The National Basic Research Program of China entitled “monitoring and forecasting of finescale structure and impact assessment of landfalling typhoons” was approved in 2015. Field experiments will be conducted in this program to obtain observational data of finescale structures in typhoons, and analysis theory and methods of multi-source data will be studied. This program will reveal the characteristics of finescale structures and their effects on typhoon winds and rainfall. Key technique in high-resolution numerical typhoon models will be developed, and methods of typhoon-related disaster predictions and assessments will also be investigated. The research in the program aims at revealing how environments and internal multiscale interactions affect finescale structures of landfalling typhoons and how behavior of finescale structures affects the intensity and distribution of typhoon-induced rainfall. In addition, improvement of the skill of numerical modeling and forecasting of finescale structures and impact assessments of landfalling typhoons is expected to be made through the program.