Key Scientific Problems and Challenges of Studying Carbon Cycle Mechanism in Pacific Sector of the Arctic
First author:Nie Hongtao(1979-),male,Suizhou City,Hubei Province, Lecturer. Research areas include shallow sea dynamics and marine ecosystem dynamics.E-mail:htnie@tju.edu.cn
Received date: 2017-05-04
Revised date: 2017-07-24
Online published: 2017-10-20
Supported by
*Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China“Research on characteristics and mechanisms of inter-annual variations of carbon cycling in the Chukchi Sea and adjacent region”(No.41630969) and “Modeling and analysis of seasonal and inter-annual variability of carbon fluxes in the Yellow and East China Seas”(No.41376112).
Copyright
Challenged by the enormous pressure to reduce the global carbon emission, it is expected that the Arctic Ocean could absorb additional atmospheric CO2 with the retreating of sea-ice. The Chukchi Sea and adjacent waters, characterized by the highest carbon fixation in the global ocean and large carbon flux into the deep-ocean for sequestration, make substantial contributions to carbon cycling in the entire Arctic Ocean. Understanding the response mechanism of carbon cycling in this region to the rapidly changing environment is the foundation for the prediction of carbon sink in the Arctic Ocean. However, the response of carbon absorption and storage to climate change is still controversial, and the main controlling factors of the carbon cycle process remain unclear.Thus, to establish high-resolution coupled ocean-ice-carbon models can explore the influence of sea ice retreat on atmospheric CO2 and the vertical sinking carbon fluxes in Chukchi Sea, estimate the effectiveness of growing inflow and slope upwelling on carbon sink/source patterns, discuss the response of deep-ocean carbon sequestration to the changing environment, and evaluate the effectiveness of continental shelf pump in the Chukchi Sea as well as its role in the global carbon sink. Based on the challenge for the research of the Chukchi Sea carbon cycle research with rapidly changing climate, the basic ideas of establishing Arctic Ocean carbon cycling model as well as its key scientific issues to be resolved were proposed.
Hongtao Nie , Rui Wang , Wei Zhao , Xiaofan Luo , Di Qi , Youyu Lu , Yuanhui Zhang , Hao Wei . Key Scientific Problems and Challenges of Studying Carbon Cycle Mechanism in Pacific Sector of the Arctic[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2017 , 32(10) : 1084 -1092 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.10.1084
| [1] | USNOAA/ESRL. Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide[EB/OL].2014[2017-04-20].http:∥www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/. |
| [2] | Doney S C, Ruckelshaus M, Duffy J E, et al. Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems[J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2012, 4(1):11-37. |
| [3] | Qi Di, Chen Liqi.Review on researches of aragonite saturation state in the Arctic Ocean: A key parameter of Arctic Ocean acidification[J].Advances in Earth Science, 2014, 29(5): 569-576. |
| [3] | [祁第,陈立奇.北冰洋酸化指标——海水文石饱和度变异的研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(5):569-576.] |
| [4] | Bates N R, Mathis J T.The Arctic ocean marine carbon cycle evaluating of air-sea CO2 exchange, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks[J]. Biogeosicence, 2009,6(11): 2 433-2 459. |
| [5] | Duarte C M, Lenton T, Wadhams P, et al. Abrupt climate change in the Arctic[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2012, 2(2):60-62. |
| [6] | Post E, Bhatt U S, Bitz C M, et al. Ecological consequences of sea-ice decline[J]. Science, 2013, 341(6 145): 519-524. |
| [7] | Anderson L G, Kaltin S.Carbon fluxes in the Arctic Ocean—Potential impact by climate change[J].Polar Research, 2001, 20(2):225-232. |
| [8] | Grebmeier J M, Maslowski W.The Pacific Arctic Region: Ecosystem Status and Trends in A Rapidly Changing Environment[M]. Netherlands: Springer, 2014:66-207. |
| [9] | Bates N R.Air-sea CO2 fluxes and the continental shelf pump of carbon in the Chukchi Sea adjacent to the Arctic Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2006, 111(C10):C10013. |
| [10] | Macgilchrist G A, Garabato A C, Tsubouchi T, et al.The Arctic Ocean carbon sink[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,2014, 86(1):39-55. |
| [11] | Anderson L G, Tanhua T, Björk G, et al. Arctic ocean shelf-basin interaction: An active continental shelf CO2 pump and its impact on the degree of calcium carbonate solubility[J].Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2010, 57(7): 869-879. |
| [12] | Grebmeier J M, Overland J E, Moore S E, et al. A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea[J].Science, 2006, 311(5 766):1 461. |
| [13] | Zhuang Y, Jin H, Li H, et al. Pacific inflow control on phytoplankton community in the Eastern Chukchi Shelf during summer[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2016, 129:23-32. |
| [14] | Wassmann P.Overarching perspectives of contemporary and future ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean[J].Progress in Oceanography, 2015, 139:1-12. |
