Received date: 2020-05-16
Revised date: 2020-06-20
Online published: 2020-08-21
Supported by
the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Weathering rate of the dry denudated mountains surrounding the Tarim Basin”(41930641);“Determination of time and length scales of dune dynamical model”(41871011)
Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) are among the unique aeolian bedforms of Mars, which witnessed a series of investigation for the last two decades thanks to the high-resolution remote sensing data. This paper summarized the understanding with respect to distribution, morphology, sedimentology, formation hypotheses and formation time of TARs. It is suggested that TARs are a kind of aeolian bedforms with meter-scale height and decameter-scale wavelength. TARs are primarily distributed in the equator and low-latitude regions, being rare in high and mid-latitude regions, and more popular in the south hemisphere than in the north hemisphere. Higher albedo and symmetric cross-sections are the most outstanding features of TARs, being analogous to the megaripples and reversing dunes on the Earth. The grain-size distribution of TARs’ sediments is generally bimodal, with granule cover and low thermal inertia. Three formation hypotheses were proposed for TARs: Megaripple hypothesis, reversing dune hypothesis and dust induration hypothesis, with more evidences supporting the megaripple hypothesis. Similar to dunes, TARs are geologically recent morphology on Mars, but generally predate dunes, formed in the last few million years so that most TARs are indurated or lithified and are immobile. However, contemporary mobileTARs are also developed in some regions. The unique features of TARs make them the mostenigmatic aeolian bedforms of Mars. It is proposed that high-resolution information on TARs sedimentology and integrated regional surveying should be listed in the priorities of future Mars exploration with respect to TARs study.
Zhibao Dong , Lü Ping , Chao Li , Guangyin Hu . Unique Aeolian Bedforms of Mars: Transverse Aeolian Ridges[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2020 , 35(7) : 661 -677 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.055
| 1 | Mccauley J F, Carr M H, Cutts J A, et al. Preliminary mariner 9 report on the geology of Mars [J]. Icarus, 1972, 17( 2): 289- 327. |
| 2 | Cutts J, Smith R S U. Eolian deposits and dunes on Mars [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1973, 78( 20): 4 139- 4 154. |
| 3 | Cutts J A, Blasius K R, Briggs G A, et al. North polar region of Mars: Imaging results from viking 2 [J]. Science, 1976, 194( 4 271): 1 329- 1 337. |
| 4 | Tsoar H, Greeley R, Peterfreund A R. MARS: The North Polar Sand Sea and related wind patterns [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1979, 84( B14): 8 167. |
| 5 | Thomas P. North-south asymmetry of Eolian features in martian polar regions: Analysis based on crater-related wind markers [J]. Icarus, 1981, 48( 1): 76- 90. |
| 6 | Greeley R, Iversen J D. Wind as a Geological Process: On Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. |
| 7 | Thomas P C, Malin M C, Carr M H, et al. Bright dunes on Mars [J]. Nature, 1999, 397( 6 720): 592- 594. |
| 8 | Malin M C, Edgett K S. Mars global surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2001, 106( E10): 23 429- 23 570. |
| 9 | Mcewen A S, Eliason E M, Bergstrom J W, et al. Mars reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007, 112( E5): E05S 02. |
| 10 | Zimbelman J R. Spatial resolution and the geologic interpretation of martian morphology: Implications for subsurface volatiles [J]. Icarus, 1987, 71( 2): 257- 267. |
| 11 | Zimbelman J R. The transition between sand ripples and megaripples on Mars [J]. Icarus, 2019, 333( 15): 127- 129. |
| 12 | Bagnold R A. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes [M]. New York: Springer Netherlands, 1941. |
| 13 | Wilson I G. Aeolian bedforms-their development and origins [J]. Sedimentology, 1972, 19( 3/4): 173- 210. |
| 14 | Dong Z B, Qian G Q, Luo W Y, et al. Geomorphological hierarchies for complex mega-dunes and their implications for mega-dune evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert [J]. Geomorphology, 2009, 106( 3/4): 180- 185. |
| 15 | Livingstone I, Wiggs G F S, Weaver C M. Geomorphology of desert sand dunes: A review of recent progress [J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2007, 80( 3/4): 239- 257. |
| 16 | Andreotti B, Fourriere A, Ould-Kaddour F, et al. Giant aeolian dune size determined by the average depth of the atmospheric boundary layer [J]. Nature, 2009, 457( 7 233): 1 120- 1 123. |
