断层损伤及结构特征的离散元模拟

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.052

地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (7): 774 -786. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.052 cstr: 32269.14.adearth.CN62-1091/P.2026.052.

研究论文上一篇

断层损伤及结构特征的离散元模拟

邓飞¹^,²(

), 黄雨¹^,³(

), 李星月¹^,³, 方杰², 罗锡宜², 郭桢¹^,³

^1.同济大学土木工程学院，上海 200092
^2.广东省地质局佛山地质调查中心，广东佛山 528000
^3.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室，上海 200092

收稿日期:2025-01-09 修回日期:2026-06-16 出版日期:2026-07-10
通讯作者: 黄雨 E-mail:dengfei@tongji.edu.cn;yhuang@tongji.edu.cn
基金资助:
广东省自然资源厅“广东和平地区1∶5万区域地质调查”项目(2022-11)

Discrete Element Simulation of Fault Damage and Its Structure

Fei Deng¹^,²(), Yu Huang¹^,³(), Xingyue Li¹^,³, Jie Fang², Xiyi Luo², Zhen Guo¹^,³

^1.College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
^2.Foshan Center, Guangdong Geological Bureau, Foshan Guangdong 528000, China
^3.State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Received:2025-01-09 Revised:2026-06-16 Online:2026-07-10 Published:2026-09-23
Contact: Yu Huang E-mail:dengfei@tongji.edu.cn;yhuang@tongji.edu.cn
About author:Deng Fei, research area includes regional geology. E-mail: dengfei@tongji.edu.cn
Supported by:
the Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province under the “1:50,000 Regional Geological Survey of Heping area, Guangdong”(2022-11)

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断层损伤劣化岩体质量，是影响岩体稳定性的重要因素。采用离散元方法再现简单剪切作用下断层成核和损伤过程，并探讨损伤区结构特征。模拟发现，断层两盘损伤区形成于断层演化的不同阶段，包括弥散损伤阶段、丛集损伤阶段、成核损伤阶段和滑移损伤阶段。断层核传播到达之前，损伤主要形成于远程应力场。断层核到达阶段是主要的损伤形成阶段，损伤岩体中Ⅰ型断裂被Ⅱ型断裂连接，剪切形成断层核，断层端部断裂密度迅速增加，形成端部损伤区，随着断层核的通过而被“遗弃”成为两盘损伤区。断层核通过后，会一定程度地侵蚀围岩形成新的损伤。受控于断层损伤机理，损伤区断裂频数与断层核间距总体呈负相关，同时具有强、弱损伤分带特征。模拟结果与野外现象和统计数据相吻合。模拟实验展现了断层损伤过程，还原了损伤区结构特征，这对于与断层损伤区岩体劣化相关灾害的风险防控具有重要意义。

关键词: 离散元模拟, 损伤阶段, 损伤区结构, 野外观测

Fault damage deteriorates the rock mass quality which is a significant factor influencing rock mass stability. This study uses the discrete element method to simulate the formation of fault core and damage to host rocks, and to reveal the structure of the damage zone.The numerical simulation was performed using the PFC 2D 5.0 software, employing commonly used parameters for stratigraphic scale simulations by previous studies.By analyzing the fracture count-displacement, strain energy-displacement,and principal stress-displacement curves, fault damage can be classified into four distinct stages: the diffusing damage stage, the clustering damage stage, the nucleation damage stage, and the sliding damage stage. During the diffusing damage stage, prior to the arrival of the fault core, damage primarily yielded under the far-field stress field. Subsequently, fault gradually formed in a clustered manner along the Riedel shear which is the orientation of the potential fault. The nucleation stage represents the primary phase of damage development during which Mode I fractures within the damaged rock were connected by Mode II fractures, while stress and strain energy underwent dramatic fluctuations during accumulation and fracture initiation, continuously linking the remaining intact rock bridges and facilitating the formation of fault core through yield shear deformation. As a result, the fracture count at the fault tip increased rapidly. When the tip damage zone was “abandoned” upon the passage of the fault core, it transformed into wall damage zone on both sides of the fault. Following this, active side experienced abrupt slide along the newly formed fault core, leading to elastic rebound and a rapid increase in fault throw. After the fault core had passed, the irregular boundary of the fault core induced erosion of the host rock and created new damage. This process continuously gave rise to small-scale stress concentration, fault core expansion and stress release. On the whole, the fracture frequency decreases with the spacing to fault core. The damage zone can also be divided by the varying frequencies of fracture in damage zone. Our field survey of the Baini-Shawan fault in the Pearl River Delta reveals that its fault damage feature, such as fault core width, is consistent with the simulation results.The field work from previous studies also align well with the simulation presented in this paper. This simulation study elucidates the fault damage process and reconstructs the structural features of the fault damage zone, which holds significant implications for understanding the causes of hazards associated with rock mass quality deterioration in fault damage zone as well as for implementing effective risk prevention measures.

