宽裂谷的构造样式与成因机制

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.03.0344

宽裂谷是一类重要的大陆伸展构造样式,野外工作与物理模拟、数值模拟相结合是研究宽裂谷构造样式的主要方法。国外学者对宽裂谷进行了较多研究,集中于其形成与持续时间、构造样式、岩浆活动特征等方面。试图在广泛的国内外文献综合分析的基础上,介绍宽裂谷的定义及其构造特征,通过盆岭省和爱琴海盆地的地质剖面验证宽裂谷构造样式,进而分析其成因机制。宽裂谷的形成受控于区域性的低角度拆离面,它同时控制了变质核杂岩的发育,拆离面之上发育高角度断层控制的掀斜断块。控制宽裂谷构造样式的参数主要有:伸展应变速率及地壳组成、初始的地壳厚度和岩石圈热状态、岩石圈的机械不稳定程度、岩石圈抗张强度与重力的对比关系。动力学机制上,宽裂谷可能主要由被动裂谷成因机制控制;运动学机制上,宽裂谷通常由简单剪切或简单剪切与纯剪分层拆离机制控制。以期对认识中国东北地区宽裂谷系统的构造样式与成因提供帮助。

关键词: 低角度拆离面, 构造样式, 动力学机制, 运动学机制, 宽裂谷

Wide rifting is one of an important continental extension modes,and field work combined with numerical and analogue modeling is main method to investigate wide rifts. Foreign scholars did lots of research on wide rifts,which mainly focused on the timing and duration of deformation processes,structural styles and magmatism. This paper,based on the study of a great deal of relevant publications,introduces the definition and structural characteristics of wide rifting,which will be verified by geologic profile of both Basin and Range and Aegean regions,and then analyses its genetic mechanism. The formation of wide rifts is dominated by a regional low-angle detachment,which also controlled the development of metamorphic core complexes,above which formed higher-angled block faulting. Parameters controlling the modes of wide rifting mainly contain:The strain rate and crust compositions,initial crustal thickness and thermal conditions,the level of mechanical instability of lithosphere,the competition between the total resistance of the lithosphere and the gravitational forces. Wide rifting may be mainly explained by passive genesis from dynamic mechanism,and it can be controlled by simple shear or decoupled extension. Through this study, we try to improve our understanding of structural styles and genetic mechanism of wide rift system in northeast China.

Key words: Low-angle detachment, Structural styles, Dynamic mechanism, Kinematic mechanism, Wide rifting.

中图分类号:

P542

图1 宽裂谷伸展构造简图 ^{[

1
,

3
]}

Fig.1 Sketch map of wide rifting extensional tectonics ^{[

1
,

3
]}

图2 北美西部科迪勒拉构造域盆岭省简图 ^{[

18
,

21
]}

Fig.2 Sketch map showing basin and range province in Cordillera structural domain in western North America ^{[

18
,

21
]}

图3 爱琴海盆地岩石圈断面模式图 ^{[

10
,

28
]}

Fig.3 Mode figure showing lithospheric-scale cross-section of Aegean region ^{[

10
,

28
]}

图4 东北亚宽裂谷系岩石圈断面模式图 ^{[

52
]}

Fig.4 Mode figure showing lithospheric-scale cross-section of Northeastern Asia wide rift system ^{[

