中国近海海洋锋和锋面预报研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.05.0552

海洋锋是水文要素特性不同的2个水团之间的狭窄过渡带,是一种重要的中尺度海洋现象,对渔业、军事和海洋环境保护等许多领域有重要影响,已经成为近年来物理海洋学以及海洋交叉学科中的重要课题之一。中国近海由于众多环流、水团和涡旋在此交汇,海洋锋现象十分显著,近年来,我国学者对中国近海的海洋锋产生机制和变化规律取得了一定的进展。首先从实测水文资料分析、遥感资料分析和数值模拟3个方面分别回顾了黄海、东海、南海北部等中国近海海域海洋锋的研究进展。对于海洋锋的预报研究,我国起步较晚,但目前对近海海洋锋预报的需求十分迫切。回顾总结了国外海洋锋预报的进展,集中介绍了黑潮锋、冰岛—法罗群岛锋、湾流锋和墨西哥湾锋面涡旋的预报方法和现状,最后对如何开展中国近海海洋锋预报提出思考和展望。

关键词: 海洋锋, 锋面预报, 中国近海

Ocean front is transition zone between two water mass with different hydrological features. Ocean front is an important mesoscale phenomenon, which has important significances in various fields, such as fishery, environment protection and marine military defense. Thus, ocean front becomes one of the key points in the physical oceanography and also in the inter-disciplinary studies. In Chinese marginal seas, ocean front is very importrant because of complex situation of water mass, circulation and eddies. In recent years, researchers have studied the distribution characteristics and the dynamic mechanism of fronts in Chinese marginal seas based on in-situ hydrographic data, remote sensing satellite data, theoretical analysis and numerical model. In this paper, we review the progress of fronts in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and the northern part of South China Sea. In our country, the research on frontal forecasting is still in the beginning stage, but forecast of ocean front is strongly demanded in China. Progress about forecasting of Kuroshio front, Gulf Stream front, frontal eddies in Gulf of Mexico and Iceland-Faeroe front is introduced in this paper. In addition, some thoughts and prospects about developing frontal forecast system in Chinese marginal seas are presented.

Key words: Ocean front, Frontal forecasting, Chinese marginal seas.

中图分类号:

P731.1

图 1 基于长时间序列卫星遥感SST数据得到的黄、东海（a） ^{[

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]}和南海北部（b） ^{[

13
]}海洋锋出现频率分布图

Fig.1 Frontal probability maps in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea (a) ^{[

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]} and the South China Sea (b) ^{[

13
]} base on long-term satellite remote-sensing SST data

图2 2001年6月11日NLOM全球1/16°系统对湾流区域SSH即时预报结果（色标） ^{[

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]} 图中叠加了WSC的独立锋面分析结果（白色实线）

Fig.2 SSH analysis in the Gulf Stream region from the real-time 1?16° global NLOM for June 11, 2001 ^{[

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]} Superimposed on this figure is independent Gulf Stream frontal analysis determined from WSC (white lines) for the same days

图3 Mercator中心不同分辨率的全球和区域预报系统对湾流锋面的预报 ^{[

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]} （a）2008年4月26日MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）水色遥感资料的叶绿素a浓度;黑色实线代表0 .5 mg/m³等值线,用来代表湾流锋面位置;（b~d）Mercator系统10天的流速预报;（b）大西洋—地中海区域预报系统（分辨率1/12°）,（c）全球预报系统（分辨率1/4°）和（d）全球预报系统（分辨率1/12°）.（b~d）全部叠加（a）中的黑色实线

Fig.3 Gulf Stream frontal forecasting of different horizontal resolution global and regional forecast system in Mercator ^{[

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]} (a) Chlorophyll-a concentration from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) on April 26, 2008. The thick black line is the 0.5 mg/m³ contour, which tends to follow the Gulf Stream front. (b~d) 10-day ocean current velocities forecasts on April 26, 2008, from three Mercator Ocean prediction systems,(b) Atlantic and Mediterranean system(1/12°), (c)global system(1/4°), and (d)global system(1/12°), (b~d)all overlaid with the black line from (a)

图4 墨西哥湾流绕流锋面位置以及中尺度涡脱落过程 ^{[

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]} 1999年9月22日至10月20日期间,墨西哥湾流绕流锋面位置以及中尺度涡脱落情况的比较,红色曲线为观测,蓝色曲线为预报,绿色曲线为后报结果;“X”为固定观测站;右上图为观测与预报锋面间最小距离的计算示意图

Fig.4 Frontal positions and the shedding of eddy from Loop Current ^{[

77
]} Comparison of frontal positions and the shedding of eddy from Loop Current for Sep/22-Oct/20/1999, red line is observed, blue line is forecast and green line is hindcast. Crosses “X” show the fix observation sites. Inset on top right shows schematics of observed and forecast fronts

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Review of Ocean Front in Chinese Marginal Seas and Frontal Forecasting