地球科学进展 ›› 2005, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (11): 1191 -1198. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2005.11.1191

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

元谋人时代研究评述——兼论我国早更新世古人类时代问题
姚海涛,邓成龙,朱日祥   
  1. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所古地磁与年代学实验室,北京 100029
  • 收稿日期:2004-10-18 修回日期:2005-06-27 出版日期:2005-11-25
  • 通讯作者: 姚海涛
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金项目“元谋人磁性地层学年代研究”(编号:40374022); 中国科学院优秀群体创新项目“地球磁场与地球外核动力学”(编号:40221402)联合资助.

GEOCHRONOLOGICAL RESEARCH INTO THE YUANMOU HOMO ERECTUS—With a Discussion of the Age of the Early Pleistocene Early Human in China

YAO Hai-tao; DENG Chenglong; ZHU Rixiang   

  1. Paleomagnetism and Geochronoly Laboratory (SKL-LE), Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
  • Received:2004-10-18 Revised:2005-06-27 Online:2005-11-25 Published:2005-11-25

我国早更新世古人类遗址时代的确定对于认识早期人类起源、扩散与演化具有重要意义。对元谋人化石的各种年龄测定结果和认识分歧进行了综合评述。综合分析认为,在翔实的岩石地层学和古生物地层学基础上,开展高分辨率磁性地层学研究是解决包括元谋人在内的这一时期哺乳动物时代科学问题的最有效的研究途径。

The exact age determination of the early Pleistocene hominid remains is important for understanding the origin, dispersal and evolution of early human in China. This paper reviews various age estimatiom of Yuanmou Man in detail, then discusses the causes of its age disputes among lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic studies. Many disciplines researches of the terrestrial sediments bearing rich mammalian fossils including hominid remains indicate that new tectonic activity, geography pattern, global cooling and drying change and extensively mammalian exchange are possible causes of age controversies of early human. Hence, We suggest that it is necessary to combine biostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy in order to obtain reliable age determination of the Yuanmou H. erectus and other mammalian.

中图分类号: 

