地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (6): 615 -628. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.046   cstr: 32269.14.adearth.CN62-1091/P.2026.046

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

基于气象雷达的空中生态学研究
顾问1,2(), 戴建华1(), 管理1, 孙财千3, 高峰4, 赵渊明1, 叶庚姣2, 缪月1,2   
  1. 1.上海市气象台,上海 200030
    2.上海台风研究所,上海 200030
    3.上海国际机场股份有限公司 浦东国际机场,上海 201207
    4.上海机场(集团)有限公司,上海 200335
  • 收稿日期:2026-04-09 修回日期:2026-05-19 出版日期:2026-06-10
  • 通讯作者: 戴建华 E-mail:adviser85@163.com;djhnn@sina.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(U2142214);台风基金项目(TFJJ202517);中国气象局强对流天气重点创新团队资助

Research Progress in Weather Radar Based Aeroecology

Wen Gu1,2(), Jianhua Dai1(), Li Guan1, Caiqian Sun3, Feng Gao4, Yuanming Zhao1, Gengjiao Ye2, Yue Miao1,2   

  1. 1.Shanghai Meteorological Observatory, Shanghai 200030, China
    2.Shanghai Typhoon Institute, Shanghai 200030, China
    3.Shanghai International Airport Co. , Ltd. Pudong International Airport, Shanghai 201207, China
    4.Shanghai Airport (Group) Co. , Ltd. , Shanghai 200335, China
  • Received:2026-04-09 Revised:2026-05-19 Online:2026-06-10 Published:2026-09-02
  • Contact: Jianhua Dai E-mail:adviser85@163.com;djhnn@sina.com
  • About author:Gu Wen, research area includes radar-based nowcasting techniques. E-mail: adviser85@163.com
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2142214);Shanghai Typhoon Research Foundation(TFJJ202517);The Key Innovation Team for Severe Convective Weather of the China Meteorological Administration

全球每天有数以亿计的鸟类、昆虫和蝙蝠等生物在空中活动,对人类社会产生重大影响,面对日益突出的空域生态风险,有必要开展空中生物监测。鉴于气象雷达在广域全天候探测中的不可替代优势,在阐明雷达探测生物目标的散射原理基础上,归纳了不同波段及扫描方式的雷达在空中生物监测中的技术特点,介绍了基于雷达参量和人工智能的生物回波识别技术以及鸟虫回波分类方法。从宏观迁飞研究、生态环境评估、航空安全保障和生物灾害防控4个方面展示了雷达在空中生态学中的应用场景。目前,欧洲和美国已建成依托业务雷达的鸟情预警及迁飞预报平台,我国也建立了基于全国气象雷达网络的空中生态监测系统。未来我国应进一步提升生物物种识别能力、完善空中生态监测网络、促进跨行业应用落地,推动雷达空中生态学由学术研究向空域管理、生态治理、环境评估、公共卫生等综合决策服务转型。

Hundreds of millions of birds, insects, and other organisms move through the atmosphere every day, exerting substantial impacts on human society. As ecological risks in the airspace become increasingly prominent, systematic monitoring of airborne organisms is urgently needed. Given the irreplaceable advantages of weather radar for wide-area, all-weather observations, this review first explains the scattering principles underlying radar detection of biological targets and summarizes the technical characteristics of radars operating at different frequency bands and with different scanning modes for monitoring airborne organisms. It then reviews biological-echo identification techniques and bird-insect classification methods based on radar variables and artificial intelligence. Applications of radar aeroecology are discussed in four major areas: large-scale migration research, ecological and environmental assessment, aviation safety, and biological hazard prevention and control. Europe and the United States have established bird-activity warning and migration-forecasting platforms based on operational weather-radar networks, while China has also developed a nationwide aeroecological monitoring system using its weather-radar network. Looking ahead, China should further improve its capacity for biological species identification, strengthen the aeroecological monitoring network, and promote cross-sector applications, thereby advancing radar aeroecology from academic research toward integrated decision support for airspace management, ecological governance, environmental assessment, public health, and related fields.