52
]}

[1]	Corti G,Bonini M,Conticelli S,et al. Analogue modelling of continental extension: A review focused on the relations between the patterns of deformation and the presence of magma[J]. Earth-Science Reviews,2003,63:168-247.
[2]	England P. Constrains on extension of continental lithosphere[J]. Journal of Geophysocal Research,1983,88:1 145-1 152.
[3]	Buck W R. Modes of continental lithospheric extension[J]. Journal of Geophysocal Research,1991,96:20 161-20 178.
[4]	Benes V,Davy P. Modes of continental lithospheric extension: Experimental verification of strain localization processes[J]. Tectonophysics,1996,254:69-87.
[5]	Brun J P,Sokoutis D,Van Den Driessche J. Analogue modeling of detachment fault systems and core complexes[J]. Geology,1994,22:319-322.
[6]	Crittenden M D,Coney P J,Davis G H. Tectonic significance of metamorphic core complexes in the North American Cordillera[J]. Geology,1978,6:79-80.
[7]	Lister G S,Banga G,Feenstra A. Metamorphic core complexes of Cordilleran type in Cyclades,Aegean Sea,Greece[J]. Geology,1984,12:221-225.
[8]	Lister G S,Davis G A. The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachments faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region,USA[J]. Journal of Structural Geology,1989,11:65-94.
[9]	Gautier P,Brun J P,Jolivet L. Structure and kinematics of upper Cenozoic extensional detachment on Naxos and Paros (Cyclades Islands,Greece)[J]. Tectonics,1993,12:1 180-1 194.
[10]	Jolivet L,Brun J P. Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean[J]. International Journal of Earth Sciences,2010,99:109-138.
[11]	Tirel C,Brun J P,Sokoutis D. Extension of thickened and hot lithospheres: Inferences from laboratory modeling[J]. Tectonics,2006,25(1), doi:10.1029/2005TC001804.
[12]	Tirel C,Brun J P,Burov E. Dynamics and structural development of metamorphic core complexes[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113:B04403, doi:10.1029/2005JB003694.
[13]	Rosenbaum G,Weinberg R F,Regenauer-Lieb K. The geodynamics of lithospheric extension[J]. Tectonophysics,2008,458:1-8.
[14]	Jolivet L,Faccenna C,Piromallo C. From mantle to crust: Stretching the Mediterranean[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,285:198-209.
[15]	McClay K R,Dooley T,Whitehouse P,et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models[J]. AAPG Bulletin,2002,86:935-959.
[16]	Lu Kezheng,Zhu Xiaomin,Qi Jiafu. Petroliferous Basin Analysis[M]. Dongying:China University of Petroleum Press,2001.
	[陆克政,朱筱敏,漆家福. 含油气盆地分析[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2001.]
[17]	Wernicke B. Cenozoic extensional tectonics of the U.S.Cordillera[M]∥Burchfiel B C, Lipman P W, Zoback M I, eds. The Cordilleran Orogen; Conterminous U.S,. Colorador: Geological Society of America,1992:553-581.
[18]	Parsons T. The Basin and Range Province. Continental rifts: Evolution,structure,tectonics[J]. Developments in Geotectonics,1995,25:277-324.
[19]	Axen G J,Taylor W J,Bartley J M. Space-time patterns and tectonic controls of Tertiary extension and magmatism in the Great Basin of the western United States[J]. Geological Society of America, 1993,105: 56-76.
[20]	Zoback M L,Anderson R E,Thompson G A. Cenozoic evolution of the state of stress and style of tectonism of the basin and range province of the western United States[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,1981,300: 407-434.
[21]	Wernicke B. Low-angle normal fault in the basin and range province: Nappe tectonics in an extending orogen[J]. Nature,1981,291:645-648.
[22]	Le Pichon X, Angelier J.The Aegean Sea[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,1981,300:357-372.
[23]	Gautier P,Brun J P,Moriceau R, et al. Timing,kinematics and cause of Aegean extension: Ascenario based on a comparison with simple analogue experiments[J]. Tectonophysics,1999,315:31-72.
[24]	Jolivet L,Faccenna C. Mediterranean extension and the Africa-Eurasia collision[J]. Tectonics,2000,19:1 095-1 106.
[25]	Tirel C,Gueydan F,Tiberi C, et al. Aegean crustal thickness inferred from gravity inversion. Geodynamical implications[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2004,228:267-280.
[26]	Avigad D,Baer G,Heimann A. Block rotations and continental extension in the central Aegean Sea: Palaeomagnetic and structural evidence from Tinos and Mykonos(Cyclades,Greece)[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1998,157:23-40.
[27]	Jolivet L,Faccenna C,Goffe B, et al. Subduction tectonics and exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Mediterranean orogens[J]. America Journal Science,2003,303:353-409.
[28]	Jolivet L,Faccenna C,Huet B. Aegean tectonics: Strain localisation,slab tearing and trench retreat[J].Tectonophysics,2013,597/598:1-33.
[29]	Houseman G,England P. A dynamic model of lithosphere extension and sedimentary basin formation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1986,91:719-729.
