The five central Asian countries locate in the hinterland of Eurasian continent, whose geographical state is closed with many trans-boundary rivers. The water resources form area and consume area are not consistent in the five countries. Therefore, water resources development and utilization and the contradict between the two parts are serious, which makes the five countries become the representation of water resources development and utilization and the ecological environment protection among the global trans-boundary rivers. As a result, studying  the central Asian water resources condition and development and utilization  is of great significance to study the sustainable use method of trans-boundary rivers and arid area water resources. On the basis of the introduction the five central Asian  countries and their main rivers, giving the assessment method of surface and ground water quantity and distribution characteristic, the paper elaborates the population and urbanization, economic  growth  and industrial structure, farmland and historical development of the five countries, analyzes the water resources development and utilization state of the  five central Asian five countries, and also gives the summary of the problems during the process of water resources development and utilization.