[1] Bien M N. Geology of the Yuanmo Basin, Yunan [J]. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 1940, 20: 23-31.
[2] Colbert E H. Pleistocene mammals from the Ma Kai Valley of northern Yunnan, China[J].American Museum Novitates,1940,(1 099): 1-10.
[3] Pei Wenzhong. Fossil mammals of early Pleistocene age from Yuanmo (Ma-kai) of Yunnan [J]. Vertebrata PalaSiatica, 1961, 1: 16-31. [裴文中. 云南元谋更新世初期的哺乳动物化石(附广西柳城“巨猿洞”马化石的研究) [J].古脊椎动物与古人类, 1961, 1:16-31.]
[4] Zhou Mingzhen. Occurrence of Enhydriodon at Yuanmo, Yunnan [J]. Vertebrata PalaSiatica, 1961, 2:164-167. [周明镇. 元谋水獭化石的发现和滇东含晚第三纪哺乳类化石层的对比 [J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1961, 2:164-167.]
[5] Hu Chengzhi. Ape-man teeth from Yuanmou, Yunnan [J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1973, 1: 65-71. [胡承志.云南元谋发现的猿人牙齿化石[ J ]. 地质学报, 1973, 1:65-71.]
[6] Li Pu, Qian Fang, Ma Xinghua, et al. Prelimiary study on the age of the Yuanmou Man by paleomagnetic technique [J]. Science in China, 1976, 6:579-591. [李普, 钱方, 马醒华, 等. 用古地磁方法对元谋人化石年代的初步研究 [J]. 中国科学, 1976, 6:579-591.]
[7] Pu Qingyu, Qian Fang. Study on the fossil human strata—The Yuanmo Formation [J]. Acta Geologic Sinica, 1977, 1:89-99. [浦庆余, 钱方. 对元谋人化石层——元谋组的研究 [J]. 地质学报, 1977, 1:89-99.]
[8] Cheng Guoliang, Li Suling, Lin Jinlu. Discussion on the age of Homo erectus Yuanmouensis and the event of early Matuyama [J]. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 1977, 1: 34-43. [程国良, 李素玲, 林金录. “元谋人”的地质年代和松山早期事件的商榷 [J]. 地质科学, 1977, 1:34-43.]
[9] Zhou Guoxing, Zhang Xingyong. Yuanmou Man [M]. Kunming :Yunnan People’s Press, 1984.[周国兴, 张兴永. 元谋人[M]. 昆明: 云南人民出版社, 1984.]
[10] Qian Fang. On the age of ‘Yuanmou Man’—A discussion with Liu Tungsheng et al. [J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 1985, 4(4): 324-332. [钱方. 关于元谋人的地质时代问题——与刘东生等同志商榷 [J]. 人类学学报, 1985, 4(4):324-332.]
[11] Jiang Nengren, Sun Rong, Liang Qizhong, et al. The late Cenozoic stratigraphy and palaeontology in Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan, China [J]. Yunnan Geology, 1989,(suppl.): 1-107. [江能人, 孙荣, 梁其中. 云南元谋盆地晚新生代地层和古生物 [J]. 云南地质, 1989,(增刊):1-107.]
[12] Qian Fang, Zhou Guoxing. Quaternary Geology and Paleoanthropology of Yuanmou Yunnan, China[M].Beijing:Science Press, 1991.[钱方, 周国兴. 元谋第四纪地质与古人类 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1991.]
[13] Zhang Zonghu, Liu Pinggui, Qian Fang, et al. New development in research of late Cenozoic stratigraphy in Yuanmou Basin[J]. Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology, 1994, 14(2): 1-17. [张宗祜, 刘平贵, 钱方, 等. 元谋盆地晚新生代地质研究的新进展 [J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 1994, 14(2):1-17.]
[14] Zhang Yuping, You Yuzhu, Ji Hongxiang, et al. Cenozoic stratigraphy of Yunnan [A]. In: Editorial Committee of Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Paleontology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, eds. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Paleontology(Ⅶ)[C]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1978. 1-21. [张玉萍, 尤玉柱, 计宏祥, 等. 云南地区新生界 [A]. 见:中国地质科学院地层古生物论文集编委会. 地层古生物论文集(第七辑) [C]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1978. 1-21.]
[15] Huang Wanbo, Wang Jingwen, Qiu Zhuding, et al. Age and correlation of the Yuanmou, Longjie and Xigeda Formation [A]. In: Editorial committee of Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Paleontology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, eds. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Paleontology(Ⅶ)[C]. Beijing : Geological Publishing House, 1978. 30-39. [黄万波, 王景文, 邱铸鼎, 等. 元谋组、龙街组及昔格达组的时代对比 [A]. 见:中国地质科学院地层古生物论文集编委会. 地层古生物论文集(第七辑) [C]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1978. 30-39.]