Key words: Discrete element method simulation, Damage stage, Damage zone structure, Field work

中图分类号:

P642.5

表1 离散元数值模拟实验参数

Table 1 Experimental parameters of discrete element numerical simulation

颗粒组		线性接触		平行黏结键
密度	2 500 kg/m³	法向刚度	3×10⁹ N/m	有效模量	1×10⁹ Pa
最小半径	5 m	切向刚度	3×10⁹ N/m	刚度比	3
最大半径	15 m	法向临界阻尼比	0.7	黏聚力	5×10⁷ Pa
摩擦系数	0.4	摩擦系数	0.4	抗拉强度	4×10⁷ Pa
法向刚度	3×10⁹ N/m	—	—	—	—
切向刚度	3×10⁹ N/m	—	—	—	—

表1 离散元数值模拟实验参数

Table 1 Experimental parameters of discrete element numerical simulation

颗粒组		线性接触		平行黏结键
密度	2 500 kg/m³	法向刚度	3×10⁹ N/m	有效模量	1×10⁹ Pa
最小半径	5 m	切向刚度	3×10⁹ N/m	刚度比	3
最大半径	15 m	法向临界阻尼比	0.7	黏聚力	5×10⁷ Pa
摩擦系数	0.4	摩擦系数	0.4	抗拉强度	4×10⁷ Pa
法向刚度	3×10⁹ N/m	—	—	—	—
切向刚度	3×10⁹ N/m	—	—	—	—

图1 黏结颗粒样品的单轴岩石力学压缩试验结果

Fig. 1 Result of uniaxial compression test on bonded particle sample

图2 剪切模型示意图
用深灰色和浅灰色为标识来测量断距。

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of shear model
Dark gray and light gray are used as marks to measure fault displacement.

图3 断裂数量、应变能和应力与主剪切位移间关系图

Fig. 3 The fracture count， strain energy， and principal stress versus displacement

图4 不同主剪切位移的数值样品断裂分布图
（a）端部I型断裂过程区形成（主剪切位移220 m，时间904 s）；（b）Ⅱ型断裂快速发育，形成线性接触带，两盘快速相对滑移（主剪切位移224 m，时间908 s）；（c）线性接触带向前端传播（主剪切位移230 m，时间914 s）；（d）线性接触带“侧蚀”变宽（主剪切位移500 m，时间1 182 s）。

Fig. 4 Fracture distribution diagram of numerical sample at different displacements
（a） Formation of the Mode I fracture process zone at the fault tip （displacement 220 m at 904 s）；（b） Rapid development of Mode II fracturing， forming a linear contact zone with rapid relative slip between the two fault walls （displacement 224 m at 908 s）；（c） Forward propagation of the linear contact zone （displacement 230 m at 914 s）；（d） Lateral widening of the linear contact zone （displacement 500 m at 1 182 s）.

图5 断距、断层核宽度与主剪切位移关系图
断距增长率=（当期断距-上期断距）/（当期主剪切位移-上期主剪切位移）×100%。

Fig. 5 Relationship between fault displacement， fault core width and displacement
Growth rate of fault displacement=（current fault displacement-previous fault displacement）/（current displacement-previous displacement）×100%.

图6 断裂走向玫瑰花图
（a）Ⅰ型断裂统计数据；（b）Ⅱ型断裂统计数据。

Fig. 6 Diagram of fracture strike rose
（a） Mode I fracture statistical data；（b） Mode II fracture statistical data.

图7 断层结构与监测区示意图

Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of the fault structure and monitoring area

图8 损伤宽度与断距关系
（a）主剪切位移0~1 000 m损伤与断距总体特征；（b）主剪切位移220~250 m损伤发育与断距关系。

Fig. 8 Relationship between damage width and fault displacement
（a） Overall feature of fault damage and fault displacement in the displacement of 0~1 000 m；（b） Relationship between fault damage and fault displacement in the displacement of 220~250 m.

图9 据区间断裂频数和累积断裂频数进行损伤区分带
（a）~（e）面向断层生长方向左盘不同主剪切位移（250 m、400 m、600 m、800 m和1 000 m）的区间断裂频数和累积断裂频数；（f）~（j）面向断层生长方向右盘不同主剪切位移（250 m、400 m、600 m、800 m和1 000 m）的区间裂频率和累积断裂频数。

Fig. 9 Damage zoning based on interval and cumulative fracture frequencies
（a）~（e） The interval fracture frequencies and cumulative fracture frequencies of different displacements （250 m， 400 m， 600 m， 800 m， and 1000 m） on the left side facing the direction of fault growth；（f）~（j） The interval fracture frequencies and cumulative fracture frequencies of different displacements （250 m， 400 m， 600 m， 800 m， and 1 000 m） on the right side facing the direction of fault growth.

图10 珠江三角洲白坭—沙湾断裂及损伤特征
（a）遥感图像和损伤断裂产状特征（左下）；（b）断层素描，显示断层核及损伤特征；（c）断层核，主要由构造角砾岩组成；（d）断层两盘损伤区，主要由张性断裂组成。

Fig. 10 Baini-Shawan Fault and its damage feature in the Pearl River Delta
（a） Remote sensing image and attitude feature of fractures（bottom left）；（b） Sketch showing feature of fault core and damage features；（c） The fault core， which is primarily composed of breccia；（d） Fault damage zone on both walls are primarily composed of extensional fractures.

图11 断距与损伤区宽度的双对数坐标投图（数据来自本文和参考文献［3，6，31］）

Fig. 11 Double logarithmic plot of fault displacement and damage width（data from this study and references ［3， 6， 31］）

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