on freezing rain and snow storm over Southern China during January-February 2008[J].Climatic and Environmental Research, 2008,13(4):351-367. |
[10] | [赵思雄,孙建华. 2008年初南方雨雪冰冻天气的环流场与多尺度特征[J].气候与环境研究, 2008, 13(4): 351-367.] |
[11] | Yang Hui, Li Chongyin.Influence of Arctic Oscillation on temperature and precipitation in winter[J].Climatic and Environmental Research, 2008, 13(4):395-404. |
[11] | [杨辉,李崇银. 冬季北极涛动的影响分析[J].气候与环境研究, 2008, 13(4): 395-404.] |
[12] | Benedict J, Lee S, Feldstein S B.Synoptic view of the North Atlantic Oscillation[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2004, 61(2): 121-144. |
[13] | Dole R M.The life cycles of persistent anomalies and blocking over the North Pacific[J]. Advances in Geophysics, 1986, 29:31-69. |
[14] | Hurrell J W.Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on northern hemisphere temperature[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 1996, 23(6): 665-668. |
[15] | Hurrell J W, Loon H V.Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation[J]. Climate Change, 1997, 36(3): 301-336. |
[16] | Luo D, Yao Y, Feldstein S B.Regime transition of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the extreme cold event over Europe in January-February 2012[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 2014, 142(12): 4 735-4 757. |
[17] | Hilmer M, Jung T.Evidence for a recent change in the link between the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic sea ice export[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000, 27(7): 989-992. |
[18] | Johnson N, Feldstein S B, Trembley B.The continuum of Northern Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns and a description of the NAO shift with the use of self-organizing maps[J].Journal of Climate, 2008, 21(23): 6 354-6 371. |
[19] | Hurrell J W, Kushnir Y, Visbeck M, et al.An Overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation[M]∥Hurrell J W, Kushnir Y, Ottersen G, eds. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climate Significance and Environmental Impact Geophysical Monograph Series,2003,134:1-35. |
[20] | Rogers J C.The association between the North-Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere[J].Monthly Weather Review, 1984, 112(10):1 999-2 015. |
[21] | Barnston A G, Livezey R E.Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns[J].Monthly Weather Review, 1987, 115(6): 1 083-1 126. |
[22] | Li J, Wang X L.A new North Atlantic Oscillation Index and its variability[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2003, 20(5): 661-676. |
[23] | Cohen J, Barlow M.The NAO, the AO, and global warming: How closely related?[J].Journal of Climate,2005, 18(21):4 498-4 513. |
[24] | Timmermann A, Latif M, Voss R, et al.North Atlantic interdecadal variability: A coupled air-sea mode[J].Journal of Climate, 1998, 11(8): 1 906-1 931. |
[25] | Scaife A A, Knight J R, Vallis G, et al.A stratospheric influence on the winter NAO and North Atlantic surface climate[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 32(18), doi:10.1029/2005GL023226. |
[26] | Müller W A, Frankignoul C, Chouaib N.Observed decadal tropical Pacific-North Atlantic teleconnections[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, 35(24), doi:10.1029/2008GL035901. |
[27] | Chai Jingpin, Diao Yi’na.The effect of the variation of the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter blocking Activities in the Northern Hemisphere[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2011,35(2):326-338. |
[27] | [柴晶品, 刁一娜. 北大西洋涛动指数变化与北半球冬季阻塞活动[J]. 大气科学, 2011, 35(2): 326-338.] |
[28] | Gong Daoyi, Wang Shaowu.The North Atlantic Oscillation Index and its interdecadal variability[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2000,24(2):187-192. |
[28] | [龚道溢, 王绍武. 北大西洋涛动指数的比较及其年代际变率[J].大气科学, 2000, 24(2): 187-192.] |
[29] | Gong Daoyi, Zhou Tianjun, Wang Shaowu.Advance in the studies on North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)[J].Advances in Earth Science, 2001, 16(3): 413-420. |
[29] | [龚道溢, 周天军, 王绍武. 北大西洋涛动变率研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2001, 16(3): 413-420.] |
