地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4): 428 -440. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.033   cstr: 32269.14.adearth.CN62-1091/P.2026.033

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东喀喇昆仑山南雷姆冰川跃动焓平衡机制及控制因素分析
彭藤1(), 蒋宗立1(), 张勇2, 刘时银3, 王欣1, 魏俊锋1, 杨婧睿1, 陈星羽1   
  1. 1.湖南科技大学 地球科学与空间信息工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411100
    2.湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全 工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411100
    3.云南大学 国际河流与生态安全研究院,云南 昆明 650000
  • 收稿日期:2026-03-10 修回日期:2026-04-02 出版日期:2026-04-10
  • 通讯作者: 蒋宗立 E-mail:pengteng@mail.hnust.edu.cn;jiangzongli@hnust.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(42471154);国家自然科学基金项目(42171134);国家自然科学基金项目(41471067)

Enthalpy Balance Mechanism and Controlling Factors of the South Rimo Glacier Surge in the Eastern Karakoram

Teng Peng1(), Zongli Jiang1(), Yong Zhang2, Shiyin Liu3, Xin Wang1, Junfeng Wei1, Jingrui Yang1, Xingyu Chen1   

  1. 1.School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan Hunan 411100, China
    2.School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan Hunan 411100, China
    3.Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650000, China
  • Received:2026-03-10 Revised:2026-04-02 Online:2026-04-10 Published:2026-06-09
  • Contact: Zongli Jiang E-mail:pengteng@mail.hnust.edu.cn;jiangzongli@hnust.edu.cn
  • About author:Peng Teng, research areas include remote sensing monitoring of glacial surges. E-mail: pengteng@mail.hnust.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42471154)

气候变化背景下,冰川跃动及其带来的相关灾害时有发生。由于冰川底部监测条件严苛,对冰川跃动的控制机制仍存在多种解释。焓平衡模型是近期提出的综合冰川物质平衡、热力过程及水文条件的通用跃动模型,可解释多种类型的冰川跃动过程。根据已发布资料及利用遥感卫星提取的南雷姆冰川表面流速与表面高程数据,计算了冰川滑动速度及应力变化,同时,根据焓平衡模型计算不同时期冰川由摩擦生热产生的焓,系统分析了南雷姆冰川在2000—2024年跃动前后的时空特征及关键过程。结果表明:①2018—2020年南雷姆冰川发生跃动期间,冰川底部有大量水参与作用,这可能是热控制引发的底部融水和冰川表面融水渗入冰床,改变了底部水压进而引发的快速运动;②南雷姆冰川跃动期间,焓主要来源为滑动摩擦产热,跃动前、跃动期和跃动后3个阶段,摩擦生热的年均产焓量分别为1.0 W/m2、3.2 W/m2和0.5 W/m2,年均产焓最高值出现在2019年(约6.2 W/m2),而焓支出主要为冰下融水的排出;③南雷姆冰川此次跃动并未抵达上一次跃动(1989—1999年)末端位置,表明此次跃动相较上次强度有所减弱;④焓平衡模型可有效解释冰川跃动加速与减缓过程。东喀喇昆仑南雷姆冰川跃动受水/热耦合机制控制,但跃动启动临界值与停止节点需要翔实的冰川底部水文观测数据支撑。

In the context of climate change, glacier surges and the associated hazards are occurring with increasing frequency. Due to the difficulties in subglacial monitoring, multiple interpretations remain regarding the control mechanisms of glacier surges. The enthalpy-balance model is a recently proposed, generalized framework that integrates glacier mass balance, thermodynamics, and subglacial hydrology, and it can account for surging processes across a wide range of glacier types. We integrate previously published datasets with additional surface velocity and surface elevation data of the South Rimo Glacier (SRG) derived from remote-sensing satellite observations. On this basis, glacier basal sliding velocities and stress variations are calculated. Furthermore, an enthalpy balance model is employed to estimate glacier enthalpy production during different periods. Using these datasets and methods, we systematically analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics and key processes of SRG before and after its surge events from 2000 to 2024. The results indicate that: ① The 2018-2020 surge of SRG involved substantial water participation and was likely triggered by thermally controlled basal meltwater generation and the infiltration of surface meltwater into the glacier bed, which altered subglacial water pressure and induced rapid glacier motion; ② During the surge, the dominant enthalpy source in SRG was frictional heat generated by basal sliding. The mean annual enthalpy production attributable to frictional heating was approximately 1.0 W/m2, 3.2 W/m2, and 0.5 W/m2 during the pre-surge, surge, and post-surge stages, respectively, with the highest mean annual value occurring in 2019 (~6.2 W/m2). In contrast, enthalpy losses were primarily associated with the discharge of subglacial basal meltwater; ③ The terminus position reached during this surge did not extend as far as that of the previous surge (1989-1999), suggesting that the intensity of the current surge was weaker than that of the last event; ④ The enthalpy balance model effectively explains the acceleration and deceleration phases of glacier surging. The surging behavior of the South Rimo Glacier, eastern Karakoram, is governed by a coupled hydro-thermal mechanism, but as to when the surge reaches the critical threshold to start and when it stops, detailed subglacial hydrological observation data are needed for analysis.

