地球科学进展, 2020, 35(6): 594-606 DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.052

构造地貌学

不断融入新元素的我国构造地貌学研究:以天山为例

吕红华,1, 李有利2

1.华东师范大学地理科学学院, 地理信息科学教育部重点实验室, 上海 200241

2.北京大学 城市与环境学院, 地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871

Development of Tectonic Geomorphology Study Promoted by New Methods in China: A Viewpoint from Reviewing the Tian Shan Researches

Honghua Lü,1, Li Youli2

1.School of Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China

2.College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

收稿日期: 2020-05-04   修回日期: 2020-05-25   网络出版日期: 2020-07-03

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金面上项目“天山北缘河流下切速率的时空模式与机制研究”.  41771013
“天山北缘乌鲁木齐河流域不同时间尺度构造地貌研究”.  41371031

Received: 2020-05-04   Revised: 2020-05-25   Online: 2020-07-03

作者简介 About authors

吕红华(1978-),男,湖南澧县人,教授,主要从事构造地貌研究.E-mail:hhlv@geo.ecnu.edu.cn

LüHonghua(1978-),male,LiCounty,Hu'nanProvince,Professor.Researchareasincludeneotectonicsandtectonicgeomorphology.E-mail:hhlv@geo.ecnu.edu.cn

摘要

构造地貌学是地貌学的重要分支学科,其研究内容已涵盖构造—气候—地表过程之间的相互作用及对地貌演化的影响。我国的构造地貌学研究肇始于20世纪初,在20世纪50年代得以逐渐发展,21世纪以来进入快速发展阶段。经过长期积累和多年的发展,我国的构造地貌学研究已形成了相对完备的理论和方法体系,并呈现出不断与其他邻近学科交叉、融合的趋势。通过梳理近20年天山构造地貌研究在新生代山体隆升扩展与剥露历史、山麓晚新生代砾岩相沉积的年代与成因、山麓与山间盆地晚第四纪活动构造变形、山麓晚第四纪河流地貌(结构、年代与成因)、山地流域侵蚀等方面取得的主要成果,探究学科交叉、新方法的引入对我国构造地貌学研究的促进作用。最后指出构造地貌研究未来可能仍需要关注的一些基本内容和问题,如不同时间尺度的对比研究和河流阶地年龄等。

关键词: 地貌学 ; 构造地貌学 ; 新构造 ; 活动构造 ; 天山

Abstract

Tectonic Geomorphology is an important branch of Geomorphology. Now the scope of tectonic geomorphology study has covered the interactions between tectonics, climate, surface processes and the influence on geomorphic evolution. The study of tectonic geomorphology in China started at the beginning of the 20th century, developed gradually in the 1950s, and entered a rapid development stage in the new century. Based on the long-term development, the study of tectonic geomorphology in China has formed a relatively complete theoretical and methodological system, and now presents a trend of the continuous intersection and integration with other adjacent disciplines. Now, several books on tectonic geomorphology have been published. The representative book abroad is Tectonic Geomorphology which was edited by Burbank D. W. and Anderson R. S., and was first published in 2001 and reprinted in 2012. In China, the first book on tectonic geomorphology is Active Tectonic Geomorphology which was edited by Yang Jingchun and Li Youli and was first published in 2011.In recent years, the tectonic geomorphology study has been absorbing and integrating the new ideas and new methods of other disciplines, significantly promoting the development of tectonic geomorphology. At the 2019 China Geographic Congress & the 110th anniversary of the establishment of the Chinese Geographical Society, the authors organized the session "Theory, Method and Application of Tectonic Geomorphology", aiming to present the recent progresses of tectonic geomorphology study in China. Later, invited by the editorial office, the authors organized the special column with the same name in the journal Advances in Earth Science. The contents of this column mainly dealt with the classical theoretical problems of geomorphology (the evolution and the controlling mechanism of river terrace, planation surface, and alluvial fan), new methods (such as K-feldspar thermoluminescence thermochronology, detrital zircon U-Pb chronology), and models and numerical simulation of tectonic geomorphology evolution. Because of the limited number of the articles, it was impossible for this column to comprehensively present the recent progresses in the study of tectonic geomorphology in China. Therefore, this paper first briefly reviewed the history of the development of tectonic geomorphology in China and the basic trend of tectonic geomorphology. The authors started the study of neotectonics and tectonic geomorphology in the Tian Shan range and its foreland basins about 15 years ago (exactly in 2002). The main aim of this paper was to explore the contributions of the interdisciplinary and new methods to the development of tectonic geomorphology study, by reviewing the main achievements in the tectonic geomorphology study conducted in the Tian Shan and its foreland basins during the past 20 years. These achievements include the history of uplift and exhumation during the Cenozoic times, the chronology and genesis of the late Cenozoic terrigenous sedimentary sequences in the foreland basins, the characteristics of the late Quaternary active tectonic deformation in the foreland and intermontane basins, the late Quaternary river geomorphology (geomorphic framework, chronology, and cause of formation), and erosion rates of the catchment basins. At the end of this paper, it was pointed out that, two aspects may need more attention in the future tectonic geomorphology study, i.e. the comparative study at different time scales and the better constraint of the formation age of river terrace.