[30] | Luo D, Cha J.The North Atlantic Oscillation and North Atlantic jet variability: Precursors to NAO regimes and transitions[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2012, 69(12): 3 764-3 787. |
[31] | Luo D, Cha J, Feldstein S B.Weather regime transitions and the interannual variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Part I: A likely connection[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2012, 69(8): 2 329-2 346. |
[32] | Luo D, Cha J, Feldstein S B.Weather regime transitions and the interannual variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Part II: Dynamical processes[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2012, 69(8): 2 347-2 363. |
[33] | Woollings T J, Hoskins B J, Blackburn M, et al.A new rossby wave-breaking interpretation of the North Atlantic Oscillation[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2008, 65(2): 609-626. |
[34] | Luo D, Yao Y, Feldstein S B.Regime transition of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the extreme cold event over Europe in January-February 2012[J].Monthly Weather Review, 2014, 142(12): 4 735-4 757. |
[35] | Luo D, Lupo A, Wan H.Dynamics of eddy-driven low-frequency dipole modes. Part I: A simple model of North Atlantic Oscillations[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, 64(1): 3-28. |
[36] | Shabbar A, Huang J, Higuchi K.The relationship between the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and blocking episodes in the North Atlantic[J].International Journal of Climatology, 2001, 21(3): 355-369. |
[37] | Croci-Maspoli M, Schwierz C, Davies H C.Atmospheric blocking: Space-time links to the NAO and PNA[J].Climate Dynamics, 2007, 29(7): 713-725. |
[38] | Luo D, Yao Y, Dai A.Decadal relationship between European Blocking and North Atlantic Oscillation during 1978-2012. Part I: Atlantic Conditions[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2015, 72(3): 1 152-1 173. |
[39] | Luo D, Yao Y, Dai A.Decadal relationship between European Blocking and North Atlantic Oscillation during 1978-2012. Part II: A theoretical model study[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2015, 72(3): 1 174-1 199. |
[40] | Davini P, Cagnazzo C, Neale R, et al.Coupling between Greeland blocking and the North Atlantic Oscillation pattern[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(14), doi: 10.1029/2012GL052315. |
[41] | Pelly J L, Hoskins B.A new perspective on blocking[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2003, 60(5): 743-755. |
[42] | Woollings T, Hannachi A, Hoskins B, et al.A regime view of the North Atlantic Oscillation and its response to Anthropogenic Forcing[J].Journal of Climate, 2010, 23(6): 1 291-1 307. |
[43] | Shutts G J.The propagation of eddies in diffluent jet streams: Eddy vorticity forcing of blocking flow fields[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1983, 109(462): 737-761. |
[44] | Yamazaki A, Itoh H.Vortex-vortex interactions for the maintenance of blocking. Part I: The selective absorption mechanism and a case study[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2013, 70(3): 725-742. |
[45] | Zhang X, Lu C, Guan Z.Weakened cyclones, intensified anticyclones and recent extreme cold winter weather events in Eurasia[J].Environmental Research Letters, 2012, 7(4), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044044. |
[46] | Seager R, Kushnir Y, Nakamura J, et al.Northern Hemisphere winter snow anomalies: ENSO, NAO and the winter of 2009/10[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37(14), doi:10.1029/2010GL043830. |
[47] | Croci-Maspoli M, Davies H C.Key dynamical features of the 2005/06 European winter[J].Monthly Weather Review, 2009, 137(2): 644-678. |
[48] | Wang C, Liu H, Lee S K.The record-breaking cold temperatures during the winter of 2009/2010 in the Northern Hemisphere[J]. Atmospheric Science Letters, 2010, 11(3): 161-168. |
[49] | Yu Y, Ren R, Cai M.Dynamic linkage between cold air outbreaks and intensity variations of the meridional mass circulation[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2015, 72(8): 3 214-3 232. |
