Ecohydrology of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems: A Review
Liu Hu1, 2, , Zhao Wenzhi1, 2, *, , Li Zhongkai1, 2, 3
1.Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Lanzhou 730000, China2.Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Lanzhou 730000, China3.College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
First author:Liu Hu (1980-), male, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Associate professor. Research areas include ecohydrology and hydropedology in water-limited environments. E-mail:lhayz@lzb.ac.cn
Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) are ecosystems that must have access to groundwater to maintain their ecological structure and function. In other words, the vegetation dynamics moisture dynamics, and water-salt balance in GDEs are significantly affected by and directly related to the groundwater. This work reviews the most recent research advances in the ecohydrology of GDEs from: ①the interactions between groundwater and vegetation, ②the interactions between groundwater and soil moisture dynamics in the vadose zone, the interactions between ground and ③surface-water systems, ④the interactions between groundwater and salt accumulation dynamics, ⑤the responses of GDEs to climate changes and human disturbances, and ⑥the ecohydrological modeling works toward sustainable management of GDEs. It is pointed out that several issues need to be taken into account in the managements of GDEs, i.e., how does the vegetation of GDEs response to fluctuations and decreases in the groundwater level, whether there is a catastrophic loss of the functions of GDEs, and what is the threshold value below which such a catastrophe may occur. The key to solving those issues lies in how to delineate the different ecohydrological processes occurred in the soil medium from the top of the ground surface to the water table. Therefore, observation and modeling efforts are needed and will be important research priorities in the future, especially for GDEs in arid environments. We also argued that four more difficulties should be addressed towards sustainable management of GDEs in future: ①how to identify GDEs in the field, and determine which habitats and species are reliant on groundwater for their persistence in the landscape, ②what groundwater regime is required to sustain the existence of GDEs, ③how to manage GDEs with limited social resources, and ④what measures of ecosystem function can be monitored to determine that management is effective?
Increasing human populations have resulted in aggressive water development in arid regions. This development typically results in altered stream flow regimes, reduced annual flow volumes, changes in fluvial disturbance regimes, changes in groundwater levels, and subsequent shifts in ecological patterns and processes. Balancing human demands for water with environmental requirements to maintain functioning ecosystems requires quantitative linkages between water in streams and ecosystem attributes. Streams in the Sonoran Desert provide important habitat for vertebrate species, including resident and migratory birds. Habitat structure, food, and nest-building materials, which are concentrated in riparian areas, are provided directly or indirectly by vegetation. We measured riparian vegetation, groundwater and surface water, habitat structure, and bird occurrence along Cherry Creek, a perennial tributary of the Salt River in central Arizona, USA. The purpose of this work was to develop an integrated model of groundwater-vegetation-habitat structure and bird occurrence by: (1) characterizing structural and provisioning attributes of riparian vegetation through developing a bird habitat index (BHI), (2) validating the utility of our BHI through relating it to measured bird community composition, (3) determining the riparian plant species that best explain the variability in BHI, (4) developing predictive models that link important riparian species to fluvial disturbance and groundwater availability along an arid-land stream, and (5) simulating the effects of changes in flow regime and groundwater levels and determining their consequences for riparian bird communities. Riparian forest and shrubland vegetation cover types were correctly classified in 83% of observations as a function of fluvial disturbance and depth to water table. Groundwater decline and decreased magnitude of fluvial disturbance caused significant shifts in riparian cover types from riparian forest to shrublands. Variability in the BHI was best explained by the cover of deciduous riparian tree species, primarily Populus fremontiU Platanus wrightiU and Salix gooddingii. The distributions of these plant species were well explained by the depth to groundwater and magnitude of fluvial disturbance along the stream. Bird species diversity and richness were significantly higher in sites with higher habitat indices. This quantitative linkage between surface and groundwater, plant species composition, habitat complexity, and bird communities has implications for water management and in determining environmental flows.
