Abstract: Currently, the increasingly severe climate change, frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, growing pressure on food security, and the accelerated development of smart agriculture have posed severe challenges to the development of agricultural meteorology. Systems science provides solutions for agricultural meteorology to address these challenges, and developing systematic agricultural meteorology is an urgent need to promote the development of agricultural meteorology. Based on the systematic characteristics of the research object of agricultural meteorology, this article proposes the connotation and theoretical framework of systematic agricultural meteorology and looks forward to the research prospects. The results show that systematic agricultural meteorology is a science that uses system analysis methods to study the interaction mechanisms, dynamic evolution laws, and impacts and optimization paths of various elements within the agricultural meteorological system. It focuses on the interrelationships among various elements in the agricultural meteorological system and emphasizes the application of cybernetics, computer technology, and mathematical theories. Through systematic observation, analysis, description, simulation, and optimization, it builds agricultural meteorological models to achieve state expression, dynamic simulation, and regulatory improvement of the agricultural meteorological system, promoting the coordinated development of the agricultural meteorological system. The key scientific issues of systematic agricultural meteorology include multi-source data scale conversion, multi-factor synergy mechanisms, and multi-process coupling model construction. The research goal is to optimize the structure of the agricultural meteorological system and collaboratively achieve high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, and sustainable agricultural production. Systematic agricultural meteorology is a new form and new engine for the development of agricultural meteorology. Through theoretical innovation, technology integration, and service reconfiguration, it promotes the transformation of agricultural production from “relying on nature” to the intelligent paradigm of “knowing nature and working accordingly”, realizing the paradigm shift from empirical judgment to intelligent decision-making, and providing scientific support for addressing the challenges of food security under climate change and developing new quality productive forces in agricultural meteorology.