| [15] | Lowry K E, Pickart R S, Mills M M, et al.The influence of winter water on phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi Sea[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2015,118:53-72. |
| [16] | Wood K R, Bond N A, Danielson S L, et al. A decade of environmental change in the Pacific Arctic region[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2015,136:12-31. |
| [17] | Mathis J T, Pickart R S, Byrne R H, et al. Storm-induced upwelling of high pCO2 waters onto the continental shelf of the western Arctic Ocean and implications for carbonate mineral saturation states[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(7):127-137. |
| [18] | Kwok R, Rothrock D A.Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958-2008[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2009, 36(15): L15501,doi:10.1029/2009GL039035. |
| [19] | Tank S E, Raymond P A, Striegl R G, ,et al. A land-to-ocean perspective on the magnitude. A land-to-ocean perspective on the magnitude, source and implication of DIC flux from major Arctic rivers to the Arctic Ocean[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2012, 26(26):GB4018,doi:10.1029/2011GB004192. |
| [20] | Woodgate R, Weingartner T J, Lindsay R.Observed increase in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean Water Column[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(39),doi:10.1029/2012GL054092. |
| [21] | Peralta-Ferriz C, Woodgate R A.Seasonal and interannual variability of pan-Arctic surface mixed layer properties from 1979 to 2012 from hydrographic data, and the dominance of stratification for multiyear mixed layer depth shoaling[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2015, 134: 19-53. |
| [22] | Cai W J, Chen L Q, Chen B S, et al. Decrease in the CO2 uptake capacity in an ice-free Arctic Ocean Basin[J]. Science, 2010, 329(5 991):556-559. |
| [23] | Evans W, Mathis J T, Cross J N, et al. Sea-air CO2 exchange in the western Arctic coastal ocean[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycle, 2015, 29(8):1 190-1 209. |
| [24] | Gao Z, Chen L, Sun H, ,et al. Distributions. Distributions and air-sea fluxes of carbon dioxide in the Western Arctic Ocean[J]. Deep Sea Reasearch Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2012, 81/84(1):46-52. |
| [25] | Anderson L G, Olsson K, Chierici M.A carbon budget for the Arctic Ocean[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycle, 1998, 12(3): 455-465. |
| [26] | Cai W J, Dai M H, Wang Y C.Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: A province-based synthesis[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33(12),doi: 10.1029/2006GL026219. |
| [27] | Arrigo K R, Dijken G L V. Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2015, 136:60-70. |
| [28] | Serreze M C, Crawford A D, Stroeve J C.Variability, trends, and predictability of seasonal sea ice retreat and advance in the Chukchi Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2016, 121(10): 7 308-7 325. |
| [29] | Zhang J L, Ashjian C, Campbell R, et al. The influence of sea ice and snow cover and nutrient availability on the formation of massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi Sea[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2015, 67(1):122-135. |
| [30] | Qi D, Chen L, Chen B, et al. Increase in acidifying water in the western Arctic Ocean[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2017,7(3):195-199. |
| [31] | Cooper L W,Whitledge T E,Grebmeier J M,et al.The nutrient, salinity, and stable oxygen isotope composition of Bering and Chukchi Seas waters in and near the Bering Strait[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1997,102(C6):12 563-12 573. |
| [32] | Richard G J B. Oceanography: Ocean acidification without borders[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2017,7: 241-242. |
| [33] | Arrigo K R.Impacts of climate on ecosystems and chemistry of the Arctic Pacific environment[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2015,118:1-6. |
| [34] | IASC: 25 Years of International Arctic Research Cooperation[EB/OL].2016[2017-04-20].https:∥www.joomag.com/magazine/iasc-25-years/0102946001421148178?short. |
| [35] | Crane K, Ostrovskiy A.Introduction to the special issue: Russian-American Long-term Census of the Arctic (RUSALCA)[J]. Oceanography, 2015,28(3):18-23. |
| [36] | Grebmeier J M, Harvey H R, Stockwell D A.The western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) project, volume II: An overview[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2009, 56(17):1 137-1 143. |
| [37] | NSTC:Science for An Ocean Nation: Update of the Ocean Research Priorities Plan[EB/OL].2013[2017-04-20].https:∥permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35019/ocean_research_plan_2013.pdf. |
| [38] | C3O: A Canadian Contribution to the International Polar Year[EB/OL].2010[2017-04-20].http:∥pices.int/publications/pices_press/volume16/v16_n2/pp_22-25_Arctic_f.pdf. |
| [39] | Parkinson A J.The international polar year, 2007-2008, an opportunity to focus on infectious diseases in Arctic regions[J]. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2008, 14(1):1. |
| [40] | Goessling H F, Jung T, Klebe S, ,et al.Paving the way for the year of polar prediction[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2016, 97(4): ES85-ES88. |