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Estimating total horizontal aeolian flux within shrub-invaded groundwater-dependent meadows using empirical and mechanistic models
This article reviews the application of ecohydrological indicators to hydrogeological conceptual models for earth-scientists with little or no botanical training. Ecohydrological indicators are plants whose presence or morphology can provide data about the hydrogeological setting. By examining the literature from the fields of ecohydrology, hydrogeology, geobotany, and ecology, this article summarizes what is known about groundwater indicator plants, their potential for providing information about the aquifer, and how this data can be a cost-effective addition to hydrogeological conceptual models. We conclude that the distribution and morphology of ecohydrological groundwater indicator plants can be useful to hydrogeologists in certain circumstances. They are easiest to evaluate in arid and semiarid climates. Ecohydrological groundwater indicators can provide information about the absolute depth to the water table, patterns of groundwater fluctuation, and the mineralization of the aquifer. It is shown that an understanding of the meteorological conditions of a region is often necessary to accurately interpret groundwater indicator plants and that useful data is usually obtained by observing patterns of vegetation behavior rather than interpreting individual plants. The most serious limitations to applying this source of information to hydrogeological conceptual models are the limited data in the literature and the regional nature of many indicator plants. The physical and physiological indications of the plants exist, but little effort has been made to interpret them. This article concludes by outlining several potential lines of research that could further the usefulness of ecohydrological groundwater indicators to the hydrogeological community.
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61We studied a dune system surrounded by fertilised agricultural land.61Groundwater nutrients affected vegetation and soils in dune slack wetlands.61Change in vegetation and soil were observed at 0.2mg/L of DIN within groundwater.
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Ecohydrology of wetlands: Monitoring and Modelling Interactions between Groundwater, Soil and Vegetation
Abstract BACKGROUND: Most groundwater conservation and management efforts focus on protecting groundwater for drinking water and for other human uses with little understanding or focus on the ecosystems that depend on groundwater. However, groundwater plays an integral role in sustaining certain types of aquatic, terrestrial and coastal ecosystems, and their associated landscapes. Our aim was to illuminate the connection between groundwater and surface ecosystems by identifying and mapping the distribution of groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs) in California. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To locate where groundwater flow sustains ecosystems we identified and mapped groundwater dependent ecosystems using a GIS. We developed an index of groundwater dependency by analyzing geospatial data for three ecosystem types that depend on groundwater: (1) springs and seeps; (2) wetlands and associated vegetation alliances; and (3) stream discharge from groundwater sources (baseflow index). Each variable was summarized at the scale of a small watershed (Hydrologic Unit Code-12; mean size = 9,570 ha; n = 4,621), and then stratified and summarized to 10 regions of relative homogeneity in terms of hydrologic, ecologic and climatic conditions. We found that groundwater dependent ecosystems are widely, although unevenly, distributed across California. Although different types of GDEs are clustered more densely in certain areas of the state, watersheds with multiple types of GDEs are found in both humid (e.g. coastal) and more arid regions. Springs are most densely concentrated in the North Coast and North Lahontan, whereas groundwater dependent wetlands and associated vegetation alliances are concentrated in the North and South Lahontan and Sacramento River hydrologic regions. The percentage of land area where stream discharge is most dependent on groundwater is found in the North Coast, Sacramento River and Tulare Lake regions. GDE clusters are located at the highest percentage in the North Coast (an area of the highest annual rainfall totals), North Lahontan (an arid, high desert climate with low annual rainfall), and Sacramento River hydrologic regions. That GDEs occur in such distinct climatic and hydrologic settings reveals the widespread distribution of these ecosystems. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Protection and management of groundwater-dependent ecosystems are hindered by lack of information on their diversity, abundance and location. By developing a methodology that uses existing datasets to locate GDEs, this assessment addresses that knowledge gap. We report here on the application of this method across California, but believe the method can be expanded to regions where spatial data exist.
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Vegetation patterns arise from the interplay between intraspecific and interspecific biotic interactions and from different abiotic constraints and interacting driving forces and distributions. In this study, we constructed an ensemble learning model that, based on spatially distributed environmental variables, could model vegetation patterns at the local scale. The study site was an alluvial floodplain with marked hydrologic gradients on which different vegetation types developed. The model was evaluated on accuracy, and could be concluded to perform well. However, model accuracy was remarkably lower for boundary areas between two distinct vegetation types. Subsequent application of the model on a spatially independent data set showed a poor performance that could be linked with the niche concept to conclude that an empirical distribution model, which has been constructed on local observations, is incapable to be applied beyond these boundaries.
