Development and Comparison of the Significations of Global Change and Its Correlated Concepts
Received date: 2008-09-08
Revised date: 2008-10-30
Online published: 2008-12-10
The research field on the earth environment changes related to human-nature interaction is developing rapidly. Some different concepts are addressed and evolved during the developing course of this research theme. Firstly, the concept of climate change was addressed in the early 20th century, and then, the concepts of global change, global environmental change and earth system science were developed in different fields and research groups. In general, these concepts have all focused on this largest issue in the modern society from different angles of review. Also, thy have different background, crossed fields, special research approaches. Based on an analysis of the history of this environmental issue and research activities, the significations of the four concepts are reviewed and compared. Global change research focuses on the earth environmental changes or the regional environmental changes that associate with global environment, which are driven by nature or human factors and directly or potentially influence the current or the future human life and development. Generally, global change can be used to cover and refer all the issues of this area. The research contents of climate change and global environmental change are generally included in global change studies. Climate change and global environmental change have special focuses with each other, and also there are some common parts for the two concepts. Climate change especially focus on the nature factors as a scientific concept, but recently, it is also widely used in the fields of international argument and climate policy as a public issue. Global environment change is often used in the area of active and passive human factors in the changes, and in some regions and groups, it is also referred to the general changes. Earth system science is an important theory, methods and resolution for the global change studies with a systematic thought.
GE Quansheng , ZHANG Xueqin , QU Jiansheng . Development and Comparison of the Significations of Global Change and Its Correlated Concepts[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2008 , 23(12) : 1277 -1284 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2008.12.1277
[1] Zhang Zhiqiang,Sun Chengquan.The ten-years progresses of global change research[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,1999,44（5）:464-477.[张志强,孙成权.全球变化研究十年进展[J].科学通报,1999,44（5）:464-477.]
[2] Friedman H. The science of global change: An overview[C]∥Malone T F,Roederer J G eds. Global Change. Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,1985.
[3] Noewine J. Climate and Human Ecology[M]. Houston,Texas:D. Armstrong CO.,Inc.,1977.
[4] Marsh G P. Man and Nature or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action[M]. New York:Scribner,1864.
[5] Vernadsky V I. The Biosphere and the Noösphere[J]. American Scientist,1945,33（1）:1-12.
[6] Jan Rotmans,Bert De Vries. Perspecties on global change: The TARGETS approach[J]. Water,Air & Soil Pollution,1999,113（1/4）:425.
[7] Thomas W L,ed. Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth[M]. Chichago:University of Chicago,1956.
[8] Meadows D H,Meadows D L,Randers J,et al. The Limits to Growth[M]. New York:Universe Books,1972.
[9] Buttel F H,Hawkins A P,Power A G,et al. From “The Limits to Growth” to “Global Change”:The limits and conflicts in environmental science and ideology[J]. Progress in Geography,1992,（2）:46-51.[Buttel F H,Hawkins A P,Power A G,等. 从“增长的极限”到“全球变化”——环境科学和意识形态发展中的局限与矛盾[J].地理科学进展,1992,（2）:46-51.]
[10] Molina M J,Rowland F S. Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes:Chlorine atomic catalysed destruction of ozone[J]. Nature,1974,249:810-814.
[11] Jet Propulsion Laboratory（JPL）. Global Change:Impacts on Habitability[R]. A Scientific Basis for Assessment. A Report by the Executive Committee of a Workshop Held at Woods Hole,Mass.,June 21-26,1982.
[12] Malone T F,Roederer J G,eds. Global Change[C]∥Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by ICSU. Ottawa,Canada,25 Sept.,ICSU Press,1984.
[13] Clark W C,Munn R E,eds. Sustainable Development of the Biosphere[M]. Cambridge/Laxenburg:Cambridge University Press/IIASA,1986.
[14] Jaeger J,ed. Developing Policies for Responding to Climatic Change:A Summary of Discussions and Recommendations of the Workshops in Villach and Bellagio[R]. WMO,1988.
[15] Houghton J T,Jenkins G J,Ephraums J J,et al. Scientific Assessment of Climate Change[R]. IPCC First Assessment Report of Working GroupⅠ. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
[16] WMO. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion：1991[R]. WMO/UNEP,1992.
[17] Price M F. Humankind in the biosphere: The evolution of international interdisciplinary research[J]. Global Environmental Change,1990,1:3-13.
[18] Robert Guthrie Fleagle. Global Environmental Change: Interactions of Science,Policy and Politics in the United States[M]. Praeger/Greenwood,1994.
