Abstract： Surface ozone (O3) and terrestrial vegetation has profound and complex interactions that exert strong influences on atmospheric chemistry, ecosystem productivity, and regional climate. As a phytotoxic oxidant, O3 enters plant tissues through stomata, triggering oxidative stress and impairing photosynthetic functions. These physiological disruptions further reduce crop yields and ecosystem productivity, posing substantial threats to global food security and terrestrial carbon sink. Current syntheses estimate that present-day O3 pollution reduces global land sink by 1.5~5%, with hotspots in eastern China and eastern U.S. Vegetation is not merely a passive recipient of O3 stress; rather, it actively modulates surface O3 concentrations through dual roles as both a sink and a source. On the one hand, stomatal uptake represents a major pathway for O3 dry deposition, accounting for approximately 45% of global O3 removal. On the other hand, vegetation emits biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), such as isoprene and monoterpenes, which act as key precursors for O3 formation under sunlight. Recent modeling studies suggest that BVOCs contribute more than 10% to summertime O3 concentrations in polluted regions such as China and U. S. A critical feedback arises from O3-vegetation coupling: elevated O3 induces stomatal closure as a protective response, which reduces the stomatal uptake of O3, weakens dry deposition, and ultimately enhances ambient O3 levels. In addition, O3-induced stomatal closure suppresses transpiration, altering surface energy partitioning by reducing latent heat flux and increasing sensible heat flux. These biophysical responses promote regional warming and drying, with consequent impacts on regional climate and hydrology, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, and runoff. For example, O3-vegetation interactions have been shown to increase summer surface temperatures by 0.2~0.8 K and reduce relative humidity by 3~9% in eastern China. Despite progress in experimental and modeling approaches, substantial uncertainties persist. These include limitations of controlled-exposure experiments, inconsistencies in O3 damage parameterizations, and incomplete understanding of interactions between O3 stress and co-occurring drivers such as elevated CO2, nitrogen deposition, and extreme climate events. Future research should prioritize integrated multi-scale observational networks, multifactor manipulative experiments, and advanced Earth system models that tightly couple atmospheric chemistry with dynamic vegetation processes. Improved quantification of the O3-vegetation-climate interaction is essential for developing coordinated strategies that jointly address air quality improvement and climate change adaptation.