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Groundwater-dependent ecosystems: The where, what and why of GDEs
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Phreatophytic vegetation and groundwater fluctuations: A review of current research and application of ecosystem response modeling with an emphasis on Great Basin vegetation
Groundwater can serve as an important resource for woody vegetation in semiarid landscapes, particularly when soil water is functionally depleted and unavailable to plants. This study examines the uptake of groundwater by deciduous blue oak trees (Quercus douglasii) in a California oak savanna. Here we present a suite of direct and indirect methods that demonstrate its occurrence and quantify its rates. The study site is underlain by a thin soil layer and fractured metavolcanic bedrock. Typical depth to groundwater is approximately 8 m. A variety of water storage and flux measurements were collected from 2005 to 2008, including groundwater levels, soil moisture contents, sap flows, and latent heat fluxes. During the dry season, groundwater uptake rates ranged from 4 to 25 mm monthand approximately 80% of total ET during June, July, and August came from groundwater. Leaf and soil water potentials supported these results, indicating that groundwater uptake was thermodynamically favorable over soil water uptake for key portions of the growing season. These findings strongly suggest that blue oaks should be considered obligate phreatophytes and that groundwater reserves provide a buffer to rapid changes in their hydroclimate, if these assets are not otherwise depleted by prolonged drought or human consumption. While groundwater uptake may provide for short-term protection, it should be viewed not as a mechanism for continued plant growth. It allows the woody vegetation to subsist during the summer but not to flourish.
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We investigate the role of interannual climate variability on spatial soil moisture variability dynamics for a field site in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Observations were made during 3 years under intermediate (1999), wet (2000), and extremely dry conditions (2003). Soil moisture variability dynamics are simulated with a comprehensive model for the period 1989-2003. The results show that climate variability induces non-uniqueness and two distinct hysteresis modes in the yearly relation between the spatial mean soil moisture and its variability. We demonstrate that the direction of hysteresis is related to a yearly climate index that does not require soil moisture observations.
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We investigated the physiological response of two native riparian tree species (Populus fremontii and Salix gooddingii) and one exotic species (Tamarix chinensis) to groundwater availability along gradients of depth to groundwater at two rivers in Arizona. Depth to groundwater (DGW) at the dam-regulated Bill Williams River (BWR) was relatively constant and shallow (<4 m). Populus fremontii at BWR did not experience reduced water availability at deeper groundwater depths, as evidenced by high predawn water potential. However, leaf gas exchange of P. fremontii was sensitive to high vapor pressure deficit where surface flow was ephemeral at BWR. Lower predawn water potentials of S. gooddingii at BWR suggested reduced water availability at deeper groundwater depths, but these reductions did not adversely affect net photosynthetic rate. Along the range of depth to groundwater at BWR, all three species suffered little canopy dieback, and dieback was not related to depth to groundwater. Depth to groundwater at the free-flowing Hassayampa River (HRP) was much greater and declined more rapidly in the ephemeral reaches than at BWR. Both P. fremontii and S. gooddingii experienced reduced water availability at deeper groundwater depths at HRP, as evidenced by lower predawn water potential. Both species also experienced reduced leaf gas exchange at deeper groundwater depths. Canopy dieback of all species was higher at HRP than at BWR and increased with increasing DGW, especially when DGW fell below 3 m. There was evidence to support branch sacrifice in these three riparian tree species as a means of improving water status in the surviving shoot. However, branch sacrifice was insufficient to prevent mortality in some of the native trees where DGW fell below 3 m at HRP. In contrast to the native species, T. chinensis showed no change in water availability, leaf gas exchange, or canopy dieback with increasing DGW at either river. Leaf gas exchange was lower and dieback was greater for T. chinensis at HRP where depth to groundwater was greater than at BWR, but there was no mortality at either river. Our results show that deep groundwater is more detrimental to the physiological condition of P. fremontii and S. gooddingii than it is to T. chinensis. Also, the pronounced differences in DGW and tree physiological performance between BWR and HRP suggest that dam regulation can increase water availability to mature trees in some desert riparian ecosystems. Finally, our study also provides estimates of the range of DGW that can maintain healthy, mature P. fremontii and S. gooddingii trees.