| 17 | Pelletier J D. Controls on the height and spacing of eolian ripples and transverse dunes: A numerical modeling investigation [J]. Geomorphology, 2009, 105( 3): 322- 333. |
| 18 | Dong Zhibao, Su Zhizhu, Qian Guangqiang, et al. Aeolian Geomorphology of the Kumtagh Desert [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2011. |
| 18 | 董治宝, 苏志珠, 钱广强, 等. 库姆塔格沙漠风沙地貌 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011]. |
| 19 | Pye K, Tsoar H. Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes [M]. Leipzig: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. |
| 20 | Sharp R P. Wind ripples [J]. The Journal of Geology, 1963, 71( 5): 617- 636. |
| 21 | Fryberger S G, Hesp P, Hastings K. Aeolian granule ripple deposits, Namibia [J]. Sedimentology, 1992, 39( 2): 319- 331. |
| 22 | Yang Gensheng, Cong Zili. Granule ripples—A geomorphic sign to identify the wind [J]. Environmental Protection of Xinjiang, 1984， 4： 33- 37. |
| 22 | 杨根生, 丛自立. 鉴别风力的一种地貌标志——砾浪 [J]. 新疆环境保护, 1984, 4: 33- 37. |
| 23 | Lancaster N. Geomorphology of Desert Dunes [M]. New York: Routledge, 1995. |
| 24 | Balme M, Berman D C, Bourke M C, et al. Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) on Mars [J]. Geomorphology, 2008, 101( 4): 703- 720. |
| 25 | Bourke M C, Wilson S A, Zimbelman J R. The variability of transverse aeolian ridges in troughs on Mars [C]// 34th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. League, Texas, 2003: 2090. |
| 26 | Wilson S A, Zimbelman J R. Latitude-dependent nature and physical characteristics of transverse aeolian ridges on Mars [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2004, 109( E10): E10003. |
| 27 | Zimbelman J R. Non-active dunes in the Acheron Fossae Region of Mars between the Viking and Mars Global Surveyor eras [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2000, 27( 7): 1 069- 1 072. |
| 28 | Wilson S A, Zimbelman J R. Large ripple-like bedforms: Examples from the Mars Orbiter Camera [J]. Geological Society of America Abstract Programs, 2002, 34: 77- 8. |
| 29 | Williams S H, Zimbelman J R. Large ripple-like bedforms: Examples from Earth [J]. Geological Society of America Abstract Programs, 2002, 34: abstract 77- 7. |
| 30 | Wilson S A, Zimbelman J R, Williams S H. Large Aeolian Ripples: Extrapolations from Earth to Mars [C]// 34th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, League, Texas, 2003: abstract 1862. |
| 31 | Bourke M C, Blame M, Beyer R A, et al. How high is that dune? A comparison of methods used to constrain the morphometry of aeolian bedforms on Mars [C]// 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. League, Texas, 2004: abstract 1713. |
| 32 | Shockey K M, Zimbelman J R. Analysis of transverse aeolian ridge profiles derived from HiRISE images of Mars [J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2013, 38( 2): 179- 182. |
| 33 | Clark S C, Berman D C. Regional analyses of transverse aeolian ridges on Mars: Orientation, morphology, and morphometry [C]// Geological Society of America Annual Meeting. Baltimore, Maryland, 2015. |
| 34 | Geissler P E, Wilgus J T. The morphology of transverse aeolian ridges on Mars [J]. Aeolian Research, 2017, 26: 63- 71. |
| 35 | Hugenholtz C H, Barchyn T E. A terrestrial analog for Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs): Environment, morphometry, and recent dynamics [J]. Icarus, 2017, 289: 239- 253. |
| 36 | Berman D C, Balme M R, Michalski J R, et al. High-resolution investigations of Transverse Aeolian Ridges on Mars [J]. Icarus, 2018, 312: 247- 266. |
| 37 | Bhardwaj A, Sam L, Martin-Torres F J, et al. Distribution and morphologies of Transverse Aeolian Ridges in ExoMars 2020 Rover Landing Site [J]. Remote Sensing, 2019, 11( 8): 912. |
| 38 | Zimbelman J R. Transverse Aeolian Ridges on Mars: First results from HiRISE images [J]. Geomorphology, 2010, 121( 1): 22- 29. |
| 39 | Edgett K S, Parker T J. "Bright" Aeolian dunes on Mars: Viking orbiter observations [C]// 29th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston, Texas, 1998: 1338. |
| 40 | Fenton L K, Bandfield J L, Ward A W. Aeolian processes in Proctor Crater on Mars: Sedimentary history as analyzed from multiple data sets [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2003, 108( E12): 5129. |
| 41 | Presley M A, Christensen P R. Thermal conductivity measurements of particulate materials 1. A review [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 1997, 102( E3): 6 535- 6 549. |
| 42 | Zimbelman J R. Decameter-scale ripple-like features in Nirgal Vallis as revealed in THEMIS and MOC imaging data [C]// Sixth International Conference on Mars. Pasadena, California, 2003: 3 028. |
| 43 | Balme M R, Bourke M C. Preliminary results from a new study of Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARS) on Mars [C]// 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston, Texas, 2005: 1 892. |
