地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (1): 52 -69. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.006.

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

中国陆相湖盆碳酸盐岩储集层特征及其成藏条件
杜江民 1( ),龙鹏宇 1,杨鹏 2,丁强 2,胡秀银 3,李伟 1,柏杨 1,盛军 4   
  1. 1.河北地质大学 资源学院，河北 石家庄 050031
    2.中国石油长庆油田公司，陕西 西安 710018
    3.中国石油西南油气田分公司，四川 成都 610051
    4.中国石油青海油田分公司，甘肃 敦煌 736202
  • 收稿日期:2019-10-01 修回日期:2019-12-20 出版日期:2020-01-20
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目“塔中地区上奥陶统良里塔格组微生物碳酸盐岩沉积特征对多尺度孔隙耦合的影响”(41702163);河北地质大学博士科研启动基金项目“碳酸盐岩储层白云岩成因机理研究”(BQ2017049)

Characteristics of Carbonate Reservoir and Its Forming Conditions in Continental Lake Basin of China

Jiangmin Du 1( ),Pengyu Long 1,Peng Yang 2,Qiang Ding 2,Xiuyin Hu 3,Wei Li 1,Yang Bai 1,Jun Sheng 4   

  1. 1.College of Resources，Hebei GEO University，Shijiazhuang 050031，China
    2.Changqing Oilfieid;Company，CNPC，Xi′an 710018，China
    3.Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company，CNPC，Chengdu 610051，China
    4.Qinghai Oilfield Company，CNPC，Gansu Dunhuang 736202，China
  • Received:2019-10-01 Revised:2019-12-20 Online:2020-01-20 Published:2020-02-27
  • About author:Du Jiangmin (1984-), male, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, Associate professor. Research areas include petroleum geology and sedimentology. E-mail: jiangmindu@163.com
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Sedimentary characteristics of microbial carbanates and its effect on the coupling relationship of multiscale pore-sizes of Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation, Tazhong area, Tarim Basin”(41702163);The PhD Research Start-up Fund of Hebei GEO University “Genesis of dolomite in carbonate reservoir”(BQ2017049)
全文 ( 31 ) 下载PDF ( 503 )

经过数十年的勘探，地质学家们在湖相碳酸盐岩勘探中取得了丰硕成果。通过对准噶尔盆地二叠系芦草沟组、四川盆地侏罗系大安寨段、银额盆地白垩系和柴达木盆地渐新统（E 3 2 ）等4个典型的湖相碳酸盐岩案例进行解剖，分析其储集层特征、烃源岩生烃能力和成藏模式。结果表明： ① 湖相碳酸盐岩储集层普遍较为致密，以纳米—微米级储集空间为主，包括白云石晶间孔、生物体腔孔和堆积孔、微裂缝系统及其溶蚀扩大孔。咸化环境有利于白云石化作用，可改善湖相碳酸盐岩的储集能力，但绝大多数渗透率小于0.1 mD。 ② 湖相碳酸盐岩既有储集能力，又可作为生油岩，有机质丰度不高，且成熟度普遍较低，但源岩中的分散可溶有机质可在低熟阶段大量生排烃，具有较高的液态烃产率。 ③ 油气藏多具有“初期产量高—产量大幅下降—长期低产稳产”的产量特征，为典型“裂缝—孔隙型”油气藏。裂缝网络在地质历史时期的油气初次运移和聚集成藏、现今的油气开采过程中均提供运移通道作用。 ④ 油气藏为“连续型”非常规油气藏，常与邻区的常规油气藏共同组成区域性油气田群。该研究成果为重新评价湖相碳酸盐岩的勘探潜力奠定了理论基础。

关键词: 湖相碳酸盐岩, 白云石晶间孔, 可溶有机质, 低丰度—低熟, “连续型”非常规油气藏, 成藏模式

For decades of exploration, geologists have made great achievements in the exploration of lacustrine carbonate rocks. By dissecting four typical cases of lacustrine carbonate rocks, such as Lucaogou Formation of Permian in Junggar Basin, Da'anzhai Section of Jurassic in Sichuan Basin, Cretaceous in Yin'e Basin and Oligocene in Qaidam Basin, the reservoir characteristics, hydrocarbon generating capacity and reservoir forming model of source rocks were analyzed. The results show that: ① Lacustrine carbonate reservoirs are generally dense, with nano-micron reservoir space as the main reservoir space, including dolomite intergranular pore, organism cavity and accumulation pore, micro-fracture system and its corrosion expansion pore. Saline environment is beneficial to dolomitization and can improve the reservoir capacity of lacustrine carbonate rocks, but most of the permeability is less than 0.1 mD. ② Lacustrine carbonate rocks have not only reservoir capacity, but also can be used as source rocks. The abundance of organic matter is not high and the maturity is generally low. However, dispersed soluble organic matter in source rocks can generate and expel hydrocarbons in large quantities at low maturity stage, which has high liquid hydrocarbon yield. ③ Oil and gas reservoirs are characterized by "high initial production, large reduction of production and long-term low and stable production", and are typical "fracture-pore" reservoirs. Fracture networks provide migration pathways in the process of primary migration and accumulation of oil and gas in geological history and oil and gas exploitation nowadays. ④ Oil and gas reservoirs are "continuous" unconventional reservoirs, which often form regional oil and gas field groups together with conventional reservoirs in adjacent areas. The research results lay a theoretical foundation for re-evaluating the exploration potential of lacustrine carbonate rocks.

