区域中尺度模式云微物理参数化方案特征及其在中国的适用性

doi:1001-8166(2014)02-0238-12

云微物理参数化方案在数值模式中起着重要的作用,是影响数值天气预报和气候预测准确性的最大因素。系统回顾了中尺度数值模式中云微物理参数化方案的研究进展,并统计分析了最近十余年云微物理参数化方案在中国范围内的敏感性试验研究成果。Lin方案和RutledgeHobbs方案奠定了中尺度模式中云微物理参数化方案的基础,其他方案都是直接或间接在这2个方案的基础上从多方面改进而形成的。这些改进主要体现在：①水凝物粒子分类数目；②冰核活化；③粒子谱分布描述函数；④粒子谱截距的取值；⑤粒子间相互转换阈值大小的设定。中国范围内云微物理参数化方案敏感性试验研究成果统计表明,使用WRF模式中Lin方案的模拟效果较好,MM5模式采用Goddard和Reisner方案效果较好。

关键词: 中尺度模式, 云微物理参数化, 降水模拟, 敏感性试验

： Cloud microphysical scheme plays a significant role in cloud and precipitation simulation, and it is however one of the main error originations in predictions. An overview of the progresses in the cloud microphysical parameterization in mesoscale models has been done, and a statistical analysis of the sensitivity experiment results on the microphysical parameterization schemes over China have been performed. The Lin and RutledgeHobbs schemes lay a solid foundation for the development of cloud microphysical parameterization, and all later developed schemes were directly or indirectly based on the Lin and RutledgeHobbs schemes with some improvements. These improvements mainly include:①number of hydrometeor classicication; ②ice nucleation; ③hydrometeor particle size distributions; ④given values of intercept for the hydrometeor particle size distributions, and ⑤the threshold values for autoconversion processes. According to the statistical results, the Lin scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model performed well in simulations, and the Goddard and Reisner schemes in the PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) simulated well.

Key words: Mesoscale numerical model, Microphysical parameterization, Precipitation simulation, Sensitivity experiment.

中图分类号:

P435

图1 中尺度模式中混合相云微物理参数化方案之间的相互联系

Fig.1 Relationship among different bulk microphysical schemes in GRAPES, WRF, MM5, and ARPS models

表1 不同云微物理方案雪晶谱取值

Table 1 Values of intercept for snow crystal size distribution

方案	截距/cm^-4	参考文献
Lin方案	0.03	Lin^{[ 3 ]}
Dudhia方案	0.2	Dudhia^{[ 19 ]}
Goddard方案	0.04	Tao等^{[ 6 ]}
WSM方案	2#cod#x000d7;10⁶exp[0.12(T-T₀)]	Hong等^{[ 30 ]}

表1 不同云微物理方案雪晶谱取值

Table 1 Values of intercept for snow crystal size distribution

方案	截距/cm^-4	参考文献
Lin方案	0.03	Lin^{[ 3 ]}
Dudhia方案	0.2	Dudhia^{[ 19 ]}
Goddard方案	0.04	Tao等^{[ 6 ]}
WSM方案	2#cod#x000d7;10⁶exp[0.12(T-T₀)]	Hong等^{[ 30 ]}

表2 不同云微物理方案中自动转换过程中的阈值

Table 2 Threshold values for autoconversion processes in different schemes

过程	模式	方案	阈值	参考文献
云水自动转化为雨	MM5	Goddard方案	2 g/kg	Tao等^{[ 6 ]}
	MM5	Schultz方案	0.5 g/m³	Schultz^{[ 38 ]}
	MM5	Reisner霰方案	0.5 g/m³	Reisner等^{[ 13 ]}
	WRF	Thompson方案	0.35 g/m³	Thompson等^{[ 50 ]}
	MC2	Kong and Yau方案	2 g/kg	Kong等^{[ 51 ]}
雪晶自动转化为霰	WRF	Lin方案	6.0#cod#x000d7;10^-4g/g	Lin^{[ 3 ]}
	WRF	Goddard方案	10.0#cod#x000d7;10^-4g/g	Tao等^{[ 6 , 15 ]}

表2 不同云微物理方案中自动转换过程中的阈值

Table 2 Threshold values for autoconversion processes in different schemes

过程	模式	方案	阈值	参考文献
云水自动转化为雨	MM5	Goddard方案	2 g/kg	Tao等^{[ 6 ]}
	MM5	Schultz方案	0.5 g/m³	Schultz^{[ 38 ]}
	MM5	Reisner霰方案	0.5 g/m³	Reisner等^{[ 13 ]}
	WRF	Thompson方案	0.35 g/m³	Thompson等^{[ 50 ]}
	MC2	Kong and Yau方案	2 g/kg	Kong等^{[ 51 ]}
雪晶自动转化为霰	WRF	Lin方案	6.0#cod#x000d7;10^-4g/g	Lin^{[ 3 ]}
	WRF	Goddard方案	10.0#cod#x000d7;10^-4g/g	Tao等^{[ 6 , 15 ]}