Keywords: Geomorphology ; Tectonic geomorphology ; Neotectoncis ; Active tectonics ; The Tian Shan.

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本文引用格式

吕红华, 李有利. 不断融入新元素的我国构造地貌学研究:以天山为例. 地球科学进展[J], 2020, 35(6): 594-606 DOI:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.052

Honghua Lü, Li Youli. Development of Tectonic Geomorphology Study Promoted by New Methods in China: A Viewpoint from Reviewing the Tian Shan Researches. Advances in Earth Science[J], 2020, 35(6): 594-606 DOI:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.052

1 引 言

构造地貌学是地貌学的重要分支学科[1,2],它既关注构造过程形成的地貌,也运用地貌学原理解决构造问题[1,2,3]。我国构造地貌相关研究出现于20世纪早期,当时主要基于地貌发育和构造运动分期理论对华北地文期进行研究[4]。新中国成立后,由于生产建设的实际需要,我国的构造地貌学研究受到重视和逐渐发展。伴随1964年北京大学新构造研究组的成立,以及国家地震局在20世纪60~70年代组织的多次震区考察和多个地震会战项目的实施,我国构造地貌学研究进入相对快速的发展阶段[5,6,7]。特别是进入21世纪,一系列构造地貌学领域的专著得以出版,这极大地促进了构造地貌学研究与学科发展。国外的代表著作是Burbank等[8]编著的Tectonic Geomorphology(2001年第一版,2012年再版),其对构造地貌学进行了全面介绍,并强调了从不同的时间尺度开展构造地貌研究的必要性。国内的第一本专著是杨景春等[1]在2011年编著出版的《活动构造地貌学》,其注重于不同类型构造地貌的研究内容和方法。

基于多年的工作积累,王乃樑在1981年召开的中国地理学会第一次构造地貌学术研讨会上,首次对构造地貌学的理论、方法、应用与动向做了系统论述[9],会议论文于1984年由科学出版社出版[10]。随后,韩慕康[2]在1992年进一步明确了构造地貌学研究的基本内涵。经过半个多世纪的发展,我国构造地貌学已逐渐形成了相对完备的理论体系和方法论[1]。基于此,本文在简要回顾我国构造地貌研究发展历程的基础上,评述了当前构造地貌学研究的新趋势和新动向,然后通过梳理21世纪以来天山地区构造地貌研究取得的主要成果,同时结合作者在该地区近20年的工作体会,希望探索出学科交叉的新方法以促进构造地貌学研究,最后分析了今后构造地貌研究仍可能需要注意的几个方面,以期起到抛砖引玉的作用。

2 构造地貌研究新趋势

近些年,构造地貌研究不断探索吸纳、融合其他学科领域的新思想和新方法[1,11],呈现出良好的发展势头。我国早期的构造地貌研究主要关注构造地貌(包括相关沉积)的形成过程和演化规律,进而评估构造变形特征,解决实际工程问题并服务于地震预报[2,10]。自20世纪90年代以来,特别是最近10来年,伴随地质与地貌年代技术(特别是低温热年代学、宇宙成因核素年代学、加速器质谱碳十四测年、光释光测年等)、数字地形分析技术、形变测量技术[如无人机技术、全球定位系统(GPS)、机载激光雷达测量技术(LiDAR)]等的不断发展和革新[12,13,14,15,16,17],构造地貌学的研究内涵逐渐得以深化和丰富。现阶段构造地貌研究已不限于利用层状地貌分析构造变形特征(如变形幅度、时间和速率等),其核心内容已涵盖构造、气候、地表过程等因素之间的相互作用及其对地貌发育的影响[1,8,11],力图予以量化并通过物理模型与数值模拟加以验证[18,19,20],但仍希望能够剥离构造、气候因素对地形演化的各自贡献,尽管这依旧相当困难[1,8,11]。除了地貌学,现有研究也越来越多地利用其他临近学科,如构造地质学、古气候学、地球物理学和古水文学等领域的理论、研究手段和方法,体现出非常强的学科交叉属性[1,8,11]。此外,现阶段构造地貌研究也愈加呈现出将地壳深部过程和地表过程统一起来考虑的趋势[21,22],以期更加科学地解释构造地貌现象。