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To test the hypothesis that long-term peat accumulation is related to contemporary carbon flux dynamics, we present the Peat Decomposition Model (PDM), a new model of long-term peat accumulation. Decomposition rates of the deeper peat are directly related to observable decomposition rates of fresh vegetation litter. Plant root effects (subsurface oxygenation and fresh litter inputs) are included. PDM considers two vegetation types, vascular and nonvascular, with different decomposition rates and aboveground and belowground litter input rates. We used PDM to investigate the sensitivities of peat accumulation in bogs and fens to productivity, root:shoot ratio, tissue decomposability, root and water table depths, and climate. Warmer and wetter conditions are more conducive to peat accumulation. Bogs are more sensitive than fens to climate conditions. Cooler and drier conditions lead to the lowest peat accumulation when productivity is more temperature sensitive than decomposition rates. We also compare peat age-depth profiles to field data. With a very general parameterization, PDM fen and bog age-depth profiles were similar to data from the the most recent 5000 years at three bog cores and a fen core in eastern Canada, but they overestimated accumulation at three other bog cores in that region. The model cannot reliably predict the amount of fen peat remaining from the first few millennia of a peatland's development. This discrepancy may relate to nonanalogue, early postglacial climatic and nutrient conditions for rich-fen peat accumulation and to the fate of this fen peat material, which is overlain by a bog as the peatland evolves, a common hydroseral succession in northern peatlands. Because PDM sensitivity tests point to these possible factors, we conclude that the static model represents a framework that shows a consistent relationship between contemporary productivity and fresh-tissue decomposition rates and observed long-term peat accumulation.
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ABSTRACT Quantitative assessment of frequency and control of preferential flow (PF) across the landscape has been largely lacking. Previous work evaluated PF occurrence at 10 sites along a hillslope in the Shale Hills Catchment using soil moisture response to 175 precipitation events. We expanded the analysis to include (i) 237 additional events to test the temporal consistency and predictability of PF occurrence and (ii) 25 additional sites to upscale to the entire catchment. The results showed considerable temporal consistence in both frequency and main controls of PF at the hillslope scale, attributed largely to statistical stability of precipitation patterns during the 6.5-yr monitoring and relatively stable subsurface PF paths. Generally, PF tended to occur more often in response to intense rainfalls and favored conditions at dry hilltop or wet valley sites. When upscaling to the catchment, topographic controls became more evident, leading to the identification of a hidden subsurface PF network. Higher frequency of PF occurred at the hilltop (average 46%) and the valley floor (average 41%), while the overall average frequency for swales was 26% and that for planar and convex hillslopes was 18%. Soil-terrain attributes provided a limited estimation (R-2 = 0.43-0.48) of PF occurrence, suggesting complexities involved in PF dynamics. This study confirmed that the initiation and persistence of PF were controlled by interactions among landforms, soils, initial moisture conditions, precipitation, and seasons. Further investigations of these key controls can lead to improved understanding and modeling of PF from pedon to catchment scales.
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Evaluating the use of diurnal groundwater fluctuations for estimating evapotranspiration in wetland environments: Case studies in southeast England and northeast Germany
ABSTRACT Although hydraulic redistribution has been observed for a range of tree species, including Eucalyptus kochii subsp. borealis (C. Gardner) D. Nicolle, there is limited direct evidence that water taken up by deep roots in moist soil is in fact exuded by shallow roots in dry soil. This paper reports an experiment designed to test this hypothesis. Water enriched with deuterium was added to the groundwater via a slotted tube at 4.5 m depth below 5-year-old E. kochii subsp. borealis trees. Nocturnal sap flow increased markedly immediately after deep irrigation, indicating that the trees were using water from this depth. Two weeks later, samples of surface soil and xylem water were found to contain levels of deuterium up to 30% higher than soils and xylem water from a control plot upslope of the main treatment plot. This is strong evidence that trees used groundwater and that efflux of important amounts of hydraulically redistributed water occurred via the roots of E. kochii subsp. borealis.
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As the direct uptake of deep groundwater by vegetation may be essential in semiarid regions, we incorporated this process in stochastic root zone water balance models. The direct water uptake by vegetation via deep tap roots is simulated using one additional empirical parameter. This is considered for the case of feedback with root zone saturation and without such feedback. The model that accounts for feedback between shallow root zone saturation and groundwater uptake by deep roots takes up less water if the shallow root zone is wet. The behavior of the models demonstrates that for certain combinations of climate and groundwater depths this feedback becomes important in determining differences in total evapotranspiration (ET). This feedback mechanism also captures hydraulic redistribution processes. The range of relative contributions of groundwater to ET predicted by the models was similar to values derived in isotope studies
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Kelly B FJ, Timms WA, Andersen MS, et al.