[16] You Yuzhu, Liu Houyi, Pan Yuerong. Plio-Pleistocene deposits and mammalian faunas of Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan [A]. In: Editorial Committee of Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Paleontology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, eds. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Paleontology(Ⅶ)[C]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1978. 40-67. [尤玉柱, 刘后一, 潘悦容. 云南元谋、班果盆地晚新生代地层与脊椎动物化石 [A]. 见:中国地质科学院地层古生物论文集编委会. 地层古生物论文集(第七辑)[C]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1978. 40-67.]
[17] Liu Tungsheng, Ding Menglin. Discussion on the age of “Yuanmou Man” [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica,1983, 2(1): 40-48. [刘东生, 丁梦林. 关于元谋人化石地质时代的讨论 [J]. 人类学学报, 1983, 2(1):40-48.]
[18] Cheng Jie. Discussion on the age of the “Yuanmou Man” (Homo erectus yuanmouensis) [J]. Geological Science and Technology Information,2000, 19(4): 40-44. [程捷. “元谋人”时代刍议 [J]. 地质科技情报, 2000, 19(4):40-44.]
[19] Cheng Jie, Liu Xueqing, Yue Jianwei, et al. A discussion on the “Yuanmou Formation” and “Yuanmou Fauna” from the Yuanmou Basin of north Yunnan [J]. Journal of Stratigraphy,2002, 26(2): 146-150. [程捷, 刘学清, 岳建伟, 等.“元谋组”及“元谋动物群”含义的厘定 [J]. 地层学杂志, 2002, 26(2):146-150.]
[20] Urabe A, Nakaya H, Muto T, et al. Lithostratigraphy and depositional history of the Late Cenozoic hominid-bearing successions in the Yuanmou Basin, southwest China [J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2001, 20: 1 671-1 681.
[21] Hyodo M, Nakaya H, Urabe A, et al. Paleomagnetic dates of hominid remains from Yuanmou, China, and other Asian sites [J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2002, 43:27-41.
[22] You Yuzhu, Qi Guoqin. Newly found mammal fossils of Pleistocene in Yuanmou, Yunnan [J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica,1973, 11(1): 66-85. [尤玉柱, 祁国琴. 云南元谋更新世哺乳动物化石新材料 [J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1973, 11(1): 66-85.]
[23] Cox A. Geomagnetic reversals [J]. Science,1969, 163:237-245.
[24] Cande S C, Kent D V. Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1995, 100:6 093-6 095.
[25] Li Yanxian. Subdivision and evolution of Quaternary mammalian faunas in south China [J].Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1981, 19(1):67-76. [李炎贤. 我国南方第四纪哺乳动物群的划分和演变 [J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1981, 19(1):67-76.]
[26] Zong Guanfu. On new material of Stegodon with recollections of the classification of Stegodon in China [J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1995, 33(3): 216-230. [宗冠福.中国的剑齿象化石新材料及剑齿象系统分类的回顾 [J].古脊椎动物学报,1995, 33(3):216-230.]
[27] Heller F, Liu T S. Magnetostratigraphical dating of loess in China [J]. Nature, 1982, 300:431-433.
[28] Liu Tungsheng, et al. Loess and the Environment [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1985.[刘东生,等. 黄土与环境 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1985.]
[29] Yue Leping, Xue Xiangxi. The mammalian faunas in north Chinese loess and the position in magnetostratigraphy [J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1996, 34(4): 305-311. [岳乐平, 薛祥熙. 中国北方黄土地层中的哺乳动物群及在磁性地层中的位置 [J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 1996, 34(4): 305-311.]
[30] Cheng Jie. Research on the early Pleistocene climatic and biotic events in north China—Evidence from mammalian faunas [J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2000, 19(1): 5-10.[程捷. 华北地区早更新世生物—气候事件——以哺乳动物化石为例 [J]. 地质科技情报, 2000, 19(1):5-10.]
