地球科学进展 ›› 2006, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (5): 532 -538. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2006.05.0532

探索与争鸣 上一篇    下一篇

中国西北极端干旱区水文与湖泊演化及其巴丹吉林沙漠大型沙丘的形成
张虎才 1,2,明庆忠 2,3   
  1. 1.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,江苏 南京 210008; 2.兰州大学资源与环境学院,中国西部环境系统教育部重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000;3.云南师范大学旅游与地理学院,云南 昆明 650092
  • 收稿日期:2005-09-06 修回日期:2006-03-04 出版日期:2006-05-15
  • 通讯作者: 张虎才 E-mail:zhanghc@niglas.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金项目“居延海及巴丹吉林沙漠末次冰期间冰段古湖泊与环境变化”(编号:40371117);中国科学院“百人计划”资助.

Zhang Hucai 1,2,Ming Qingzhong 2,3   

  • Received:2005-09-06 Revised:2006-03-04 Online:2006-05-15 Published:2006-05-15

地表径流和地下水循环是维持中国西部现今极端干旱区绿洲、湖泊和地下水位变化的绝对主导因素。极少的年降水量和年际—季节降水分布的不均性、强烈的蒸发、蒸腾作用,稀少而水量有限的地表径流和人类活动的影响及其过度的水资源利用是导致目前自然景观和生态环境恶化的根本原因。不仅如此,在这样一个大的气候背景条件下,人类不合理、不科学的活动可以夸张的放大和加速生态系统的恶化程度和速度,而要维持、改善和修复已破坏的生态环境则需长期不懈的努力和巨大的人力、资金投入。地质断裂带不但具有蓄水、导水的作用,还具有隔水作用;断裂体系中含水量的丰寡与断裂的性质(张性或压性)、发育的地质部位和年代等因素有关。断裂构造对水的这种蓄—导—隔作用,在不同地理单元是不同的:在地势较高的部位以导为主,在低洼的地方则以蓄为主,而在前二者之间的过渡区则以导—隔为主。额济纳盆地地下水位变化和水资源(或潜在水资源)量的大小是以地表径流补给为主、地下水为辅,是区域蒸发、蒸腾和水资源利用之间平衡过程的表现;而在巴丹吉林沙漠区,特别是其东南部众多的湖泊区则是以地下水补给为主,加之以古水为辅。虽然我们还不十分清楚巴丹吉林沙漠内部高大沙丘和湖泊形成时期的相互作用和依存关系,但是我们却有足够的证据证明高大沙丘形态的维持与湖泊之间不存在必然的因果关系。直接通过阿尔金山断裂体系对额济纳盆地和巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠水量的贡献是否真正存在还缺乏地质证据或者至少是十分有限。对中国西部干旱—极端干旱区水资源进行科学而深入、系统而规范、全面而统一的调查和规划,调整和协调,采用科学的流域管理模式,利用生态修复、动态调控、工程保障等措施对于维持整个流域生态环境的稳定和持续发展、维系中下游,特别是酒泉基地和额济纳绿洲是十分必要而迫切的。对于巴丹吉林沙漠东南部地下水和湖泊水的开发和利用的设想既不利于该区生态环境的维持和改善,也缺乏科学依据和工程的可行性。西北干旱—极端干旱区水文循环和水量是气候环境决定的,不仅现代如此,过去也是如此。

中图分类号: 

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