Aquifer heterogeneity and response time: The challenge for groundwater management
Groundwater is an important contributor to irrigation water supplies. The time lag between withdrawal and the subsequent impacts on the river corridor presents a challenge for water management. We highlight aspects of this challenge by examining trends in the groundwater levels and changes in groundwater management goals for the Namoi Catchment, which is within the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. The first high-volume irrigation bore was installed in the cotton-growing districts in the Namoi Catchment in 1966. The development of high-yielding bores made accessible a vast new water supply, enabling cotton growers to buffer the droughts. Prior to the development of a groundwater resource it is difficult to accurately predict how the water at the point of withdrawal is hydraulically connected to recharge zones and nearby surface-water features. This is due to the heterogeneity of the sediments from which the water is withdrawn. It can take years or decades for the impact of groundwater withdrawal to be transmitted kilometres through the aquifer system. We present the analysis of both historical and new groundwater level and streamflow data to quantify the impacts of extensive groundwater withdrawals on the watertable, hydraulic gradients within the semi-confined aquifers, and the movement of water between rivers and aquifers. The results highlight the need to monitor the impacts of irrigated agriculture at both the regional and local scales, and the need for additional research on how to optimise the conjunctive use of both surface-water and groundwater to sustain irrigated agriculture while minimising the impact on groundwater-dependent ecosystems.
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YuceG.
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Groundwater-surface water interactions, nutrient fluxes and ecological response in river corridors: Translating science into effective environmental management
Model of hydrological behaviour of the anthropized semiarid wetland of Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park (Spain) based on surface water-groundwater interactions
Estimating groundwater recharge following land-use change using chloride mass balance of soil profiles: A case study at Guyuan and Xifeng in the Loess Plateau of China
Coupling a spatiotemporally distributed soil water budget with stream-depletion functions to inform stakeholder-driven management of groundwater-dependent ecosystems
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Despite their importance to the natural environment, wetlands worldwide face drastic degradation from changes in land use and climatic patterns. To help preservation efforts and guide conservation strategies, a clear understanding of the dynamic relationship between coupled hydrology and vegetation systems in wetlands, and their responses to engineering works and climate change, is needed. An ecohydrological model was developed in this study to address this issue. The model combines a hydrology component based on the Richards equation for characterizing variably saturated groundwater flow, with a vegetation component described by Lotka olterra equations tailored for plant growth. Vegetation is represented by two characteristic wetland herbaceous plant types which differ in their flood and drought resistances. Validation of the model on a study site in the Everglades demonstrated the capability of the model in capturing field-measured water table and transpiration dynamics. The model was next applied on a section of the Nee Soon swamp forest, a tropical wetland in Singapore, for studying the impact of possible drainage works on the groundwater hydrology and native vegetation. Drainage of 10 m downstream of the wetland resulted in a localized zone of influence within half a kilometer from the drainage site with significant adverse impacts on groundwater and biomass levels, indicating a strong need for conservation. Simulated water table lant biomass relationships demonstrated the capability of the model in capturing the time-lag in biomass response to water table changes. To test the significance of taking plant growth into consideration, the performance of the model was compared to one that substituted the vegetation component with a pre-specified evapotranspiration rate. Unlike its revised counterpart, the original ecohydrological model explicitly accounted for the drainage-induced plant biomass decrease and translated the resulting reduced transpiration toll back to the groundwater hydrology for a more accurate soil water balance. This study represents, to our knowledge, the first development of an ecohydrological model for wetland ecosystems that characterizes the coupled relationship between variably-saturated groundwater flow and plant growth dynamics.