[31] Jin Changzhu, Zheng Longting, Dong Wei, et al. The early Pleistocene deposits and mammalian fauna from Rizhidong, Fanchang, Anhui province, China[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2000, 19(3): 184-198. [金昌柱, 郑龙亭, 董为, 等. 安徽繁昌早更新世人字洞古人类活动遗址及其哺乳动物群 [J]. 人类学学报, 2000, 19(3):184-198.]
[32] Ji Hongxiang. Some problems concerning the division of the Gigantopitchecus Fauna[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy,1990, 14(1): 57-62. [计宏祥. 华南巨猿动物群的划分问题 [J]. 地层学杂志, 1990, 14(1):57-62.]
[33] Huang Wanbo, Fang Qiren. Wushan Hominid Site [M]. Beijing: Ocean Press, 1991.[黄万波, 方其仁. 巫山猿人遗址 [M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 1991.]
[34] Huang W W, Ciochon R, Gu Y, et al. Early Homo and associated artifacts from Asia [J]. Nature,1995, 378:275-278.
[35] Mix A C, Pisias N G, Rugh W, et al. Benthic foraminifer stable isotope record from Site 849 (0~5 Ma): Local and global climate changes, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program[R].Scientific Results, 1995, 138:371-412.
[36] Clark P U, Alley R B, Pollard D. Northern hemisphere ice-sheet influences on global climate change [J]. Science,1999, 286:1 104-1 111.
[37] Ding Z L, Derbyshires E, Yang S L, et al. Stacked 2.6 Ma grain size record from the Chinese loess based on five sections and correlation with the deep-sea δ18O record [J].Paleoceanography, 2002, 17, doi: 10.1029/2001PA000725.
[38] Ravelo A C, Andreasen D H, Lyle M, et al. Regional climate shifts caused by gradual global cooling in the Pliocene epoch [J]. Nature,2004, 429:263-267.
[39] Liu Tungsheng, Ding Zhongli. Comparison of Plio-Pleistocene climatic changes in different monsoonal regions and implications for human evolution [J]. Quaternary Science, 1999,(4):289-298. [刘东生,丁仲礼. 季风区古环境演化的相似性与人类演化[J]. 第四纪研究, 1999,(4):289-298.]
[40] Potts R. Evolution and climate variability [J]. Science, 1996, 273:922-923.
[41] Bobe R, Behrensmeyer A K. The expansion of grassland ecosystems in Africa in relation to mammalian evolution and the origin of the genus Homo [J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2004, 207:399-420.
[42] Ji Hongxiang. The transitional area between the South China and the north China provinces of zoographical division of Quaternary mammalian faunas [J]. Journal of Stratigraphy, 1994, 18(4): 248-254. [计宏祥. 第四纪期间中国南北两大动物区系之间的过渡地带动物群 [J]. 地层学杂志, 1994, 18(4):248-254.]
[43] Tong Yongsheng, Zheng Shaohua, Qiu Zhuding. Evolution of Cenozoic mammalian faunal regions of China [J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica,1996, 34(3): 215-227. [童永生, 郑绍华, 邱铸鼎. 中国新生代哺乳动物区系演变 [J] . 古脊椎动物学报, 1996, 34(3):215-227.]
[44] Qiu Zhuding. History of Neogene micromammal faunal regions of China [J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1996, 34(4): 179-296. [邱铸鼎. 中国晚第三纪小哺乳动物区系史 [J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 1996, 34(4):179-296.]
[45] Sun Honglie, Zheng Du. Formation, Evolution and Development of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau [M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong Science & Technology Press, 1998.[孙鸿烈,郑度. 青藏高原的形成与演化 [M]. 广州: 广东科技出版社,1998.]
[46] Wang Chengshan, Zhu Lidong, Liu Zhifei. Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of basins in the north of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and northward growing process of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2004, 19(3): 373-381.[王成善,朱利东,刘志飞. 青藏高原北部盆地构造沉积演化与高原向北生长过程 [J]. 地球科学进展, 2004, 19(3):373-381.]
[47] Chen Maonan. Study on the Nihewan Beds [M]. Beijing: Ocean Press, 1988.[陈茅南. 泥河湾层的研究[M]. 北京:海洋出版社, 1988.]