3 近年来天山构造地貌研究的主要进展

3.1 天山新生代隆升扩展与剥露历史

天山是大陆内部典型的新生代褶皱断块山地。天山在地质历史时期曾经历过多期次、不同方式的构造变形,具有十分复杂的演化历史[23]。经过中生代至新生代早期的侵蚀,形成于古生代的古天山逐渐被夷平[24]。响应于新生代早期的印度—欧亚板块碰撞,天山地区得以构造复活再造山[23]。基于低温热年代学、构造地质学、沉积学等方面的研究,国内外学者对天山新生代构造隆升与剥露历史进行了约束。

在过去的十多年里,U-Th/He低温热年代学技术已经逐步发展成熟,将裂变径迹分析与U-Th/He技术相结合来重建造山带剥露历史的研究方法也愈加受到学界重视[25,26,27,28],天山地区的低温年代学研究也相应取得了很多不错的成果[29,30,31,32,33,34]。基于磷灰石裂变径迹低温热年代学分析,新生代北天山剥露冷却被认为开始于始新世中期,这次剥露事件不仅在依连哈比尔尕山被揭示[29],也发生在博罗科努山的乔尓玛地区[30]。天山山体随后的隆升扩展直接导致了山前逆断裂—背斜带的发育,由此导致的背斜快速剥露过程被认为发生于渐新世末期至中新世早期[31],以及中新世中晚期[32]。作者曾首次联合运用磷灰石裂变径迹(Apatite Fission Track,AFT)与U-Th/He(AHe)低温热年代学方法,在新疆乌鲁木齐—库尔勒公路沿线进行了系统采样和山体剥露历史分析。结果表明,该段天山新生代的剥露历史分为2个阶段,即古近纪期间的缓慢剥露阶段和中新世以来的快速剥露冷却阶段[35,36]

天山山间和前陆盆地晚新生代沉积记录被认为是上述主要剥露过程的佐证[37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44],特别是在山麓广泛发育的一套厚层的晚新生代砾岩相沉积[45,46,47,48,49],被认为指示天山主要的隆升发生于新近纪末期至第四纪期间[46]。Métivier等[50]通过计算准噶尔盆地南缘的沉积速率,认为天山主要的隆升起始时间约为16 Ma;他们的分析还表明,沉积速率在5 Ma的加速,指示着天山隆升在此时的增速。Charreau等[39]则基于天山北麓奎屯河剖面均一的沉积速率[(210±10) m/Ma],推断天山隆升于约10.5 Ma之前。不过在同一剖面,Sun等[41]则基于厚层砾岩相沉积的出现认为北天山隆升主要发生于约7 Ma。在乌鲁木齐附近,Windley等[51]发现渐新统地层底部存在角度不整合,并识别出沉积速率与沉积系统的能量在此之后明显增加,他们据此认为,这可能标志着由印度—欧亚板块碰撞诱发的天山地区变形的开始。此外,Avouac等[52]则基于平衡剖面分析,估计天山的构造变形起始于15 Ma,并估计天山北麓地壳缩短速率约为3 mm/a。基于这一估计的缩短速率,以及西天山约200 km的地壳缩短量[52],Abdrakhmatov等[53]认为天山主要建造于过去的10 Ma。很明显,上述关于北天山隆升时间的认识还存在分歧,这是否缘于天山的构造复活与强烈隆升在造山带尺度具有空间差异性,还需要深入研究。另外,如何匹配山体隆升与剥露历史的各种地质与沉积记录,仍需要进一步予以探讨。

3.2 山麓晚新生代砾岩相沉积的年代与成因

层状地貌(如夷平面)和地貌相关沉积作为记录断块山地演化的重要载体,一直是地貌学、构造地貌学研究的重要内容与对象。就像王乃樑等[54]在研究山西地堑系新生代沉积与构造地貌时所倡导的那样,地貌与沉积从来都是地貌学、构造地貌学研究中紧密联系的两部分。包括天山在内的我国西部造山带,山前接受了一套厚层的新生代陆源沉积,这套沉积整体呈现向上变粗的特征[55],最上部的砾岩相沉积即为由黄汲清等[56]命名的西域砾岩。由于地层特征突出,西域砾岩的地层年代与成因历来备受关注[45]

