现代碳酸盐叠层石的重要进展及意义

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.001

作为记录地球早期生命历史的代表物，叠层石已经从35亿年追溯到了古老的37亿年。叠层石为早期生命的存在提供了间接证据，特别是现代碳酸盐叠层石的形成，更加证实了叠层石是蓝细菌生物席的钙化建造物。在现代碳酸盐叠层石中，以下地区的碳酸盐叠层石经前人长期研究已取得一些进展：巴哈马台地的粗粒叠层石、澳大利亚超盐度环境中的细粒叠层石、巴西东南部超盐度潟湖中的细粒叠层石。基于前人的研究成果，通过对现代碳酸盐叠层石的生长机制，以及复杂的微生物活动和沉积过程的追溯，认为本溪火连寨剖面寒武系张夏组中部的叠层石生物丘与现代碳酸盐叠层石存在明显差异，说明现代叠层石的沉积模式还不能完全应用在古代叠层石中。因此，现代碳酸盐叠层石和古代叠层石的对比，可以进一步为了解寒武纪叠层石的构建以及微生物碳酸盐岩工厂提供丰富的思考途径。

关键词: 碳酸盐叠层石, 蓝细菌生物席, 叠层石生物丘, 张夏组

Stromatolite, as the representative of recorder in the early life history of the Earth, has been traced back from 3.5 billion years to 3.7 billion years ago. Stromatolites do provide indirect evidence for the existence of early life on the Earth, especially the composition of modern carbonate stromatolites, which further proves that stromatolites are calcified structures of cyanobacterial mats. Among the modern carbonate stromatolites, the following examples have been studied for a long time: Coarse stromatolites on the platform of Bahamas, fine stromatolites in the ultra-salinity environment of Australia and ultra-salinity lagoon of southeastern Brazil. Based on the predecessors' research results, by tracing the growth mechanism of modern carbonate stromatolites and the complex microbial activities and deposition processes, the formation of stromatolites in the middle of the Zhangxia Formation of Cambrian in the Huolianzhai section of Benxi is obviously different from that of modern carbonate stromatolites, which indicates that the sedimentary model of modern stromatolites cannot be fully applied in the ancient stromatolites. Therefore, the comparison between modern carbonate stromatolites and ancient stromatolites provides a rich way to further understand the construction of Cambrian stromatolites and microbial carbonate factory.

Key words: Carbonate stromatolites, Cyanobacterial mats, Bioherms dominated by stromatolites, Zhangxia Formation.

中图分类号:

P588.24+5

图1 巴哈马 Little Darby 群岛碳酸盐叠层石的微观特征^{[

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(a)位于叠层石表面的裂须菌微生物群落；(b)鲕粒砂颗粒（o），间隙充满细胞外聚合物分泌物（e）和蓝细菌（c和箭头所指）；(c)主要的造席生物 Schizothrix gebeleinii，其特征是具有滑动的束状纤毛簇；(d)发育在砂颗粒间隙中的隐生菌（ Aphanocapsa）；(e)鲕粒砂颗粒中的微生物钻孔；(f)管状菌（ Solentia；一种真石内蓝细菌）的大规模爆发

Fig.1 Images showing microscopic features of carbonate stromatolites in Little Darby Cay of Bahamas^{[

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(a)Microbial community of Schizothrix on the surface of stromatolites; (b)Oolitic sand particles (o), interstitial filled with extracellular polymer secretions (e) and cyanobacteria (c,arrow); (c) Schizothrix gebeleinii, dominant microorganism in the mat, is characterized by presence of trichome bundled; (d) Aphanocapsa developing in the interstitial spaces of sand grains; (e)Microborings found in particles of oolitic sands; (f)Growth burst of the euendolithic cyanobacterium Solentia

图2 Hamelin Pool的叠层石^{[

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(a),(b)分别为未石化的光滑状和脓胞状生物席构成的叠层石；(c)微鞘菌（ Microcoleus）；(d)石囊藻（ Entophysalis）；(e)石化的脓胞状生物席构成的叠层石表面；(f)脓疱状生物席表面；(g)石化的光滑状生物席构成的叠层石表面；(h)光滑状生物席表面，(f)和(h)中箭头G表示蓝细菌微生物群落组成的绿色层，箭头P代表紫色硫细菌组成的粉色层，箭头B代表硫酸盐还原细菌组成的黑色层；(i)石化的胶粒状生物席构成的叠层石表面；(j)叠层石的穹状构造

Fig.2 Stromatolites from Hamelin Pool^{[

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(a),(b)They are stromatolites composed of smooth and pustular mats which are non-lithifying;(c) Microcoleus; (d) Entophysalis;(e)The surface of stromatolites composed of lithified pustular mats; (f) Surface of pustular mats; (g)The surface of stromatolites composed of lithified smooth mats; (h)Surface of smooth mats, arrow G represents the green layer composed of cyanobacteria microbial community, arrow P represents the pink layer composed of purple sulfur bacteria, and arrow B represents the black layer composed of sulfate reducing bacteria;(i)The surface of stromatolites composed of lithified colloform mats; (j)A domed structure of stromatolites

图3 巴西 Lagoa Vermelha 现代碳酸盐叠层石的总体特征^{[

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(a)微生物席形成的叠层石的横切面，表现为已石化的碳酸盐沉淀物构成的白色纹层和未石化的有机质层的交替，纹层1为蓝细菌主导的绿色层，纹层2为异养细菌主导的棕色层，纹层3为紫色硫细菌主导的红色层；(b)由较底层的细菌组成的样本，这一层显示出微红色，是紫色硫细菌的象征

Fig.3 Images showing general features of modern carbonate stromatolites in Lagoa Vermelha, Brazil^{[

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(a)The cross section of stromatolites formed by the microbial mat shows alternating layers of white laminae composed of fossilized carbonate sediments with layers of unfossilized organic matter. Layer 1 is the green layer dominated by cyanobacteria, layer 2 is the brown layer dominated by heterotrophic bacteria, and layer 3 is the red layer dominated by purple sulfur bacteria; (b) A sample of bacteria from the lower layer, this layer shows a reddish tint, the symbol of purple sulfur bacteria

图4 辽宁省本溪火连寨剖面张夏组中部的叠层石生物丘的宏观和微观结构
(a)叠层石生物丘的宏观特征；(b)丝状葛万菌（ Girvanella）化石，图中方框为典型的丝状钙化蓝细菌鞘化石；(c)清晰的丝状钙化蓝细菌鞘化石；(d)片状分布的葛万菌（ Girvanella）化石；(e)球状基座菌（ Hedstroemla）菌落

Fig. 4 Macro- and micro structures of stromatolites in the middle Zhangxia Formation in Huolianzhai section, Benxi, Liaoning Province
(a)Macroscopic characteristics of stromatolite bioherm; (b) Girvanella fossils, the microscopic fabric of stromatolites, shown in the box, is typical filamentous calcified cyanobacteria sheaths; (c)Clear calcified cyanobacteria; (d)Patchy distribution of Girvanella fossils; (e)The colony of spherical Hedstroemla

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摘要

Important Development and Significance of Modern Carbonate Stromatolites