[19] NRC. Toward an International Geosphere-Biosphere Program:A Study of Global Change[M]. Washington DC:National Academy Press,1983.
[20] NRC. Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere:Initial Priorities for an IGBP[M]. Washington DC:National Academy Press,1986.
[21] Sun Chengquan,Qu Jiansheng. Status and trends of the international Earth science studies[J]. Advances in Earth Scienc,2002,17（3）：344-347.[孙成权,曲建升.国际地球科学发展态势[J].地球科学进展,2002,17（3）：344-347.]
[22] NRC. Toward an Understanding of Global Change:Initial Priorities for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program[R]. Washington DC:National Academy Press,1988.
[23] Sun Chengquan,Qu Jiansheng,Zhao Zhuanjun. A chievement of USGCRP over the past decade and perspectives for USGCRP in the decade ahead[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2001,16（4）：574-579.[孙成权,曲建升,赵转军. 美国全球变化研究计划实施进展与研究展望[J]. 地球科学进展,2001,16（4）：574-579.]
[24] National Research Council. Research Strategies for the US Global Change Research Program[R].Washington DC:National Academy Press,1990.
[25] Pernetta J. What is Global Change?[J]. Global Change News Letters,1995,（2）:1-3.
[26] Price M F. Global change: Defining the Ill-defined[J]. Environment,1989,31（8）:18-20,42,44.
[27] GCRIO. U.S. Global Change Research Act of 1990, Public Law 101-606（11/16/90）104 Stat. 3096-3104. http://www.gcrio.org/gcact1990.html,1990.
[28] Ye Duzheng,Fu Congbin,Dong Wenjie. Progresses and future trends of global change sciences[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2002,17（4）:467-469.[叶笃正,符淙斌,董文杰.全球变化科学进展与未来趋势[J].地球科学进展,2002,17（4）:467-469.]
[29] Ye Duzheng,Fu Congbin. Some advance in global change science study[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2004,19（5）:336-341.[叶笃正,符淙斌. 全球变化科学领域的若干研究进展[J].中国科学院院刊,2004,19（5）:336-341.]
[30] Chen Yiyu,Chen Panqin,Ge Quansheng,et al. Global change research:Progress and prospect[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2002,9（1）:11-18.[陈宜瑜,陈泮勤,葛全胜,等. 全球变化研究进展与展望[J]. 地学前缘,2002,9（1）:11-18.]
[31] Ge Quansheng,Cheng Panqin. Synthesis study on global environmental change[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2000,15（4）:461-466.[葛全胜,陈泮勤. 全球变化的集成研究[J].地球科学进展,2000,15（4）:461-466.]
[32] Zhou Guangsheng,Xu Zhenzhu,Wang Yuhui. Adaptation of terrestrial ecosystems to global change[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2004,19（4）:642-49.[周广胜,许振柱,王玉辉.全球变化的生态系统适应性[J].地球科学进展,2004,19（4）:642-649.]
[33] Zhang Lansheng,Fang Xiuqi,Ren Guoyu. Global Change[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press,2000.[张兰生,方修琦,任国玉.全球变化[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.]
[34] Chao Qingchen. Earth system science,global change and sustainable development[J]. Meteorology Science & Technology,1999（4）:9-13.[巢清尘.地球系统科学、全球变化与可持续发展[J].气象科技,1999,（4）:9-13.]
[35] Clark W C,Holling C S. Sustainable development of the biosphere: Human activities and global change[C]∥Malone T F,Roederer,eds. Global Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985:474-490.
[36] Di Castri F. Global crises and the environment[C]∥Marini-Bettdo G B,ed. A modern approach to the protection of the environment.Pontificlae Academiae Scientiarum Scritpa Varia75,Vatican,1989:7-39.
[37] Turner II B L,Kasperson R E,Meyer W B,et al. Two type of global environmental change[J]. Global Environmental Change,1990,1（4）:14-22.
[38] Stern P C,Young O R,Druckman D,eds. Glibal Environmental Change[M]. Washington DC:National Academy Press,1992.
[39] Berry E W. Tree Ancestors:A Glimpse into the Past[M]. Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins Co.,1923.
[40] Brooks C E P. Climate through the Age: A Study of the Climatic Factors and their Variations[M]. London:E Benn Linited,1926.
[41] Dachnowski A P. The correlation of time units and climatic changes in peat deposits of the United States and Europe[J]. Proceedings of the Natlinal Academy of Sciences,1922,8（7）:225-231.