Key words: Lacustrine carbonate rocks, Dolomite intergranular pore, Soluble organic matter, Low abundance-low maturity, "Continuous" unconventional reservoirs, Hydrocarbon accumulation model

中图分类号: 

图1 中国陆相湖盆烃源岩在纵向上的分布特征及锶、碳、氧同位素曲线（同位素数据来自参考文献 [ 22 ]）
Fig. 1 Longitudinal distribution characteristics and strontium, carbon and oxygen isotope curves of lacustrine carbonate rocks in China（data from reference [ 22 ]）
图2 准噶尔盆地二叠系芦草沟组下部白云质岩类储集层厚度等值线图
Fig. 2 Isogram of dolomitic reservoir thickness in Lucaogou Formation of Lower Permian, Junggar Basin
图3 准噶尔盆地二叠系芦草沟组连井剖面
Fig. 3 Continuous well profile of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Junggar Basin
图4 四川盆地中部龙岗地区下侏罗统油气分布特征（a）与大安寨段沉积厚度等值线图（b）
Fig. 4 Distribution characteristics of Lower Jurassic oil and gas in Longgang area, Central Sichuan Basin （a） and sedimentary thickness isogram of Da'anzhai Section （b）
图5 四川盆地中部地区侏罗系大安寨段介壳灰岩储集层特征
（a）含泥介屑灰岩，X1井，大一段，2 858.00 m，岩心照片；（b）泥质介屑灰岩，Y1井，大二段，3 130.22 m，岩心照片；（c）泥质介屑灰岩，纹层发育，X3井，大二段，2 995.70 m，岩心照片；（d）微裂缝，X1井，大三段，3 073.40 m，铸体薄片（蓝色）；（e）与裂缝连通处溶蚀孔发育，S1井，大二段，3 072.30 m，铸体薄片（红色）；（f）介屑灰岩，溶蚀孔发育，X3井，大二段，2 995.30 m，扫描电镜照片
Fig. 5 Characteristic of Jurassic Da'anzhai Member crustal limestone reservoir in central Sichuan Basin
(a) Mud bearing medium detritus limestone, well X1, first member, 2 858.00 m, core photo; (b) Mud medium detritus limestone, well Y1, second member, 3 130.22 m, core photo; (c) Mud medium detritus limestone, developed lamination, well X3, second member, 2 995.70 m, core photo; (d) Microfracture, well X1, third member, 3 073.40 m, casting thin section (blue); (e) Dissolution at the connection with fracture Pore development, well S1, second member, 3 072.30 m, cast thin section (red); (f) Intermediate limestone, dissolution pore development, well X3, second member, 2 995.30 m, SEM photo
图6 四川盆地中部地区侏罗系大安寨段介壳灰岩物性特征
Fig. 6 Physical properties of crustal limestone in Da'anzhai Member of Jurassic in central Sichuan Basin
表1 银额盆地哈日凹陷白垩系主要储集岩的矿物组分
Table 1 Mineral composition of main cretaceous reservoir rocks in Hari Sag, Yin'e Basin
井号 井深/m 层位 矿物含量/%
硬石膏 方沸石 石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 铁白云石 菱铁矿 黄铁矿 角闪石 黏土总量
H2 1 062.30 巴音戈壁组 4.3 12.4 14.4 1.6 12.4 1.8 26.8 0 0 0 26.3
H2 1 064.10 巴音戈壁组 0 7.6 16.6 2.6 15.7 8.5 20.6 0 0 0 28.4
H3 468.17 银根组 0 17.6 15.4 0.8 13.1 0 30.6 0 0 0 22.5
H3 471.10 银根组 0.6 20.8 7.5 3.4 22.4 0.1 28.5 0 0 3.8 12.9
H3 547.96 银根组 0.8 0 16.7 1.2 5.2 0 27.3 0 0 0 48.8
H3 707.50 苏红图组 0.8 5.9 15.6 4.8 7.6 4.3 39.3 0 0 0 21.7
H3 1 154.80 苏红图组 0 0 7.4 3.0 24.5 33.3 19.0 0 0 0 12.8
H3 1 710.70 巴音戈壁组 2.3 0 9.8 3.1 23.7 1.8 37.2 2.2 1.1 0 18.8
H3 1 768.50 巴音戈壁组 0 0 13.4 1.8 13.2 1.3 22.6 2.2 5.3 0 40.2
HC1 437.19 银根组 0.7 0 1.4 3.4 29.7 5.6 34.9 0 0.1 0 24.2