[30]	Kuznir N J,Park R G. The extensional strength of the continental lithosphere: Its dependence on geothermal gradient,and crustal composition and thickness[J]. Geological Society Special Publications,1987,28:35-52.
[31]	Sonder L J,England P C. Effects of temperature-dependent rheology on large-scale continental extension[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1989,94:7 603-7 619.
[32]	Bassi G. Factors controlling the style of continental rifting: Insights from numerical modelling[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1991,105:430-452.
[33]	Bassi G. Relative importance of strain rate and rheology for the mode of continental extension[J]. Geophysical Journal International,1995,122:195-210.
[34]	Christensen U R. An Eulerian technique for thermomechanical modelling of lithospheric extension[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97:2 015-2 036.
[35]	Martinod J,Davy P. Periodic instabilities during compression or extension of the lithosphere: Deformation modes from an analytical perturbation method[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97:1 999-2 014.
[36]	Neumann E R,Ramberg I B. Petrology and Geochemistry of Continental Rifts[M]. Glos, United Kingdom: D. Reidel Publishing Company,1978: 296.
[37]	Sengor A M C,Burke K. Relative timing of rifting and volcanism on Earth and its tectonic implications[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,1978,5:419-421.
[38]	Morgan P,Baker B H. Processes of continental rifting[J]. Tectonophysics,1983,94:680.
[39]	Turcotte D L,Emermen S H. Mechanisms of active and passive rifting[J]. Tectonophysics,1983,94:39-50.
[40]	Ruppel C. Extensional processes in continental lithosphere[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100:24 187-24 215.
[41]	Lesne O, Calais E,Deverchere J. Finite-element modeling of crustal deformation in the Baikal rift zone-new insights into the active-passive rifting debate[J]. Tectonophysics,1998,289:327-340.
[42]	Ziegler P,Cloetingh S. Dynamic processess controlling evolution of rifted basins[J]. Earth-Science Reviews,2004,64(1/2):1-50.
[43]	Huismans R S,Podladchikov Y Y,Cloetingh S. Transition from passive to active rifting: Relative importance of asthenospheric doming and passive extension of the lithosphere[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106:11 271-11 291.
[44]	Michon L,Merle O. The evolution of the Massif Central rift: Spatio-temporal distribution of the volcanism[J]. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France,2001,172:201-211.
[45]	Ring U,Betzler C,Delvaux D. Normal versus strike-slip faulting during rift development in East Africa[J]. Geology,1992,20:1 015-1 018.
[46]	Bonini M,Souriot T,Boccaletti M,et al. Successive orthogonal and oblique extension episodes in a rift zone: Laboratory experiments with application to the Ethiopian Rift[J]. Tectonics,1997,16:347-362.
[47]	Bosworth W,Strecker M R,Blisniuk P M. Integration of East African paleostress and present-day stress data: Implications for continental stress field dynamics[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97:11 851-11 865.
[48]	Gans P B,Miller E L. Extension in the Basin and Range Province: Late Oroglnic Collapse or Something Else?[C]. Abstract Volume of BRGM.(s. l.):(s. n),1993:74-75.
[49]	Hamilton W. Crustal extension in the Basin and Range Province,southwestern United States[J]. Geological Society Special Publications,1987,28:155-176.
[50]	Ren Jianye,Li Sitian. Comparison between the faulted basin system in northeast asia and the extension of the Basin and Range Province in wastern north America[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information,1998,17(3):7-11.
	[任建业,李思田. 东北亚断陷盆地系与北美西部盆岭省伸展作用对比[J]. 地质科技情报,1998,17(3):7-11.]
[51]	Charles N,Augier R,Gumiaux C,et al. Timing,duration and role of magmatism in wide rift systems: Insights from the Jiaodong Peninsula (China, East Asia)[J]. Gondwana Research,2013,24:412-428.
[52]	Liu Hefu,Liang Huishe,Li Xiaoqing,et al. The coupling mechanisms of Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift basins and extensional mountain system in eastern China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2000,7(4): 477-486.
	[刘和甫,梁慧社,李晓清,等. 中国东部中新生代裂陷盆地与伸展山岭耦合机制[J]. 地学前缘,2000,7(4) : 477-486.]
[53]	Bao Hanyong, Guo Zhanfeng,Zhang Luolei,et al. Tectonic dynamics of eastern China since the formation of the Pacific plate[J].Advances in Earth Science,2013,28(3):337-346.
	[包汉勇,郭战峰,张罗磊,等.太平洋板块形成以来的中国东部构造动力学背景[J]. 地球科学进展,2013,28(3):337-346.]

[1]	岳伏生,郭彦如,马龙,李天顺. 成藏动力学系统的研究现状及发展趋向[J]. 地球科学进展, 2003, 18(1): 122-126.
[2]	杨坤光，刘强. 花岗岩构造与侵位机制研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2002, 17(4): 546-550.

阅读次数

全文

摘要

Structural Style and Genetic Mechanism of Wide Rifting