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Projected risks to groundwater-dependent terrestrial vegetation caused by changing climate and groundwater abstraction in the Central Perth Basin, Western Australia
This study investigates the effect of climate change on a groundwater-influenced ecosystem on a hill slope consisting of two vegetation types, one adapted to wet and one adapted to dry soil conditions. The individual effects of changes in precipitation, temperature, and atmospheric CO2 concentration are compared to the combined effect of these factors. Change in atmospheric conditions is based on the Netherlands. Projected climate change is obtained from an ensemble of nested global and regional climate models (GCMs and RCMs), representing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A2 scenario for 2100. For each GCM-RCM combination, change factors were determined and transferred to a stochastic weather generator. All projections show higher temperatures and less annual precipitation. Simulations were performed using an ecohydrological model, consisting of a dynamic soil-plant-atmosphere-continuum model that is fully coupled to a variably saturated hydrological model, using the stochastic weather data as input. Model results show that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration results in higher biomasses because of higher water use efficiency and a decrease in evaporation downslope where vegetation growth is light limited. The change in precipitation regime (drier summers, wetter winters) causes a decreased biomass of especially the dry-adapted species and increased upslope groundwater recharge, resulting in groundwater rise and an upward shift of wet-adapted vegetation. Temperature rise results in decreased biomass because respiration increases stronger than carbon assimilation, while increased transpiration causes drier soils and a prolonged period of water-limited growth. The combined effect is dominated by the increase in temperature and change in precipitation regime, causing decreased biomass throughout. Surprisingly, the effect on groundwater level depends on the degree by which precipitation distribution changes within the year, showing a drop at a small change and a rise when change is larger. This study thus shows that climate change effects on hydrology and vegetation are far from straightforward and call for fully coupled ecohydrological models and upslope-downslope interaction.
[91]
Jolly ID, Mcewan KL, Holland KL.
A review of groundwater-surface water interactions in arid/semi-arid wetlands and the consequences of salinity for wetland ecology
Humid lands, such as riparian zones, peatlands, and unsubmerged wetlands, are considered among the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, providing a bountiful habitat for a large number of plant and animal species. In such ecosystems, the water table dynamics play a key role in major ecohydrological processes. The aim of the present study is to test with field data a recent analytical model for the estimation of the long-term probability distribution of the belowground water table position in groundwater-dependent environments. This model accounts for stochastic rainfall and processes such as infiltration, root water uptake, water flow from/to an external water body, and capillary fluxes. The water table model is tested using field data of groundwater levels recorded in three different sites within the Everglades (Florida, USA). A sensitivity analysis of the model to the soil and vegetation parameters is also carried out. After performing a procedure to determinate appropriate model parameters for the three sites, the steady state probability distribution functions of water table levels predicted by the model are compared to the empirical ones at both the annual and the seasonal time scale. The model is shown capable to reproduce many features of the observed distributions although there exist model predictions which still show some discrepancies with respect to the empirical observations. The potential causes for these discrepancies are also investigated and discussed.
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Stochastic resonance and coherence resonance in groundwater-dependent plant ecosystems
[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2012, 293(1): 65-73.
78 Occurrence of stochastic and coherence resonance in vegetation dynamics. 78 Models of phreatophyte–water table interactions. 78 Noise-induced regular temporal behavior in groundwater-dependent vegetation dynamics. 78 Impact of periodic and stochastic forcings on bistable dynamics. 78 Noised dynamical systems close to Hopf bifurcations.
[96]
VereeckenH, Huisman JA, BogenaH, ,et al.
On the value of soil moisture measurements in vadose zone hydrology: A review
We explore and review the value of soil moisture measurements in vadose zone hydrology with a focus on the field and catchment scales. This review is motivated by the increasing ability to measure soil moisture with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution across scales. We highlight and review the state of the art in using soil moisture measurements for (1) estimation of soil hydraulic properties, (2) quantification of water and energy fluxes, and (3) retrieval of spatial and temporal dynamics of soil moisture profiles. We argue for the urgent need to have access to field monitoring sites and databases that include detailed information about variability of hydrological fluxes and parameters, including their upscaled values. In addition, improved data assimilation methods are needed that fully exploit the information contained in soil moisture data. The development of novel upscaling methods for predicting effective moisture fluxes and disaggregation schemes toward integrating large-scale soil moisture measurements in hydrological models will increase the value of soil moisture measurements. Finally, we recognize a need to develop strategies that combine hydrogeophysical measurement techniques with remote sensing methods.
[97]
MekkiI, JacobF, MarletS, et al.