HC1 750.50 银根组 0 2.2 2.5 0.5 2.0 0 90.4 0 0 0 2.4
图7 银额盆地哈日凹陷白垩系泥质白云岩微观孔隙特征与含油性
（a）YH2井，1 305.35 m，巴音戈壁组，白云石与陆源碎屑混合堆积，扫描电镜照片；（b）YH2井，1 062.30 m，巴音戈壁组，白云石晶间孔，扫描电镜照片；（c）YH3井，468.17 m，银根组，白云石晶间孔中含油，偏光显微镜照片；（d）YH3井，547.96 m，银根组，白云石晶间孔中含油，见裂缝，偏光显微镜照片；（e）HC1井，3 077.74 m，巴音戈壁组，微裂缝中含油，偏光显微镜照片；（f）YH3井，468.17 m，银根组，层间缝发育，白云石含量较多，右半部分为铁氰化钾和茜素红联合染色，偏光显微镜照片；（g）YH3井，468.17 m，层间缝发育，白云石含量较多，偏光显微镜照片；（h）YH3井，547.96 m，银根组，白云质泥岩层间缝发育，扫描电镜照片
Fig. 7 Micropore characteristics and oil-bearing properties of Cretaceous argillaceous dolomite in Hari Sag of Yine Basin
(a) Well YH2, 1 305.35 m, Bayingobi formation, dolomite and terrigenous debris mixed accumulation, SEM photo; (b) Well YH2, 1 062.30 m, Bayingobi formation, dolomite intergranular pore, SEM photo; (c) Well YH3, 468.17 m, Yingen formation, oil in dolomite intergranular pore, polarized microscope photo; (d) Well YH3, 547.96 m, Yingen formation, dolomite intergranular pore oil bearing, see fracture, polarizing microscope photo; (e) Well HC1, 3 077.74 m, Bayingobi formation, oil bearing in micro fracture, polarizing microscope photo; (f) Well YH3, 468.17 m, Yingen formation, interlayer fracture development, dolomite content is more, the right half is joint dyeing of potassium ferricyanide and Alizarin red, polarizing microscope photo; (g) Well YH3, 468.17 m, interlayer fracture development, more dolomite, polarizing microscope photo; (h) Well YH3, 547.96 m, Yingen formation dolomitic mudstone interlayer fracture development, SEM photo
表2 柴达木盆地英西地区渐新统储集岩 X射线衍射全岩矿物含量数据 %
Table 2 X-ray diffraction total rock mineral content data of Oligocene reservoir rocks in Yingxi area, Qaidam Basin %
样品编号 深度/m 石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 菱铁矿 石盐 黄铁矿 赤铁矿 硬石膏 铁白云石 黏土矿物
S49-1-1 3 746.03 3.3 0 1.3 16.0 0 0 0 4.9 0 70.5 4.1
S49-1-2 3 753.89 6.8 0 3.9 11.0 0 0 0 4.6 6.6 59.8 7.2
S49-1-3 3 754.01 5.4 0 3.3 12.0 0 0 0 5.3 6.5 61.4 6.1
S49-1-4 3 754.87 8.0 0.6 5.8 3.8 0 0 0 5.1 8.1 59.3 9.3
S49-1-5 3 768.96 4.1 0 3.3 12.1 0 0 0 3.8 4.2 70.1 2.4
S49-1-6 3 770.68 7.4 1.0 5.2 32.8 10.4 0 2.9 0 0.3 34.3 5.9
S49-1-7 3 772.44 1.7 0 1.8 2.4 0 0.6 5.1 0 2.0 83.8 2.6
S49-1-8 3 772.87 9.7 0 6.0 6.1 0 0 5.5 4.1 2.3 49.3 17.1
S49-1-9 3 774.48 8.3 0 7.3 19.4 0 0 4.8 0 0.3 46.5 13.3
S49-1-10 3 776.40 9.4 0.6 5.5 9.9 6.9 0 0 0 0.4 53.2 14.1
S49-1-11 3 780.18 2.7 0 2.5 1.0 0 0 4.7 3.7 1.3 76.7 7.4
S49-1-12 3 784.19 4.9 0 2.7 16.3 0 0 0 3.9 9.2 58.0 4.9
S49-1-13 3 850.78 6.2 0 4.6 11.0 0 0 5.9 4.8 0.3 60.1 7.1
S49-1-14 3 851.50 5.8 0 5.9 17.4 0 0.5 0 5.3 0.3 59.5 5.4
S41-2-1 4 072.41 8.1 0.5 7.7 19.5 10.4 0.9 4.0 0 5.5 39.3 4.1
S41-2-3 4 080.37 13.3 1.3 8.7 9.6 0 0 5.1 3.8 0.7 48.0 9.5
S41-2-5 4 081.74 17.0 0.8 6.5 6.6 0 0 4.7 3.6 5.7 48.3 6.8