自20世纪90年代以来,磁性地层学开始应用于西域砾岩的年代学研究[57]。尤其是进入21世纪后,伴随古地磁测试技术的革新,磁性地层年代学方法在西域砾岩地层年代研究中被广泛应用,由此建立的高精度地层年代标尺极大地推动了对于活动造山带前陆盆地沉积过程与控制机制的理解。在天山南麓,邓秀芹等[58]将库车地区库车河剖面西域组分为上、下两段,并根据磁性地层的结果,认为该剖面上、下西域组的年代分别为2.5~1.6 Ma和3.4~2.5 Ma;秋里塔格背斜雅哈河剖面的西域砾岩底界年龄分别被限定为5.2~5.9 Ma[48,49,59],位于同一背斜的塔吾剖面、阿瓦特剖面、克拉苏河剖面与二八台剖面的西域砾岩底界年龄被限定为1.7~2.6 Ma[60,61,62,63]。在西南天山山前,喀什地区大山口剖面、乌恰地区三棵树剖面的西域砾岩底界年龄分别被限定约为3.2[64]和2.6 Ma[65];在喀什—阿图什褶皱带的6个地层剖面中,Heermance等[40]和陈杰等[47]的磁性地层年代学结果显示,西域组底界年龄在15.5~0.7 Ma。在天山北麓,磁性地层年代学研究限定奎屯河剖面与独山子剖面的西域组底界年龄分别约为4.80[39]和2.58 Ma[41];金沟河剖面的西域组底界年龄被限定为6.5~7.5 Ma[66,67]。作者曾对位于吐谷鲁背斜北翼的塔西河剖面开展了系统的磁性地层学研究和岩石磁学测试分析[43,68],最终限定西域组底界年龄约为2.1 Ma,与Sun等[42]和Li等[69]的结果(约2.6 Ma)相近。

现有这些年代学结果表明,天山山麓的粗粒相砾岩沉积—西域砾岩的底界年龄具有穿时性,其底界年龄从中新世中期到上新世甚至晚第四纪不等。西域砾岩的基本特征是一套陆相的粗碎屑沉积。诸如山地构造活动性变化、源区气候波动(特别是冰川作用)、物源调整、岩性变化等均已被认为是控制这套沉积出现的几个主要因素,特别是构造与气候因素的作用更加突出[45]。尽管已认识到这些因素对于粗粒相沉积的驱动作用,但要剥离不同因素的各自贡献,目前仍旧是一个难题,特别是考虑到构造、气候等因素之间还存在复杂的耦合作用机制。或许系统的物源分析(如碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学)和低温热年代学研究(基岩、碎屑AFT和AHe分析)能够为理解这一问题提供更加丰富且具有针对性的信息。

3.3 山麓与山间盆地晚第四纪活动构造变形

天山山体北侧以准噶尔南缘断裂与准噶尔盆地相隔,南侧则以塔里木盆地北缘断裂与塔里木盆地为界,山体以扇形向南北两侧双向逆冲,导致在山麓发育多列走向与山体近于平行的逆断裂—背斜带[23,70,71]。对这些山麓构造进行构造地貌学、活动构造学研究,有助于理解诸如天山的大陆内部造山带的构造变形机理。

20世纪90年代,天山地区逆断裂—背斜构造活动性方面的工作首次报道于天山北麓的独山子背斜[72]。后来随着国家地震局地质研究所等单位关于天山活动构造的几个国际合作项目的开展,对天山山麓活动褶皱构造的研究进入了新阶段[23]。已有工作主要在以下几个方面取得了显著进展:详细解析了逆断裂相关褶皱的几何学与运动学特征,将褶皱类型划分为3类,即断层扩展褶皱、断层弯曲褶皱和滑脱褶皱[21,23,46,73,74,75,76];通过磁性地层年代学研究与生长地层识别,对背斜生长变形历史进行了约束[42,43,44,66,69,77]。利用变形阶地获得了背斜(或断层)自阶地形成以来的变形幅度和速率,揭示了晚第四纪变形的时空模式[23,46,52,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86]。通过河流纵剖面分析以及地貌计量指标研究探讨河流山地流域构造活动的宏观特征[87,88,89,90,91]。作者最近的工作揭示了天山北麓晚新生代地壳缩短速率的时空模式,发现无论是单个背斜还是整个山麓带的地壳缩短均在晚更新世增速,整个山麓晚第四纪的地壳缩短速率为2~3 mm/a。在天山山间盆地(83°~87°E),地壳缩短速率被分别估计约为2 mm/a(伊犁盆地、那拉提盆地和巴音布鲁克盆地)[83]、0.3 mm/a(焉耆盆地)[92]、4~5 mm/a(库车坳陷)[93]。大型走滑断裂—博阿断裂在此区域内的右旋走滑速率为1~1.4 mm/a[94],由此造成的南北向缩短速率应该不超过1 mm/a。综合以上缩短速率,认为在整个造山带尺度(83°~87°E),挤压和走滑变形导致的晚第四纪南北向地壳缩短速率为(9±1)mm/a,与基于GPS观测得到的现今缩短速率(约8 mm/a)基本相当(图1[86]