Management of groundwater resources in relation to oasis sustainability: The case of the Nefzawa region in Tunisia
[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2013, 121(7): 142-151.
Groundwater resources are being overexploited in arid and semi-arid environments globally, which necessitates a deeper understanding of the roles that groundwater plays in earth system processes. Of particular importance is the elucidation of groundwater's effect on the generation of atmospheric dust. While many spatially extensive, highly productive dust sources are influenced to some degree by water resource use, including groundwater pumping and other modifications to shallow groundwater tables (<10 m from the surface), links between near-surface groundwater processes and dust production have only recently been identified. Processes associated with shallow groundwater tables include the vertical movement of salts to the soil surface, the maintenance of near-surface soil moisture, and the support of groundwater-dependent vegetation. Through these processes shallow groundwater dynamics can have both positive and negative feedbacks towards dust generation, and in extreme cases can lead to desertification in semi-arid systems. Here we combine a diverse set of analytical techniques, including remote sensing, ecological evaluation, and fallout radionuclide tracers to characterize groundwater-dependent ecosystems and evaluate the stability of surfaces under variable groundwater conditions. The interdisciplinary approach we describe here is critical to understand the impacts that groundwater management has on earth surface processes.
[100]
Murray BR, Hose GC, EamusD, et al.
Valuation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems: A functional methodology incorporating ecosystem services
[J]. Australian Journal of Botany, 2006, 54(2): 221-229.
China is one of the 13 countries that have water scarcity problem according to the statistical data of United Nation.In the inland river basins,which take up 1/3 of the total area in China,with naturally limited water resources and combined with unreasonable utilization,water problems have become critical issues that impact socioeconomic development and ecological protection.Heihe Rive Basin is one of the typical inland river basins in China.Taking it as an example,this article states water,soil,ecological and management problems at basin scale. In the Heihe River Basin,the total water consumption in 1998 was 34.33 10 m,of which 87% were used for agriculture.Meanwhile,oases in the middle reaches consume 68.1% of the total water resources.Population has increased rapidly in the past 50 years which boost the demand of water resources.Although a Water Allocation Plan has been implemented since 1997,production has been improved insignificantly due to lack of scientific approaches.In addition,water yield in the area is much less than the national average level.Therefore,so long as water yield increases through water resources effective utilization at field scale and water is rationally allocated at basin scale,economic development could be sustained and ecological security could be protected within limited water resources.Then,four components are discussed for improving water efficiency in irrigation district,which are transformation of irrigation water into soil water,biological utilization of soil water,crop water efficiency and enterprises setting as market demand.Cases such as improving water holding capacity in upper reaches of the basin,constructing water-saving oasis in the middle reaches and increasing efficiency of environmental flow in the lower reaches are discussed.In the last part of the article,it highlights social aspects of integrated basin water resources management.Social management of water resources consists of supply management and demand management;both technological benefit and allocation benefit should be considered.To construct a social management system of water resources,it involves establishment of an integrated management institute,improvement of related laws and regulations,public participance,mobilization of socioeconomic resources,implement of virtual water strategy,and form a water-saving society.Virtual water strategy has been proved as a successful case.At last,it emphasizes that there are great potential to augment integrated benefit of water,ecology and economy.