[50] | Diao Y, Xie S, Luo D.Asymmetry of winter European surface air temperature extremes and the North Atlantic Oscillation[J]. Journal of Climate, 2015, 28(2): 517-530. |
[51] | Petterssen S.Weather Analysis and Forecasting[M]. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1956:428. |
[52] | Alpert P, Reisin T.An early winter polar air-mass penetration to the eastern Mediterranean[J].Monthly Weather Review, 1986, 114(7): 1 411-1 418. |
[53] | Lee T P, Silberberg S R, Bosart L F.A case study of a severe winter storm in the Middle East[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1988, 114(479): 61-90. |
[54] | Trigo I F, Grant R B, Davies T D.Climatology of cyclogenesis mechanisms in the Mediterranean[J].Monthly Weather Review, 2002, 130(3): 549-569. |
[55] | Kutiel H, Paz S.Sea level pressure departures in the Mediterranean and their relationship with monthly rainfall conditions in Israel[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 1998, 60(1): 93-109. |
[56] | Ziv B, Dayan U, Kushnir Y, et al.Regionaland global atmospheric patterns governing rainfall in the southern Levant[J]. International Journal of Climatology, 2006, 26(1): 55-73. |
[57] | Feldstein S B, Dayan U.Circumglobal teleconnections and wave packets associated with Israeli winter precipitation[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2008, 134(631): 455-467. |
[58] | Luo D, Yao Y, Dai A, et al.The positive North Atlantic Oscillation with downstream blocking and middle east snowstorms: The large-scale environment[J].Journal of Climate, 2015, 28(16): 6 398-6 418. |
[59] | Yao Y, Luo D, Dai A, et al.The Positive North Atlantic Oscillation with downstream blocking and middle east snowstorms: Impacts of the North Atlantic Jet[J]. Journal of Climate, 2016, 29(5): 1 853-1 876. |
[60] | Luo D, Zhu Z, Ren R, et al.Spatial pattern and zonal shift of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Part I: A dynamical interpretation[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2010, 67(9): 2 805-2 826. |
[61] | Yao Y, Luo D.Do European blocking events precede North Atlantic Oscillation events?[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2015, 32(8): 1 106-1 118. |
[62] | Haines K, Marshall J C.Eddy-forced coherent structures as a prototype of atmospheric blocking[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1987, 113(476): 681-704. |
[63] | Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Malguzzi P.Coherent structures in a baroclinic atmosphere. Part III: Block formation and eddy forcing[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1987, 44(17): 2 493-2 505. |
[64] | Malguzzi P.An analytical study on the feedback between large- and small-scale eddies[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1993, 50(10): 1 429-1 436. |
[65] | Luo D.Planetary-scale baroclinic envelope Rossby solitons in a two-layer model and their interaction with synoptic-scale waves[J]. Dynamics of Atmospheric and Oceans, 2000, 32(1): 27-74. |
[66] | Vallis G K, Gerber E, Kushner P J, et al.A mechanism and simple dynamical model of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Annular modes[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2004, 61(3): 264-280. |
[67] | McWilliams J. An application of equivalent modons to atmospheric blocking[J]. Dynamics of Atmospheric and Oceans, 1980, 5(1): 219-238. |
[68] | Luo Zhexian, Ma Jingxian.Local blocking flow pattern in a forced and dissipative nonlinear system[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1991,15(4):17-25. |
[68] | [罗哲贤,马镜娴. 强迫耗散非线性系统的局域阻塞流型[J]. 大气科学, 1991, 15(4): 17-25.] |
[69] | Mcintyre M E, Palmer T N.Breaking planetary-waves in the stratosphere[J]. Nature, 1983, 305: 593-600. |
[70] | Berrisford P, Hoskins B J, Tyrlis E.Blocking and Rossby wave breaking on the dynamical tropopause in the Southern Hemisphere[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, 64(8):2 881-2 898. |
[71] | Riviere G, Orlanski I.Characteristics of the Atlantic storm-track eddy activity and its relation with the North Atlantic Oscillation[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2007, 64(2):241-266. |