中图分类号: 

图1 不同直径球体的散射类型[15]
(a)~(d) 左列为入射波,右列为散射波。(a) 位于瑞利散射极限内的球体;(b)~(d) 位于米散射的共振散射区范围内的球体,将大球体视为由多个位于瑞利散射极限内的小球体组成;(e) 米散射和上述4个球体尺度对应的雷达散射截面(RCS)示意图,同时给出鸟类散射体的垂直尺度(红色)与水平尺度(蓝色)。
Fig. 1 Scattering regimes for spheres of varying diameters[15]
(a)~(d) The left column depicts incident waves, and the right column depicts scattered waves. (a) A sphere within the Rayleigh limit; (b)~(d) Large spheres conceptualized as a collection of small spheres within the Rayleigh limit, giving rise to resonant scattering; (e) The schematic Mie curve and the Radar scattering Cross-Section (RCS) scales associated with the four spheres, as well as a bird’s vertical (red) and horizontal (blue) dimensions.
表1 基于S波段气象雷达的生物、水凝物和地物回波参量特征
Table 1 Radar-based identification characteristics of biological, hydrometeor, and ground clutter echoes using S-band weather radar
图2 美国强风暴实验室2010年5月17日03:00 UTC的NEXRAD组合反射率拼图[35]
(a) 质量控制前未去除生物回波,该日期临近美国东部春季鸟类飞迁高峰期,昆虫和蝙蝠对雷达回波也有贡献;(b) 质量控制后。
Fig. 2 The NEXRAD composite reflectivity mosaic provided by the U.S. National Severe Storms Laboratory shows radar echoes at 03:00 UTC on 17 May 2010[35]
(a) Before Quality Control (QC), when biological echoes had not yet been removed. This date is near the peak of nocturnal spring bird migration over the eastern United States, and insects as well as likely bats may also contribute to radar echoes. (b) After QC.
图3 鸟类与昆虫去极化效应的主要来源及双极化参量差异[18]
(a) 雷达散射截面(RCS)水平和垂直尺度差异引起ZDR取值变化;(b) 雷达散射截面的极化相位中心不重合引起的相位偏移;(c) 因散射体与雷达入射角度引起的双极化量差异,(c1) 雷达入射波与散射体夹角的示意图,(c2) 鸟类(蓝色)和昆虫(红色)的双极化量随雷达入射角度的变化。
Fig. 3 Main sources of the depolarization effect in insects and birds and the resulting differences in polarimetric variables[18]
(a) Variations in ZDR caused by differences in the horizontal and vertical sizes of the Radar scattering Cross-Section (RCS); (b) Phase shift caused by the mismatch between the polarization phase centers of the RCS. (c) Differences in polarimetric variables caused by the angle between the scatterer and the incident radar wave. The schematic plot on the (c1) illustrates the angle between the radar beam and the scatterer. The plots on the (c2) show the variation of polarimetric variables with radar incidence angle for birds (blue) and insects (red).
图4 2021 年10月19日12时济南市观测到的2.4°仰角鸟类与昆虫混合迁飞雷达PPI图[19]
图覆盖以雷达为中心200 km×200 km范围的正方形区域。昆虫在距地1.2 km以下飞行,鸟类飞行高度在昆虫之上,因此同心圆(昆虫)的双极化量随方位变化较小,外侧的同心圆环(鸟类)的双极化量随方位变化显著。
Fig. 4 A 2.4° PPI radar image of mixed migration of birds and insects was recorded in Jinan City at 12:00 on October 19, 2021[19]
Tiles cover a 200 km×200 km square domain centered on the radar site. Insects fly below 1.2 km above ground, while birds fly at altitudes above the insects. Therefore, the dual-polarization variables of the concentric circular echoes (insects) show little variation with azimuth, whereas those of the outer concentric ring-shaped echoes (birds) exhibit significant azimuthal variability.
表2 不同波段雷达在鸟虫监测中的技术特点和主要用途