中图分类号: 

图1 南雷姆冰川位置
主图背景是Landsat 8 OLI和TIRS数据(波段6、5和3,LC08_L2SP_147036_20171022_20200902_02_T1,主流线F-F')。
Fig. 1 Location of South Rimo Glacier
The main panel is based on Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery (bands 6, 5, and 3, scene ID: LC08_L2SP_147036_20171022_20200902_02_T1, the main flowline F-F').
表1 冰川变化监测数据及用途
Table1 Glacier change monitoring data and their applications
图2 焓平衡模型几何结构30
红色线为焓收入,蓝线为焓支出。
Fig. 2 Geometry of enthalpy balance model30
The red line represents enthalpy input, and the blue line represents enthalpy output.
图3 南雷姆冰川(SRG)跃动期间表面流速随时间的变化
Fig. 3 Temporal variations in surface velocity of South Rimo GlacierSRGduring the surge
图4 南雷姆冰川(SRG)沿主流线表面流速变化
Fig. 4 Variations in surface velocity of South Rimo GlacierSRGalong the main flowline
图5 南雷姆冰川(SRG)沿主流线表面高程变化
Fig. 5 Surface-elevation changes of South Rimo GlacierSRGalong the main flowline
图6 南雷姆冰川(SRG)沿主流线驱动应力变化
Fig. 6 Variations in driving stress of South Rimo GlacierSRGalong the main flowline
图7 南雷姆冰川(SRG)沿主流线滑动速度变化
Fig. 7 Variations in basal sliding velocity of South Rimo GlacierSRGalong the main flowline
图8 形变速度与滑动速度占比
Fig. 8 Relative contributions of deformational velocity and sliding velocity
图9 主流线上由摩擦生热产生的焓随时间变化
Fig. 9 The temporal evolution of frictional-heating-generated enthalpy along the main flowline
图10 南雷姆冰川(SRG20002013年沿主流线年均表面流速变化
Fig. 10 Annual mean surface velocity changes along the main flowline of South Rimo GlacierSRGfrom 2000 to 2013
图11 南雷姆冰川(SRG)跃动末端位置变化
(a)~(c) Landsat影像(波段6、2、3);(d) SRG跃动末端位置变化。
Fig. 11 Changes in the surge terminus position of South Rimo GlacierSRG
(a)~(c) Landsat imagery (bands 6, 2, and 3); (d) Variations in the surge terminus position of SRG.
图12 南雷姆冰川(SRG)跃动末端出水量
Fig. 12 Discharge at the surge terminus of South Rimo GlacierSRG
图13 南雷姆冰川(SRG)分支变化
(a)分支主流线;(b)分支主流线表面流速的分布;(c)分支各年的表面高程;(d)分支主流线表面高程变化。
Fig. 13 Changes in the South Rimo GlacierSRGtributary
(a) The tributary main flowline; (b) Distribution of surface velocity along the tributary main flowline; (c) Annual surface elevation of the tributary; (d) Surface-elevation changes along the tributary main flowline.
图14 南雷姆冰川(SRG)气温与降水变化趋势
(a)1980—2024年夏季和冬季年均气温变化趋势;(b)1980—2024年夏季、冬季及年降水量变化趋势。
Fig. 14 Temperature and precipitation trends of South Rimo GlacierSRG
(a) Trends in annual mean summer and winter temperatures from 1980 to 2024;(b) Trends in summer, winter, and annual precipitation from 1980 to 2024.
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