In its transport and deposition processes, the dust aerosol brings both direct and indirect environmental effects, which promotes research on mechanism of dust emission and deposition. With the development of Aeolian erosion research, the understanding of mechanism of the dust emission becomes deeper. The research developed from simple experiential equation to dust emission models with clear physical mechanism, in which the micro-process of dust emission is taken into consideration, and these dust emission models are widely used in the forecasting of dust storm at large-scale space. The research of dust deposition is concentrated on dry deposition of dust and its scavenging process below clouds, while the research on removal process of dust in the cloud is relatively fewer. This paper briefly reviewed the history of mechanism research of dust emission and deposition and summarized the recent achievements. Finally, the authors analyzed the problems in the present study, and suggested the further trends of study.