[72] | Strong C, Magnusdottir G.Tropospheric Rossby wave breaking and the NAO/NAM[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2008,65(9):2 861-2 876. |
[73] | Luo Dehai, Ji Liren.A new theory of the formation of atmospheric blocking[J].Science in China(Series B), 1989,19(1): 111-121. |
[73] | [罗德海,纪立人. 大气阻塞形成的一个理论[J]. 中国科学:B辑, 1989,19(1):111-121.] |
[74] | Luo D.A barotropic envelope Rossby soliton model for block-eddy interaction. Part I: Effect of topography[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2005, 62(1): 5-21. |
[75] | Luo D.A barotropic envelope Rossby soliton model for block-eddy interaction. Part II: Role of westward-traveling planetary waves[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2005, 62(1): 22-40. |
[76] | Luo D.A barotropic envelope Rossby soliton model for block-eddy interaction. Part III: Wavenumber conservation theorems for isolated blocks and deformed eddies[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2005, 62(11): 3 839-3 859. |
[77] | Luo D.A barotropic envelope Rossby soliton model for block-eddy interaction. Part IV: Block activity and its linkage with sheared environment[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2005, 62(11): 3 860-3 884. |
[78] | Luo D, Gong T, Lupo A.Dynamics of eddy-driven low-frequency dipole modes. Part II: Free mode characteristics of NAO and diagnostic study[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, 64(1): 29-51. |
[79] | Luo D, Gong T, Diao Y.Dynamics of eddy-driven low frequency dipole modes. Part III: Meridional displacement of westerly jet anomalies during two phases of NAO[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, 64(9): 3 232-3 248. |
[80] | Luo D, Zhong L, Ren R, et al.Spatial pattern and zonal shift of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Part II: Numerical experiments[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2010, 67(9): 2 827-2 853. |
[81] | Rind D, Perlwitz J, Lonergan P.AO/NAO response to climate change. Part I: Respective influences of stratospheric and tropospheric climate changes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2005, 110, doi:10. 1029/2004JD005103. |
[82] | Ulbrich U, Christoph M.A shift of the NAO and increasing storm track activity over Europe due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing[J]. Climate Dynamics, 1999, 15(7): 551-559. |
[83] | Zhao Jinping, Shi Jiuxin, Wang Zhaomin,et al.Arctic amplification produced by sea ice retreat and its global climate effects[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2015, 30(9): 985-995. |
[83] | [赵进平, 史久新, 王召民, 等. 北极海冰减退引起的北极放大机理与全球气候效应[J]. 地球科学进展, 2015, 30(9): 985-995.] |
[84] | Luo D, Xiao Y, Yao Y,et al.Impact of Ural Blocking on winter warm Arctic-Cold Eurasian Anomalies. Part I: Blocking-induced amplification[J]. Journal of Climate, 2016, 29(11): 3 925-3 947. |
[85] | Luo D, Xiao Y, Diao Y,et al.Impact of ural blocking on winter warm Arctic-Cold Eurasian Anomalies. Part II: The Link to the North Atlantic Oscillation[J]. Journal of Climate, 2016, 29(11): 3 949-3 971. |
[86] | Gao Tao, Xie Li’an.Study on progress of the trends and physical causes of extreme precipitation in China during the last 50 years[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2014, 29(5): 577-589. |
[86] | [高涛, 谢立安. 近50年来中国极端降水趋势与物理成因研究综述[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(5): 577-589.] |
[87] | Huang Qiang, Chen Zishen.Regionalstudy on the trends of extreme temperature and precipitation events in the Pearl River Basin[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2014, 29(8): 956-967. |
[87] | [黄强, 陈子燊. 全球变暖背景下珠江流域极端气温与降水事件时空变化的区域研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(8): 956-967.] |
[88] | Yang Qiuming.Prospects andprogresses in the research of the methods for 10-30 days extended-range weather forecast[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2015, 30(9): 970-984. |
[88] | [杨秋明. 10~30 d延伸期天气预报方法研究进展与展望[J]. 地球科学进展, 2015, 30(9): 970-984.] |
/
〈 |
|
〉 |