Energy and Water Cycle over the Tibetan Plateau: Surface Energy Balance and Turbulent Heat Fluxes
Received date: 2006-10-17
Revised date: 2006-10-17
Online published: 2006-12-15
This contribution presents an overview and an outlook of studies on energy and water cycle over the Tibetan plateau with focuses on the estimation of energy balance terms and turbulent heat fluxes. On the basis of the surface energy balance calculations, we show that the phenomena of the energy imbalance exist in GAME/Tibet experiment data, although the explanations for the reasons are debated now and not resolved yet. We found that the derived latent heat flux is much higher than the measurements. However, the corrected-measurements, which are calculated according to the hypothesis of the energy balance, compare very well with the estimation of SEBS. On this basis it is concluded that the deviation is caused by the energy imbalance of ground measurements in GAME/Tibet experiment area. The latent heat fluxes were likely under-observed.
SU Zhong-bo , MA Yao-ming , WEN Jun5 , JIA Li4 , ZHANG Ting . Energy and Water Cycle over the Tibetan Plateau: Surface Energy Balance and Turbulent Heat Fluxes[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2006 , 21(12) : 1224 -1236 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2006.12.1224
[1] Ye D, Gao Y X. The Meteorology of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau[M]. Beijing: Science Press, Beijing,1979:278.
[2] Barnett T P, Denil L, Schlese U, et al. The effect of Eurasian snow cover on regional and global climate variations[J]. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1989,46:661- 685.
[3] Vernekar A D,Zhou J,Shukla J. The effect of Eurasian snow cover on the Indian monsoon[J]. Journal of Climate,1995:8:248-266.
[4] Su Z, Menenti M, eds. Mesoscale Climate Hydrology: The Contribution of the New Observing Systems[R]. Report USP-2, 99-05, Publications of the National Remote Sensing Board (BCRS),1999.
[5] Su Z, Jacobs C, eds. Advanced Earth Observation-Land Surface Climate[R]. Report USP-2, 01-02, Publications of the National Remote Sensing Board (BCRS), 2001.
[6] Su Z. The surface energy balance system (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2002,6(1):85-99.
[7] Monteith J L. Principles of Environmental Physics[M]. London: Edward Arnold Press,1973:241.
[8] Kustas W P, Daughtry C S T. Estimation of the soil heat flux/net radiation ratio from spectral data[J]. Agricultural and Forestogy Meteorology,1989,49:205-223.
[9] Brutsaert W. Aspects of bulk atmospheric boundary layer similarity under free-convective conditions[J]. Review of Geophy,1999,37:439-451.
[10] Massman W J. An analytical one-dimensional model of momentum transfer by vegetation of arbitrary structure[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1997,83:407-421.
[11] Su Z, Schmugge T, Kustas W P, et al. An evaluation of two models for estimation of the roughness height for heat transfer between the land surface and the atmosphere[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology,2001,40:1 933-1 951.
[12] Brutsaert W. Evaporation into the Atmosphere[M]. D. Reidel Publishing Company,Dordrecht,Holland,1982:299.
[13] Wieringa J. Roughness-dependent geographical interpolation of surface wind speed averages[J]. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society,1986,112:867-889.
[14] Wieringa J. Representative roughness parameters for homogeneous terrain[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1993, 63:323-363.
[15] Bosveld F C. Exchange processes between a coniferous forest and the atmosphere[D]. Wageningen Agricultural University,1999:181.
[16] Massman W J. Molecular diffusivities of Hg vapor in air, O2 and N2 near STP and the kinematic viscosity and the thermal diffusivity of air near STP[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:453-457.
[17] Choudhury B J, Monteith J L. A four layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1988,114:373-398.
[18] Monteith J L. Evaporation and environment[J]. Symposia of the Society Experimental Biolology,1965,19:205-234.
[19] Menenti M. Physical Aspects of and Determination of Evaporation in Deserts Applying Remote Sensing Techniques[R]. Report 10 (special issue), Institute for Land and Water Management Research(ICW), The Netherlands,1984.
[20] Ma Y M. Estimation of surface heat fluxes using satellite and meteorological observations[D]. Wageningen University,2006.
[21] Webb E K, Pearman G I, Leuning R. Correction of flux measurement for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer'[J]. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society,1980,106:85-100.
[22] Tanaka K, Ishikawa H, Hayashi T, et al. Surface energy budget at amdo on the Tibetan Plateau using GAME/Tibet IOP98 data[J]. Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan,2001,79(1B):505-517.
[23] Yang K, Koike T, Ishikawa H, et al. A numerical investigation of observed energy imbalance at a site of GAME-Tibet[J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology,2002.
[24] Ishikawa H, Hayashi T, Tanaka T. Summary and the Preliminary Results of PBL Observation[C] Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on GAME-Tibet. Xi'an, China, 11-13, January 1999:69-72.
[25] Bian L, Gao Z, Xu X, et al. Measurements of Turbulence Transfer in the Near-surface Layer over the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorol,2002,102:281-300.
[26] Miyazaki S, Tsukamoto O, Kaihotsu I, et al. The energy imbalances observed in Tibetan Plateau and Mongolian Plateau[C]//The 2nd Session of International Workshop on TIPEX-GAME/Tibet. 20-22, July 2000,Kunming,China,1-3.
[27] Wang J M, Kim J, Liou Y, et al. Energy balance analysis and one-dimensional simulation of land surface processes in a short-grass site of central Tibetan Plateau[C] //Proceeding of the 1st International Workshop on GAME-Tibet. Xi'an, China, 11-13, January 1999:73-76.
[28] Kim J, Hong J, Hong S Y, et al. On measuring and modeling surface energy partitioning in a Tibetan Prairie during GAME-IOP 1998[C]// Proceedings of the Fifth International Study Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME. Volume I. Nagoya, Japan, 3-5, October, 2001:19-25.
[29] Kim J, Hong J, Gao Z, et al. Can we close the surface energy budget in the Tibetan Plateau[C] The 2nd Session of International Workshop on TIPEX-GAME/Tibet. 20-22, July 2000, Kunming, China, 13-16.
[30] Zhang T. Validation of SEBS over Large Areas of Tibet Using Satellite and Field Data from Tibet experiment[R]. Centre for Geo-Information, Wageningen University, 2003.
[31] Yang K, Koike T, Ishikawa H, et al. Analysis of the surface energy budget at a site of GAME/Tibet using a single-source model[J]. Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan,2004,82(1): 131-153.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