| [41] | Chen Liqi, Zhao Jinping, Bian Lingen, et al. Study on key processes affecting rapid changes in the arctic[J]. Journal of Polar Research, 2003, 15(4): 283-302. |
| [41] | [陈立奇, 赵进平, 卞林根, 等. 影响北极地区迅速变化的一些关键过程研究[J]. 极地研究, 2003, 15(4): 283-302.] |
| [42] | Zhang Zhanhai, Zhao Jinping, Bian Lin’gen.Rapidly Changing Arctic Ocean Environment[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2011. |
| [42] | [张占海,赵进平,卞林根,等. 快速变化中的北极海洋环境[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.] |
| [43] | Chen Liqi, Gao Zhongyong, Zhan Liyang, et al. Rapid change in arctic and antarctic oceans and theirfeedbacks to global climate change[J]. Journal of Applied Oceanography, 2013, 32(1):138-144. |
| [43] | [陈立奇, 高众勇, 詹力扬, 等. 极区海洋对全球气候变化的快速响应和反馈作用[J].应用海洋学报,2013, 32(1):138-144.] |
| [44] | Zhao Jinping.The birth and reflections of China’s strategy for Arctic science and technology[J].Journal of Ocean University of China (Social Sciences Edition), 2014,(3):1-7. |
| [44] | [赵进平. 我国北极科技战略的孕育和思考[J].中国海洋大学学报:社会科学版, 2014,(3):1-7.] |
| [45] | Brown Z W, Lowry K E, Palmer M A, et al. Characterizing the subsurface chlorophyll a maximum in the Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2015, 118:88-104. |
| [46] | Notz D, Stroeve J.Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission[J]. Science, 2016, 354(6 313):747. |
| [47] | Proshutinsky A, Aksenov Y, Kinney J C, et al. Recent advancesin Arctic ocean studies employing models from the Arctic Ocean model intercomparison project[J]. Oceanography, 2011,24(3):102-113. |
| [48] | Proshutinsky A, Steele M, Timmermans M.Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS): Past, current, and future activities[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2016, 121(6): 3 803-3 819. |
| [49] | Lu Y, Higginson S, Nudds S, et al. Volume fluxes though the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Davis Strait: Linking monthly variations to forcing in different seasons[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2014, 119(3):1 927-1 942. |
| [50] | Dupont F, Higginson S, Bourdallé-Badie R, et al. A high-resolution ocean and sea-ice modelling system for the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans[J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2015, 8(1):1-52. |
| [51] | Roy F, Chevallier M, Smith G C, et al. Arctic sea ice and freshwater sensitivity to the treatment of the atmosphere-ice-ocean surface layer[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2015,120(6): 4 392-4 417. |
| [52] | Paquin J P, Lu Y Y, Higginson S, et al. Modelled variations of deep convection in the Irminger Sea during 2003-2010[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2016, 46(6): 179-196. |
| [53] | Manizza M, Follows M J, Dutkiewicz S, et al. Changes in the Arctic Ocean CO2 sink(1996-2007): A regional model analysis[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycle, 2013, 27(4):1 108-1 118. |
| [54] | Manizza M, Follows M J, Dutkiewicz S, et al. A model of the Arctic Ocean carbon cycle[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2011, 116(C12):210-222. |
| [55] | Shuert P G, Walsh J J.A coupled physical-biological model of the Bering-Chukchi seas[J].Continental Shelf Research, 1993,13(5/6): 543-573. |
| [56] | Walsh J J, Dieterle D, Maslowski W, et al. A numerical model of seasonal primary production within the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas[J].Deep Sea Research II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2005, 52(24/26): 3 541-3 576. |
| [57] | Popova E E, Yool A, Coward A C, et al. Control of primary production in the Arctic by nutrients and light: Insights from a high resolution ocean general circulation model[J]. Biogeosciences, 2010,7(11): 3 569-3 591. |
| [58] | Zhang J L, Spitz Y H, Steele M, et al. Modeling the impact of declining sea ice on the Arctic marine planktonic ecosystem[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2010, 115(C10),doi: 10.1029/2009JC005387. |
| [59] | Slagstad D, Ellingsen I H, Wassmann P.Evaluating primary and secondary production in an Arctic Ocean void of summer sea ice: An experimental simulation approach[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2011, 90(1/4):117-131. |
| [60] | Jin M B, Deal C, Lee S H, ,et al. Investigation of Arctic sea ice. Investigation of Arctic sea ice and ocean primary production for the period1992-2007 using a 3-D global ice-ocean ecosystem model[J]. Deep Sea Research II:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2012, 81/84(1):28-35. |
| [61] | Ji R B, Jin M, Varpe O, et al. Sea ice phenology and timing of primary production pulses in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Global Change Biology, 2013,19(3):734-741. |
| [62] | Wåhlstöm I, Omstedt A, Bjork G, et al. Modelling the CO2 dynamics in the Laptev Sea, Arctic Ocean: Part I[J]. Journal of Marine System, 2012, 102(10):29-38. |
| [63] | Zhao Jinping,Shi Jiuxin,Wang Zhaomin,et al.Arctic amplification produced by sea ice retreat and its global climate effects[J].Advances in Earth Science,2015,30(9):985-995. |
| [63] | [赵进平,史久新,王召民,等.北极海冰减退引起的北极放大机理与全球气候效应[J]. 地球科学进展,2015,30(9):985-995.] |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
