摘要：全球每天有以亿计数的鸟类和昆虫以及蝙蝠等生物在空中活动，对人类生活产生了重大影响，面对日益突出的空域生态风险，有必要开展空中生物监测。鉴于气象雷达在广域全天候探测中的不可替代优势，在阐明雷达探测生物目标的散射原理基础上，归纳了不同波段及扫描方式的雷达在空中生物监测中的技术特点，介绍了基于雷达参量和人工智能的生物回波识别技术以及鸟虫回波分类方法。从宏观迁飞研究、生态环境评估、航空安全保障和生物灾害防控4 个方面展示了雷达在空中生态学中的应用场景。目前，欧洲和美国已建成依托业务雷达的鸟情预警及迁飞预报平台，我国也建立了基于全国气象雷达网络的空中生态监测系统。未来我国应进一步提升生物物种识别能力、完善空中生态监测网络、促进跨行业应用落地，推动雷达空中生态学由学术研究向空域管理、生态治理、环境评估、公共卫生等综合决策服务转型。

Abstract：Hundreds of millions of birds, insects, and other organisms move through the atmosphere every day, exerting substantial impacts on human society. As ecological risks in the airspace become increasingly prominent, systematic monitoring of airborne organisms is urgently needed. Given the irreplaceable advantages of weather radar for wide-area, all-weather observations, this review first explains the scattering principles underlying radar detection of biological targets and summarizes the technical characteristics of radars operating at different frequency bands and with different scanning modes for monitoring airborne organisms. It then reviews biological-echo identification techniques and bird – insect classification methods based on radar variables and artificial intelligence. Applications of radar aeroecology are discussed in four major areas: large-scale migration research, ecological and environmental assessment, aviation safety, and biological hazard prevention and control. Europe and the United States have established bird-activity warning and migration-forecasting platforms based on operational weather-radar networks, while China has also developed a nationwide aeroecological monitoring system using its weather-radar network. Looking ahead, China should further improve its capacity for biological species identification, strengthen the aeroecological monitoring network, and promote cross-sector applications, thereby advancing radar aeroecology from academic research toward integrated decision support for airspace management, ecological governance, environmental assessment, public health, and related fields.