| 44 | Fenton L K, Mellon M T. Thermal properties of sand from Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS): Spatial variations within the Proctor Crater dune field on Mars [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2006, 111( E6): E06014. |
| 45 | Greeley R. Terrestrial analogs to wind-related features at the Viking and Pathfinder landing sites on Mars [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002, 107( E1): 5 005. |
| 46 | Berman D C, Balme M R, Rafkin S C R, et al. Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) on Mars II: Distributions, orientations, and ages [J]. Icarus, 2011, 213( 1): 116- 130. |
| 47 | Edgett K S, Malin M C. Eolian bedforms and erosional landforms at high altitudes on the martian tharsis volcanoes [C]// 31st Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston, Texas, 2000: 1072. |
| 48 | Head J W, Mustard J F, Kreslavsky M A, et al. Recent ice ages on Mars [J]. Nature, 2003, 426( 6 968): 797- 802. |
| 49 | Sullivan R, Banfield D, Bell J F, et al. Aeolian processes at the Mars Exploration Rover Meridiani Planum landing site [J]. Nature, 2005, 436( 7 047): 58- 61. |
| 50 | Sullivan R, Arvidson R, Bell J F, et al. Wind‐driven particle mobility on Mars: Insights from Mars Exploration Rover observations at “El Dorado” and surroundings at Gusev Crater [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2008, 113( E6): E06S 07. |
| 51 | De Silva S L, Spagnuolo M G, Bridges N T, et al. Gravel-mantled megaripples of the Argentinean Puna: A model for their origin and growth with implications for Mars [J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2013, 125( 11/12): 1 912- 1 929. |
| 52 | Foroutan M, Zimbelman J R. Mega-ripples in Iran: A new analog for transverse aeolian ridges on Mars [J]. Icarus, 2016, 274: 99- 105. |
| 53 | Foroutan M, Steinmetz G, Zimbelman J R, et al. Megaripples at Wau-an-Namus, Libya: A new analog for similar features on Mars [J]. Icarus, 2019, 319: 840- 851. |
| 54 | Bridges N T, Spagnuolo M G, De Silva S L, et al. Formation of gravel-mantled megaripples on Earth and Mars: Insights from the Argentinean Puna and wind tunnel experiments [J]. Aeolian Research, 2015, 17: 49- 60. |
| 55 | Jackson J A, Bates R L. Glossary of Geology [M]. Alexandria, Viriginia: American Geological Institute, 1997: 769. |
| 56 | Zimbelman J R, Scheidt S P. Precision topography of a reversing sand dune at Bruneau Dunes, Idaho, as an analog for Transverse Aeolian Ridges on Mars [J]. Icarus, 2014, 230: 29- 37. |
| 57 | Geissler P E. The birth and death of transverse aeolian ridges on Mars [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2014, 119( 12): 2 583- 2 599. |
| 58 | Greeley R, Williams S. Dust deposits on Mars the 'parna' analog [J]. International Journal of Solar System Studies, 1994, 110( 110): 165- 177. |
| 59 | Kerber L, Head J W. A progression of induration in Medusae Fossae Formation transverse aeolian ridges: Evidence for ancient aeolian bedforms and extensive reworking [J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2012, 37( 4): 422- 433. |
| 60 | Zimbelman J R, Williams S H, Johnston A K. Cross-sectional profiles of sand ripples, megaripples, and dunes: A method for discriminating between formational mechanisms [J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2012, 37( 10): 1 120- 1 125. |
| 61 | Ewing R C, Kocurek G, Lake L W. Pattern analysis of dune-field parameters [J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2006, 31( 9): 1 176- 1 191. |
| 62 | Ely J C, Clark C D, Spagnolo M, et al. Do subglacial bedforms comprise a size and shape continuum?[J]. Geomorphology, 2016, 257: 108- 119. |
| 63 | Yizhaq H, Katra I. Longevity of aeolian megaripples [J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2015, 422: 28- 32. |
| 64 | Hugenholtz C H, Barchyn T E, Boulding A. Morphology of Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) on Mars from a large sample: Further evidence of a megaripple origin?[J]. Icarus, 2017, 286: 193- 201. |
| 65 | Lapotre M G, Ewing R C, Lamb M P, et al. Large wind ripples on Mars: A record of atmospheric evolution [J]. Science, 2016, 353( 6 294): 55- 58. |
| 66 | Yizhaq H, Bel G, Silvestro S, et al. The origin of the transverse instability of aeolian megaripples [J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2019, 512: 59- 70. |
| 67 | Reiss D, Van Gasselt S, Neukum G, et al. Absolute dune ages and implications for the time of formation of gullies in Nirgal Vallis, Mars [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2004, 109( E6): E06007. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