表3 2000#cod#x02014;2012年期间中国范围内云微物理参数化方案敏感性试验结果

Table 3 Sensitivity experiment results for the cloud microphysical parameterization schemes over China during the period from 2000-2012

模式	方案名称	对流参数化方案	降水类型	文献
GRAPES	Simple ice	Betts-Miller	贵州暴雨	伍红雨等^{[ 71 ]}
	CAMS方案	KF-Tta	梅雨锋暴雨	孙晶等^{[ 72 ]}
WRF	Lin	Kain-Fritsch和 New-Kain-Fritsch	江淮暴雨	闫之辉等^{[ 16 ]}
	Lin	Kain-Fritsch	台风强降水	徐国强等^{[ 73 ]}
	Lin	Kain-Fritsch	华南暴雨	伍华平等^{[ 74 ]}
	Ferrier, WSM6, Lin	Kain-Fritsch	台风路径	河惠卿等^{[ 75 ]}
	WSM3	Kain-Fritsch	新疆暴雨	黄海波等^{[ 76 ]}
	Ferrier	Kain-Fritsch	华南暴雨	徐建军等^{[ 77 ]}
	Kessler	Betts-Miller-Janjic	西北暴雨	李安泰等^{[ 78 ]}
	WSM6	Betts-Miller	云南高原暴雨	段旭等^{[ 79 ]}
	WDM6,New Thompson	Kain-Fritsch	四川暴雨	陈功等^{[ 80 ]}
MM5	Goddard和Reisner	Anthes-Kuo和Grell	暴雪	林文实等^{[ 11 ]}
	Goddard	Grell	云南高原暴雨	段旭等^{[ 81 ]}
	Reisner	Kain-Fritsch	华南暴雨	孙晶等^{[ 12 ]}
	Reisner	Grell	华中暴雨	程麟生^{[ 82 ]}
	Goddard	Anthes-Kuo和Kain-Fritsch	梅雨锋降水	Ju等^{[ 83 ]}
	Goddard		降雪	Lin等^{[ 84 ]}
	Reisner	Grell	梅雨锋降水	康丽莉^{[ 85 ]}
	Schultz	Anthes-Kuo	梅雨锋降水	周祖刚^{[ 86 ]}

表3 2000#cod#x02014;2012年期间中国范围内云微物理参数化方案敏感性试验结果

Table 3 Sensitivity experiment results for the cloud microphysical parameterization schemes over China during the period from 2000-2012

模式	方案名称	对流参数化方案	降水类型	文献
GRAPES	Simple ice	Betts-Miller	贵州暴雨	伍红雨等^{[ 71 ]}
	CAMS方案	KF-Tta	梅雨锋暴雨	孙晶等^{[ 72 ]}
WRF	Lin	Kain-Fritsch和 New-Kain-Fritsch	江淮暴雨	闫之辉等^{[ 16 ]}
	Lin	Kain-Fritsch	台风强降水	徐国强等^{[ 73 ]}
	Lin	Kain-Fritsch	华南暴雨	伍华平等^{[ 74 ]}
	Ferrier, WSM6, Lin	Kain-Fritsch	台风路径	河惠卿等^{[ 75 ]}
	WSM3	Kain-Fritsch	新疆暴雨	黄海波等^{[ 76 ]}
	Ferrier	Kain-Fritsch	华南暴雨	徐建军等^{[ 77 ]}
	Kessler	Betts-Miller-Janjic	西北暴雨	李安泰等^{[ 78 ]}
	WSM6	Betts-Miller	云南高原暴雨	段旭等^{[ 79 ]}
	WDM6,New Thompson	Kain-Fritsch	四川暴雨	陈功等^{[ 80 ]}
MM5	Goddard和Reisner	Anthes-Kuo和Grell	暴雪	林文实等^{[ 11 ]}
	Goddard	Grell	云南高原暴雨	段旭等^{[ 81 ]}
	Reisner	Kain-Fritsch	华南暴雨	孙晶等^{[ 12 ]}
	Reisner	Grell	华中暴雨	程麟生^{[ 82 ]}
	Goddard	Anthes-Kuo和Kain-Fritsch	梅雨锋降水	Ju等^{[ 83 ]}
	Goddard		降雪	Lin等^{[ 84 ]}
	Reisner	Grell	梅雨锋降水	康丽莉^{[ 85 ]}
	Schultz	Anthes-Kuo	梅雨锋降水	周祖刚^{[ 86 ]}

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A Study of Characteristics of the Cloud Microphysical Parameterization Schemes in Mesoscale Models and Its Applicability to China