S41-2-6 4 082.25 10.1 0.9 7.7 6.6 6.9 0 3.2 2.1 11.2 42.6 8.7
S41-2-7 4 082.61 5.4 0.7 4.8 14.3 4.0 0.3 3.1 3.0 9.5 50.5 4.4
S41-2-8 4 082.84 10.0 1.1 10.5 3.2 0 0 3.0 2.9 6.3 51.7 11.3
图8 柴达木盆地英西地区渐新统湖相白云岩储集层孔隙发育特征
（a）S41-6-1井，3 853.50 m，可见晶间孔中充注了蓝色环氧树脂，铸体薄片实物；（b）S41-6-1井，3 857.95 m，与微裂缝连通处含油，铸体薄片；（c）S41-6-1井，3 866.58 m，晶间孔发育，铸体薄片（蓝色）；（d）S41-6-1井，3 857.35 m，晶间孔发育，氩离子抛光后的扫描电镜照片；（e）S3-1井，4 365.55 m，晶间孔发育，氩离子抛光后的扫描电镜照片；（f）S3-1井，4 365.55 m，晶间孔发育，氩离子抛光后的扫描电镜照片；（g）S3-1井，4 365.55 m，晶间孔发育，氩离子抛光后的扫描电镜照片；（h）S3-1井，4 365.55 m，晶间孔发育，氩离子抛光后的扫描电镜照片；（i）S3-1井，4 365.55 m，晶间孔发育，氩离子抛光后的扫描电镜照片
Fig. 8 Pore development characteristics of Oligocene Lacustrine Dolomite reservoir in Yingxi area, Qaidam Basin
(a) Well S41-6-1, 3 853.50 m, it can be seen that the intergranular pore is filled with blue epoxy resin, and the casting slice is in kind; (b) Well S41-6-1, 3 857.95 m, and the oil-bearing part is connected with the micro fracture, and the casting slice is in thin; (c) Well S41-6-1, 3 866.58 m, the intergranular pore is developed, and the casting slice is in blue; (d) Well S41-6-1, 3 857.35 m, the intergranular pore is developed, and the SEM photo after argon ion polishing is taken; (e) Well S3-1, 4 365.55 m, intergranular pore development, SEM photo after Ar ion polishing; (f) Well S3-1, 4 365.55 m, intergranular pore development, SEM photo after Ar ion polishing; (g) Well S3-1, 4 365.55 m, intergranular pore development, SEM photo after Ar ion polishing; (h) Well S3-1, 4 365.55 m, intergranular pore development, SEM photo after Ar ion polishing SEM photos; (i) Well S3-1, 4 365.55 m, intergranular pore development, SEM photos after argon ion polishing
图9 柴达木盆地英西地区渐新统实测氦孔隙度值与白云石含量相关关系
Fig. 9 Relationship between the measured helium porosity value and dolomite content in the oligocene in the Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin
图10 中国典型盆地湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩镜质体反射率特征
Fig. 10 Vitrinite reflectance comparison of lacustrine carbonate source rocks in typical basins of China
图11 咸化湖盆烃源岩多阶段生烃模式图
Fig. 11 Multi-stage hydrocarbon generation model of source rocks in saline lake basin
图12 柴达木盆地英西地区渐新统微裂缝的发育控制了油气的高产
Fig. 12 The development of Oligocene micro-fractures in Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin controls the high oil and gas production
图13 常规和非常规油气孔喉结构对比与聚集成藏类型（据参考文献[ 48 , 49 ]修改）
Fig. 13 Comparison of pore throat structures and accumulation types of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons（modified after references[48,49]）
图14 湖相碳酸盐岩成藏模式及周缘油气藏类型（据参考文献[ 49 ]修改）
Fig. 14 Hydrocarbon accumulation model of lacustrine carbonate rocks（modified after reference[ 49 ]）
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