[48] Yuan Baoyin, Zhu Rixiang, Tian Wenlai, et al. Magnetostratigraphic dating on the Nihewan Formation [J]. Science in China (D), 1996, 26(1): 67-73. [袁宝印,朱日祥,田文来, 等. 泥河湾组的时代、地层划分和对比问题[J]. 中国科学D辑,1996,26(1):67-73.]
[49] Wang Shubing, Jiang Fuchu, Wu Xihao,et al. The connotation and significance of Sanmen Formation [J]. Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(1): 116-123. [王书兵,蒋复初,吴锡浩,等. 三门组的内涵及意义 [J].第四纪研究, 2004,24(1):116-123.]
[50] Wu Xinzhi. A brief review of the study on human origins and the prospect of the paleoanthropology in China [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2001, 16(5): 629-633. [吴新智.人类起源研究回顾与中国古人类学展望[J].地球科学进展, 2001, 16(5): 629-633.]
[51] Zhou Mingzhen. The age and characteristics of mammalian fauna with Lantian Man fossil remains [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1965, 6:482-487. [周明镇. 蓝田猿人动物群的性质和时代 [J]. 科学通报, 1965, 6:482-487.]
[52] Aigner J S, Laughlin W S. The dating of Lantian man and his significance for analyzing trends in human evolution [J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1978, 39(2): 97-110.
[53] Ma Xinghua. Qian Fang, Li Pu, et al. Paleomagnetic dating of Lantian Man [J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1978, 16:238-243. [马醒华, 钱方, 李普, 等. “蓝田人”年代的古地磁学研究 [J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1978, 16:238-243.]
[54] Cheng Guoliang, Li Suling, Lin Jinlu. A research on the ages of the strata of “Lantian Man” [A]. In: Collected Papers of Paleoanthropology [C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1978. 151-157. [程国良, 李素玲, 林金录. 蓝田人地层年代的探讨 [A]. 见:古人类论文集 [C]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1978. 151-157.]
[55] Liu Tungsheng, Ding Menglin. A tentative chronological correlation early human fossils horizons in China with the loess-deep sea records [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 1984, 3:93-101. [刘东生, 丁梦麟. 中国早期人类化石层位与黄土—深海沉积古气候旋回的对比 [J]. 人类学报, 1984, 3:93-101.]
[56] An Z S, Ho C K. New magnetostratigraphic dates of Lantian Homo erectus [J]. Quaternary Research, 1989, 32:213-221.
[57] Tang Yingjun, Li Yi, Chen Wanyong. Mammalian fossil and the age of Xiaochangliang paleolith site of Yangyuan, Hebei [J]. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 1995, 33(1): 74-83. [汤英俊, 李毅, 陈万勇. 河北阳原小长梁遗址哺乳类化石及其时代 [J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 1995, 33(1):74-83.]
[58] You Yuzhu. New material from Xiaochangliang paleolith site and its age, Hebei [J]. Prehistory Archaeology, 1983,(1):46-50. [尤玉柱. 河北小长梁旧石器遗址的新材料及其时代问题 [J]. 史前研究, 1983,(1):46-50.]
[59] Zhu R X, Hoffman K A, Potts R, et al. Earliest presence of humans in northeast Asia [J]. Nature, 2001, 413: 413-417.
[60] Zhu R X, An Z S, Potts R, et al. Magnetostratigraphic dating of early humans in China [J]. Earth Science Review,2003, 61: 341-359.
[61] Zhu R X, Potts R, Xie F, et al. New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia [J]. Nature,2004, 431:559-562. 
[62] Liu Tungsheng, Shi Yafeng, Wang Rujian,et al. Table of Chinese quaternary stratigraphic correlation remarked with climate change [J]. Quaternary Sciences,2000, 20(2): 108-127. [刘东生,施雅风,王汝建,等. 以气候变化为标志的中国第四纪地层对比表[J]. 第四纪研究,2000, 20(2): 108-127.]
[63] Wu Wenxiang, Liu Tungsheng. Correlation of the stratigraphy between Nihewan and Loess Plateau and their Paleolithic sequence [J].Advances in Earth Science,2002, 17(1): 33-38. [吴文祥,刘东生. 泥河湾与黄土高原地层对比及其旧时代序列 [J].地球科学进展,2002,17(1): 33-38.]

[1] 肖国桥,詹涛,葛俊逸. 地磁极性年表的发展回顾[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010, 25(4): 365-373.
[2] 姚海涛,赵志中,王书兵,乔彦松,李朝柱,傅建利,王燕,蒋复初. 攀西地区晚新生代沉积研究回顾与问题讨论[J]. 地球科学进展, 2007, 22(5): 504-514.
[3] 邓云山,孟自芳,郑彦鹏. 塔里木盆地古地磁研究新成果[J]. 地球科学进展, 1999, 14(6): 624-625.
阅读次数
全文


摘要