图1

图1   基于地貌与地质研究的天山(83°~87°E)地壳缩短速率[83,86,92,93]a)与GPS测量[95]的缩短速率(b

Fig.1   The crustal shortening rates from the geomorphologic and geological evidences in the Tian Shan range (83°~87°E)[83,86,92,93] (a) and the rate (b) from the GPS measurements[95]


3.4 晚第四纪河流地貌结构、年代与成因

地貌发育与构造、气候等因素之间的关系仍是当前地貌学、构造地貌学研究的难点与热点之一,天山山麓由于其特有的构造与气候背景、良好的河流地貌条件,是开展这一研究的理想场所。20世纪60年代初,周廷儒[96]曾对天山地区的第四纪地貌及相关沉积作过较为全面的描述,探讨过河流地貌成因。20世纪90年代,Molnar等[78]和张培震等[97]对北天山山前的河流地貌成因做了进一步研究,指出山前冲积物堆积于冰期,而河流下切导致冲积扇废弃、阶地形成于间冰期。进入21世纪,伴随着测年技术的发展,特别是光释光测年与宇宙成因核素年代学技术的极大改进,后续研究对天山地区晚第四纪地貌序列的年代做了进一步约束[81,82,84,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108],这为深入理解河流下切、阶地发育与构造活动、气候变化之间的关系创造了条件。作者自2002年开始在天山地区开展构造地貌与河流地貌研究。基于多年的工作,逐步确立了3期冲积扇与3级主要阶地之间的对应关系,依此建立和完善了天山北麓晚第四纪河流地貌框架[100,104,109]。阶地面形态分析结果显示,北天山山前主要河流的晚第四纪阶地位相呈现向下游收敛的特征,结合年代学研究和构造分析结果,这一阶地位相特征可能不能全部用山前的差异抬升(如果存在的话)予以解释,其成因在很大程度上也许与晚第四纪气候波动导致的河流流量与沉积负载的比率变化相关[103,104]。与之相联系的是北天山及其山前河流下切幅度与速率的空间分布模式[104,110]。基于参考阶地面(具有约12 ka的阶地形成年龄)重建的古地貌分析结果显示,天山北麓河流下切呈现向下游减小的趋势,但最外侧背斜基岩抬升导致产生了河流下切的拐点[104]图2)。伴随背斜的生长和扩展,背斜基岩抬升对河流作用产生了显著影响,一方面促进河流下切[44,98,101,102,104],另一方面促使一些河流如四棵树河、奎屯河、安集海河和金沟河等发生迁移和改道[99,102,103]。此外,最近的研究[111,112,113,114,115]还揭示,天山山麓黄土堆积与天山晚第四纪冰川作用过程以及河流地貌过程存在密切联系,冲积平原细粒沉积物是山前地貌面上覆风尘黄土堆积的主要物源。

图2

图2   基于参考阶地(各参考阶地年龄均约为12 ka)的天山北麓典型河流下切深度(a)与速率(b)的空间模式[104]

Fig.2   Spatial patter of river incision depth (a) and rate (b) in the northern Tian Shan foreland derived from the reference terraces having the formation age of about 12 ka[104]