[42] Penck A. The shifting of the climate belts[J]. Scottish Geoginal Magazine,1914,30:281-293.
[43] Lamb H H. Climate,History and the Modern World,2nd[M].London,New York:Routledge,1995.
[44] James Rodger Fleming. Historical Perspectives on Climate Change[M].US,Oxford.Oxford University Press,1998.
[45] Department of Agriculture,United States. Climate and Man,Yearbook of Agriculture[R]. Washington DC:United States Government Printing Office,1941.
[46] Korec R J,ed. Atmospheric Quality and Climate Change[C]. Papers of the Second Carolina Geographical Symposium,1975.
[47] Lamb H H. The Changing Climate[M]. London:Methuen Co Ltd.1966.
[48] Ausubel J,Biswas A K,eds. Climate Constraints and Human activities[M]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1980.
[49] Firor J. The Changing Atmosphere: A Global Challenge[M]. New Haven & London:Yale University Press,1990.
[50] Trenberth K E,ed. Climate System Modeling[M].Cambrige:Cambridge University Press,1989.
[51] Ge Quansheng,Zhang Piyuan,Niu Chunyan. Research on climate change impacts[J]. Advances in Earth Science,1989,（3）:41-46.[葛全胜,张丕远,纽春燕. 关于气候变化影响的研究[J]. 地球科学进展,1989,（3）：41-46.]
[52] WMO-ICSU Joint Organizing Committee. GARP Publication Series,No.16[Z]. WMO,Geneva,1975.
[53] Arrhenius E,Waltz T W. The Greenhouse Effevt: Implications for Economic Development[M]. Washington DC:The World Bank,1990.
[54] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Energy and Climate Change[M]. Lewis Publishers,1990.
[55] Zwerver S,van Rompaey R S A R,Kok M T J,et al. Climate Change Research Evaluation and Policy Implications[M]. New York:Elsevier,1995.
[56] Qu Jiansheng,Sun Chengquan. Political contents of the global change studies: Taking the policies on climate of US as an example[J]. World Science-Technology R & D,2004,26（2）:78-83.[曲建升,孙成权.全球变化研究中的“科学政治化”倾向[J].世界科技研究与发展,2004,26（2）:78-83.]
[57] NASA Advisory Council. Earth System Science: A Closest View[M]. Washington DC:NASA,1988.
[58] Yao Yupeng,Ma Fuchen. A Discussion on the conceptual model for the strategy of the earth system research in China[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2004,20（2）:144-148.[姚玉鹏,马福臣.关于我国开展地球系统研究战略概念模型的讨论[J].地球科学进展,2004,20（2）:144-148.]
[59] ESSP. The Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change[EB/OL]. http:∥www.sciconf.igbp.kva.se/fr.html.July,2001.
[60] Qu Jiansheng,Zhang Zhiqiang,Lin Hai. Earth System Science Partnership: Framework and tasks[C]∥Huang Dingcheng,Lin Hai,Zhang Zhiqiang,eds. Research on the Development Strategy of Earth System Science. Beijing:Meteorology Press.2005:161-170.[曲建升,张志强,林海.地球系统科学联盟（ESSP）：框架与任务[C]∥黄鼎成,林海,张志强主编.地球系统科学发展战略研究.北京：气象出版社,2005:161-170.]
[61] IGBP.The new and evolving IGBP[J]. Global Change Newsletter,2002,（50）:1-3.
[62] IHDP. Strategic Plan 2007-2015：Framing Worldwide Research on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change[EB/OL].http://www.ihdp.uni-bonn.de/Pdf_files/WebStratPlan.pdf,2007.
[63] WCRP.WCRP Strategic Framework for 2005-2015:Coordinated Observation and Prediction of the Earth System[R].2005.
[64] Bi Siwen,Xu Qiang. Earth System Science[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2003.[毕思文,许强.地球系统科学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.]
[65] Bi Siwen. An Introduction to Earth System Science[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2003.[毕思文.地球系统科学导论[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.]
[66] Huang Dingcheng,Lin Hai,Zhang Zhiqiang,eds. Research on the Development Strategy of Earth System Science[M]. Beijing:Meteorology Press,2005.[黄鼎成,林海,张志强.地球系统科学发展战略研究[M]. 北京：气象出版社,2005.]
[67] Peng Shengchao,Qin Guoying. Earth System Science[M]. Beijing: Science Press,2003.[彭胜潮,秦国英.地球系统科学[M]. 北京：科学出版社,2003.]
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