Table 2 Technical characteristics and main applications of different radar bands in bird and insect monitoring
图5 2种鸟类的振翅信号[43]
(a) 鸻形目持续性振翅信号;(b) 雀形目间歇性振翅信号。(i) 鸟类穿越雷达波束时产生的信号; (ii) 信号的连续小波变换时频图。
Fig. 5 Wingbeat signatures of two bird species[43]
(a) Signal from a continuously flapping bird (wader type); (b) Signal from an intermittently flapping (passerine type). Plots of (i) signals produced by birds flying across the radar beam, (ii) time-frequency of continuous wavelet transform from the signal.
图6 迁飞蝗虫和蛾类物种的α2 与α4 取值[48]
α2为昆虫的水平极化和垂直极化波的散射强度比值,α2越小昆虫等效散射截面越接近球形,α2越大,昆虫等效散射截面越细长。α4代表昆虫等效散射截面的旁瓣特征,α4越小越接近球形,α4越大越接近四叶草状。图中每个点的大小为对应单个昆虫的体重。其中,迁飞蝗虫、棉花夜蛾、银纹夜蛾、谷实夜蛾、棉铃虫、黄地老虎、警纹地夜蛾、小黄翅夜蛾和大黄翅夜蛾的平均体重分别为 374 mg、126 mg、128 mg、141 mg、148 mg、176 mg、214 mg、230 mg 和 370 mg。图中3个区域分别为大型(A)、中型(B)、小型(C)迁飞害虫的范围和边界。
Fig. 6 The α2 and α4 values of migratory grasshopper and moth species[48]
The α2 represents the ratio of an insect’s scattering intensity for horizontally polarized waves to that for vertically polarized waves. The smaller the α2, the closer the insect’s equivalent scattering cross section is to a spherical shape; the larger the α2, the more elongated the equivalent scattering cross section becomes. The α4 characterizes the sidelobe features of the insect’s equivalent scattering cross section. A smaller α4 indicates a shape closer to a sphere, whereas a larger α4 indicates a shape closer to a four-leaf-clover pattern. The size of each dot indicates the mass of each individual insect. Average masses for Melanoplus sanguinipes, Spodoptera littoralis, Autographa gamma, Helicoverpa zea, Helicoverpa armigera, Agrotis segetum, Agrotis exclamationis, Noctua comes, Noctua pronuba are 374 mg, 126 mg, 128 mg, 141 mg, 148 mg, 176 mg, 214 mg, 230 mg, and 370 mg, respectively. The three regions plotted are the defined ranges and boundaries of large- (A), medium- (B), and small-sized (C) migratory insect pests.
图7 欧洲大陆2016年9月19日至10月8日夜间平均迁飞流量[52]
每个站点的平均迁飞方向由黑色箭头表示;每个站点的平均迁飞通量率由圆圈的大小和颜色表示;箭头的宽度表示实际迁飞方向与箭头(平均迁飞方向)的相关程度,r 值越小、箭头越细,表示迁飞方向的离散程度越大;箭头越宽,表示迁飞方向越集中。
Fig. 7 Mean nocturnal migration flow across at night time continental Europe, 19 September-8 October 2016[52]
The mean migration direction at each station is indicated by a black arrow. The mean migration traffic rate at each station is represented by the size and color of the circle. The width of the arrow indicates the degree of correlation between the actual migration directions and the arrow, which represents the mean migration direction. A smaller r value and a thinner arrow indicate greater dispersion in migration directions, whereas a wider arrow indicates more concentrated migration directions.
图8 气象雷达分布图
Fig. 8 Maps of weather radar distribution
图9 欧洲气象雷达数据当前(黑色字体)与建议(蓝色字体)的传输流程[28]
Fig. 9 Current (black font) and suggested (blue font) flow of weather radar data in Europe[28]
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