3.5 山地流域侵蚀速率研究

地表侵蚀联系于构造、气候这两个主要的造貌因素,地表侵蚀速率因此被视为研究构造—气候相互作用及其对地貌演化影响的关键切入点。如何定量表达造山带地表侵蚀的速率、揭示侵蚀速率的时空格局,是当前地貌学、构造地貌学等学科领域研究的热点和主要任务之一,也是国内外学者努力的方向[1,8,11]。在天山地区,目前基于流域尺度的侵蚀速率研究工作开展得还不是很充分,已有研究主要集中在北天山。在北天山的乌鲁木齐河流域,基于水文数据和现场监测结果(河流溶解质、悬移质和推移质含量),估算流域源区的现今侵蚀速率非常低,仅为17~18 m/Ma[116]。在北天山山前的奎屯河剖面,Charreau等[117]分析了宇宙成因核素浓度,发现奎屯河流域在2.5 Ma前的古侵蚀速率为100~1 000 m/Ma,而2.5~1.7 Ma的侵蚀速率则高达2 500 m/Ma,在1.7 Ma之后,侵蚀速率下降到小于1 000 m/Ma。他们进一步基于全球第四纪冰川作用历史,认识天山地区第四纪早期的冰川作用是导致奎屯河流域在2.5~1.7 Ma古侵蚀速率显著增大的主要原因[117]。以上估计的侵蚀速率,是否意味着北天山地区侵蚀速率存在显著的空间差异,抑或在时间尺度上存在变化,还不能确定。作者已开展的晚第四纪河流下切速率方面的工作[104,110]为理解这一问题提供了参考,系统的流域尺度侵蚀速率的对比研究,是更好地理解天山地区侵蚀过程的强度及其控制因素的有效途径之一。

4 未来构造地貌研究可能需要关注的方面

我国的构造地貌学研究肇始于20世纪初,在50~60年代得以逐渐发展,21世纪以来进入快速发展阶段。着眼今后,构造地貌学中的过程研究与量化、构造物理与数值模拟、挤压构造背景下的逆断裂相关褶皱之间的相互作用及其伴随的地貌响应、单个背斜沿走向的生长发育演化等应当是未来研究的趋势和重要方向,部分内容现在已经受到重视并已取得不错的成果[1,11,18,19,20,104,118,119,120,121,122]

基于作者的研究体会,构造地貌研究今后可能仍需要关注一些基本的内容和问题。一是要注重不同时间尺度的对比研究。以河流下切速率为例。无论是重建地貌演化历史,还是揭示活动构造(断层与背斜)的变形特征,河流阶地都是一个非常重要的研究对象。尽管河流阶地已被成功应用于约束河流下切速率、进而估算构造抬升速率[123,124,125],但基于阶地发育年龄和阶地拔河高度(代表下切量)计算得到的下切速率是否能准确约束特定地区的构造抬升历史,仍存争议。河流下切被认为是一个非稳态的、不连续的过程[126,127],它与河床侧蚀(常伴随河道加积)构成河流作用的两个重要环节,两者相互转化形成深切河谷或/和阶地序列[126]。因此,基于阶地的河流下切速率是该级阶地形成以来河流下切的平均速率,其可能随着时间尺度的变化而变化,即存在时间尺度效应[127,128]。已有研究表明,构造活动具有明显的时间尺度效应[86],其河流地貌响应(如河流下切过程)在不同的时间尺度下也可能呈现不同的特点。在造山带山前,气候波动能够导致河流不断调节河床坡度[103,104,106,107,124],河床坡度的这种调整必将形成特有的河流下切空间模式[104]。此外,受其他因素(如岩性、水文条件等)的影响,河流下切过程对于同一构造事件的响应也可能还具有空间差异性。那么,在一致的背景条件(如气候)下,河流下切速率的空间差异在多大程度上反映构造活动性的区域差异?不同时间尺度和空间尺度的河流下切过程研究将有助于回答这些问题[104,127]。二是河流阶地年龄。河流阶地除了被用于约束河流下切速率,还可以用来确定自阶地形成以来的构造变形速率(如断层滑动速率、地壳缩短速率等),其中一个重要的参数就是阶地面的形成年龄。阶地面形成年龄是指河流下切导致河漫滩废弃、阶地面形成的时间,目前通常依据阶地沉积物顶部的年龄,或阶地面大漂砾的暴露年龄,或阶地沉积上覆黄土的底界年龄[17,100,103,104,105,129,130,131,132,133,134]等来确定。在最后一种情形下,通常假定阶地面上覆黄土在阶地面形成后就开始堆积,即黄土底界年龄与阶地沉积结束年龄没有显著的时间间断。这一假定是否符合实际情况,可能值得思考。若阶地面上覆黄土开始堆积的时间显著滞后于阶地面形成的时间,那么,将黄土堆积底界年龄视作阶地面形成年龄,会影响所估计的变形速率的准确性。其实,除了黄土,利用阶地沉积上覆的其他类型的沉积物限定阶地形成年龄,都存在这一问题,需要在实际工作中予以考虑。

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