Importance of habitat quality and landscape connectivity for the persistence of endangered natterjack toads
Phreatophytic vegetation and groundwater fluctuations: A review of current research and application of ecosystem response modeling with an emphasis on Great Basin vegetation
Evaluating the use of diurnal groundwater fluctuations for estimating evapotranspiration in wetland environments: Case studies in southeast England and northeast Germany
Aquifer heterogeneity and response time: The challenge for groundwater management
1
2013
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
The vulnerability of groundwater dependent ecosystems: A study on the Porsuk River Basin (Turkey) as a typical example
1
2006
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
Field assessment of surface water-groundwater connectivity in a semi-arid river basin (Murray-Darling, Australia)
1
2014
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
Complementary effects of surface water and groundwater on soil moisture dynamics in a degraded coastal floodplain forest
1
2011
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
Groundwater-surface water interactions, nutrient fluxes and ecological response in river corridors: Translating science into effective environmental management
2
2008
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
... 地下水和植被在GDEs土壤介质中发生的复杂生态—水文互馈关系需要用模型的方式表达[92],模拟GDEs生态—水文互馈关系的模型包括4类:①饱和—非饱和流模型(Variably Saturated),如基于Richards方程的HYDRUS模型;②饱和流模型,如基于达西定律的MODFLOW;③分布式模型,如ILHM (Integrated Landscape Hydrology Model)、CLM(Common Land Model);④集总模型(Lumped)[6],其中由Laio等[93]发展的随机模型最具代表性,该模型能整合GDEs景观复杂的生态—水文关系,可量化理解地下水波动、毛细水上升、植被水分利用等过程[94]以及水分—盐分—植被关系[78,95].相对而言,确定性模型只能根据输入条件对变量进行模拟,对刻画变化环境下水流动态响应有天然的局限性;由于水文气象因子的随机性,GDEs水分动态表现出强烈的随机性和非线性特征,从随机过程的角度来诠释GDEs水流动态具有一定的优势.目前,GDEs模型的发展已经到了相对成熟的阶段,计算能力的提高也让模型求解成为可能,但多数模型都会涉及大量无法直接获取的参数,因此在模型参数化和校验方面仍存在挑战[96].GDEs生态水文研究的出口是GDEs的管理[71],干旱环境GDEs景观中,地下水管理与生态系统功能间存在因果关系[97]:地下水不仅控制植被生产力[98],还影响沙尘天气[99]、动植物生境质量[7].Eamus等[28]针对GDEs景观提出了一套如何设定地下水开发阈值以维持某个水平生态功能的方法;Murray等[100]提出了一套确定GDEs生态经济价值优先级别的方法;Aldous等[101]将水文—生态关系阈值方法应用到GDEs景观管理决策;Brand等[5]发展了一种空间代替时间的模型并应用到决策系统中以关联地下水位变化情景;Krause等[102]针对湿地景观提出了一套在决策系统中研究GDEs生态风险评估的生态水文学框架. ...
Model of hydrological behaviour of the anthropized semiarid wetland of Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park (Spain) based on surface water-groundwater interactions
1
2013
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
柳江盆地地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素和水化学证据
1
2017
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
柳江盆地地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素和水化学证据
1
2017
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
Estimating groundwater recharge following land-use change using chloride mass balance of soil profiles: A case study at Guyuan and Xifeng in the Loess Plateau of China
1
2011
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
Hyporheic hydrology: Interactions at the groundwater-surface water interface
1
2009
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
Coupling a spatiotemporally distributed soil water budget with stream-depletion functions to inform stakeholder-driven management of groundwater-dependent ecosystems
1
2013
... 理解地下水与地表水相互作用是管理和保护GDEs的必要条件[67],这种关系在局地尺度上可能控制土壤pH值、有机质含量等[68],区域尺度上影响地下水变化与潜在生态后果间的时滞关系[3].干旱环境中,理解二者间的相互作用关系更是地下水资源管理的前提[69],Kaplan等[70]发现地表水对地下水的影响具有复杂的空间补偿效应;Smith等[71]发现地下水—地表水作用关系影响河道养分动态和生态过程.近年来在GDEs地下水与地表水作用关系方面出现了大量观测实验,为构建复杂的GDEs模型提供了必要的数据支撑,如Aguilera等[72]在西班牙Las Tablas de Daimiel湿地开展的同位素实验;谷洪彪等[73]在柳江盆地开展的地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素实验;Huang等[74]在黄土高原开展的土壤剖面Cl元素平衡观测等;Krause等[75]利用类似的观测数据分析了不同GDEs景观中的地表水—地下水交换的时空变异;Foglia等[76]基于水平衡模型分析了地下水开发对河道水流的影响.Krause等[12]和Bertrand等[2]先后对内陆环境GDEs中地下水—地表水交互界面上的生物地球化学过程、生态水文过程、二者间的相互作用以及驱动力进行了专门的评述;最新的陆面过程模型(Land Surface Models, LSMs)更是通过不同复杂程度的参数整合了地下水—地表水相互作用关系[65]. ...
An overview of water logging and salinity in southwestern Australia as related to the ‘Ucarro’experimental catchment
Projected risks to groundwater-dependent terrestrial vegetation caused by changing climate and groundwater abstraction in the Central Perth Basin, Western Australia
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